Lightweight Superconducting Magnet Technology for Medical Applications
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1 Lightweight Superconducting Magnet Technology for Medical Applications Shlomo Caspi * NAPAC16 October, 2016 Many thanks to L. Brouwer, D. Robin, D. Arbelaez, A. Sessler, W. Wan, S. Prestemon, R. Hafalia and A.Hodgkinson Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, U. S. A. 1
2 Outline Light and Heavy magnets Basic Concept: Straight CCT magnet Extended Concept: Curved CCT magnet Courtesy of Young-Kee Kim 2
3 Motivation and Challenges for a Final Bending Superconducting Gantry Magnet Motivation The final 90 o dipole drives the size, weight, and cost of the gantry Challenge Bend beam by 90 o (curved geometry) Windings Field quality Large aperture Structure Rapid field change (up to 1 T/s) Protection Cryogenic Combined function fields final bend in Pavlovic gantry* *M. Pavlovic, et al, Nucl. Inst. and Meth A 545 (2005)
4 Selected Rotating gantries Type Carbon Institute Field (T) Rigidity (T-m) Bend weight (t) Bend Radius (m) HIT 1 /DE No CIRT 2 /JP Yes ~ Proton PSI-2 3 /CH No Superconducting LBNL-PSI- Varian 4 US-CH-DE Yes 2.3 ~3.2 ~ LHC CERN Yes/1.9k 8.3/10-31 linear The radius and weight of a final superconducting magnet bend for protons ~1m, ~ 2ton 1 Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center, 2 Y. Iwata et al., Beam commissioning of a superconducting rotating-gantry for carbon-ion radiotherapy, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, vol. 834, pp , Gabard, M. Negrazus, V. Vrankovic and D. George, "Magnetic Measurements and Commissioning of the Fast Ramped 90 Bending Magnet in the PROSCAN Gantry 2 Project at PSI," in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 20, no. 3, pp , June W. Wan et al., Alternating-gradient canted cosine theta superconducting magnets for future compact proton gantries, Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, vol. 18, no. 10, p ,
5 Rotating gantries Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center CIRT superconducting carbon-ion gantry, JAPAN Curved magnet PSI 2 PROSCAN Proton 5
6 Collaboration LBNL-PSI-Varian A DOE Proposal awarded in September FY15 Major challenge and goal: An achromatic superconducting magnet that is light weight and allows rapid 3D scanning with minimal field ramping. Medical physics Varian (Industry) PSI (Facility) Beam optics LBNL Superconducting technology Led by Soren Prestemon 6
7 The Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) magnet The CCT is a paradigm shift in the design of SC magnets Maintains winding position to handle field quality Combines coil and structure to intercept Lorentz forces Potential of reducing magnet cost 7
8 The Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) Magnet Two superimposed coils, oppositely skewed, achieve a pure cosine-theta field and eliminate axial field. J ϑ J z ~ const ~ cosϑ Direction of current D.I. Meyer and R. Flasck A new configuration for a dipole magnet for use in high energy physics application, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 80, pp ,
9 Combining conductor and structure Outer layer canted left Spar intercepts Lorentz forces Intercepting ribs Conductor Inner layer canted right Past tests Dipole Cond. Field (T) CCT1 NbTi 2.4 CCT2 NbTi 4.6 CCT3 Nb3Sn 7.4 Spar Shrinking Al tube 9
10 Magnetic length and Ends harmonics Lambertson-Coupland Ends J z ~ cosϑ Dipole field Sextupole integrates to zero Decapole integrates to zero 8 layers CCT Each layer adds the same dipole field 10
11 Symmetry - lamination 11
12 Symmetry - lamination 12
13 Symmetry - lamination 13
14 Symmetry - lamination 14
15 Symmetry - lamination 15
16 Symmetry - lamination 16
17 Symmetry - lamination 17
18 Symmetry - lamination 18
19 Symmetry - lamination 19
20 Symmetry - lamination 20
21 Symmetry - lamination 21
22 Symmetry - lamination 22
23 Symmetry - lamination 23
24 Symmetry - lamination 24
25 Symmetry - lamination 25
26 Symmetry - lamination 26
27 Symmetry - lamination 27
28 Symmetry - lamination 28
29 Symmetry - lamination 29
30 Symmetry - lamination 30
31 Symmetry - lamination 31
32 Symmetry - lamination 32
33 Symmetry - lamination 33
34 Symmetry - lamination 34
35 Symmetry - lamination 35
36 Symmetry - lamination 36
37 Symmetry - lamination 37
38 Symmetry - lamination 38
39 Symmetry - lamination 39
40 Symmetry - lamination 40
41 Symmetry - lamination 41
42 Symmetry - lamination 42
43 Symmetry - lamination 43
44 Symmetry - lamination 44
45 Symmetry - lamination 45
46 Symmetry - lamination 46
47 Symmetry - lamination 47
48 Symmetry - lamination 48
49 Symmetry - lamination 49
50 Symmetry - lamination 50
51 Symmetry - lamination 51
52 Symmetry - lamination 52
53 Symmetry - lamination 53
54 Symmetry - lamination 54
55 Symmetry - lamination 55
56 Symmetry - lamination 56
57 Symmetry - lamination 57
58 Symmetry - lamination 58
59 Symmetry - lamination 59
60 Symmetry - lamination 60
61 Symmetry - lamination 61
62 Symmetry - lamination 62
63 Symmetry - lamination 63
64 Symmetry - lamination 64
65 Lamination Impact: Design Construction Computation Magnetics TOSCA Structural ANSYS Modeling using RP 65
66 Extension to a Curved Magnet Similar advantages to a straight CCT plus Maintain winding on both sides of a curved magnet Defines relation between coil winding and beam position 66
67 Maintaining Windings-Mandrel Contact Curved Windings Limiting the winding tilt angle maintains contact with the spar No need for special winding tooling Convex winding Convex winding Convex winding Concave windings will separate to form a chord S. Caspi, et al. A superconducting magnet mandrel with minimum symmetry laminations for proton therapy, Nucl. Instrum. Meth.in Physics Research A 719,
68 Pure 2D Multipoles in Curved Geometry Dipole Quadrupole Sextupole φ =θ / n + a 0 sinθ + a 1 sin2θ + a 2 sin3θ Windings follow a path that negates harmonics that rise from the magnet curvature 68
69 Concept of LBNL-PSI-Variant Final Bend Dipole windings (outer two layers) and quadrupole windings (inner two layers) W. Wan, L. Brouwer, S. Caspi, S. Prestemon, A. Gerbershagen, J.M. Schippers, and D. Robin, Alternating-gradient canted cosine theta superconducting magnets for future compact proton gantries Phys. Rev Accel. Beams, vol 18, ,
70 LBNL-PSI-Variant Field (T) Locally achromatic AG-CCT continuous alternating quadrupole coil (5 sections: FDFDF) Coil field compared with desired integral multipoles Alt. Quadrupole (± 22.7 T/m) Const. Dipole (2.3 T) 70
71 Design of an Achromatic Superconducting Magnet for a Proton Therapy Gantry Recent studies have shown strong, alternating focusing magnets can be used to greatly increase the energy acceptance of hadron therapy gantries. The Canted-Cosine-Theta concept is extended to a curved magnet system generating the desired bending and alternating focusing fields for the achromatic optics. Depth versus Momentum: Example 1% versus 25% momentum range Magnetic rigidity settings 3.73 cm cm cm L. Brouwer, S. Caspi, R. Hafalia, A. Hodgkinson, S. Prestemon, D. Robin, and W. Wan Design of an Achromatic Superconducting Magnet for a Proton Therapy Gantry paper 2LPO2H-07 to be published in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, ASC September
72 Beam Meets Magnets for a Curved Gantry Dipole 1. Initial gantry optics study leads to magnet specifications (beam) optics code uses standard definition for sector bend fields/fringe specification of dipole, gradient, sextupole (local 2D multipoles) 2. Optimization/design of a multilayer CCT (magnet) Generate the winding path based on the local multipole specification 3. Particle tracking through the CCT coil design (beam/magnet) Biot-Savart fields from coils used at each tracking iteration contains all field irregularities: end effects, radial spacing between coils, etc. readjustment of windings or optics design are DA based with particle tracking, through the coils using the program software COSY. 72
73 A Four Layer Magnet Design Specifications, NbTi Conductor Short Sample: current and temperature Bending Radius 900 mm Bore Radius 105 mm Magnetic Bend 135 deg Momentum Acceptance (p/p) 20 % Constant Dipole 2.3 T Alternating Quadrupole 22.7 T/m Stored Energy 0.86 MJ Individual power supplies 5.2 T peak field at the conductor 30% current and 1.25 K temperature margin 73
74 Weight-Displacements-Stress Mechanical pads, and stiffening structure (Al) Four layers of mandrels (Al) and conductor Cooling pads (Cu) Conductor length, dipole & quad (km) 14.9 Conductor/Epoxy weight (kg) 358 Al Mandrels weight (kg) 323 Total dipole & quad (kg) 681 Al+Cu External support structure (kg) 550 Cold mass total (kg) 1231 Weight (t/m) 0.6 Load steps: (1) pre-tension (2) cooldown to 4.2 K, (3) Lorentz forces ANSYS meshed model Displacement von Mises Max structure = 0.29 mm Max coil pack = 0.22 mm Max structure = 55 MPa Max coil pack = 45 MPa 74
75 ANSYS; Thermal Analysis For a Dipole Ramp Rate of 0.02 T/s mandrel eddy loss vs. lamination angle 6 deg. peak conductor and structure are similar baseline conductor at peak temperature steady state temperature distribution Eddy Hysteresis (dominate at currents low rates) Peak Temp (K) 4.63 Min. Margin (K) 1.17 Peak Power (W) 6.3 Int. Pow./Duty (W) 2.11 Interfilamentcoupling (dominate at high rates) Stabilizer total eddy current and AC loss loads applied W 75
76 Assembly of laminations using a thermal dovetail The practice coil -- inner two quadrupole layers 5 sections reduced to a 30 degrees sector bore radius, conductor channel depth, and bend radius are the same 76
77 SUMMARY A Superconducting final bend magnet for gantries weighs only a few tons Iron is excluded to reduce magnet weight AG-CCT high momentum acceptance benefits the optics, reduces ramp rates The CCT provides a way of winding curved multipole magnets A way of handling field quality and reduce Lorentz stress on the conductor Integrates beams and magnet to track all field irregularity during the design phase see Lucas Brouwer dissertation for many details: 77
78 Selected References [1] W. Wan, L. Brouwer, S. Caspi, S. Prestemon, D. Robin, A. Gerbershagen, and J. M. Schippers, Alternating-gradient canted cosine theta superconducting magnets for future compact proton gantries, Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, vol. 18, no. 10, p , [2] Workshop on Ion Beam Therapy Summary Report, [Online]. Available: accelerator-rd stewardship/workshop on Ion Beam Therapy Report Final R1.pdf [3] J. Alonso and T. Antaya, Superconductivity in medicine, Rev. Accl. Sci. Tech., vol. 5, pp , [4] Y. Iwata, K. Noda, T. Shirai, T. Murakami, and T. Furukawa, Design of a superconducting rotating gantry for heavy-ion therapy, Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, vol. 15, no. 4, p , [5] Y. Iwata, K. Noda, T. Shirai, T. Furukawa, and T. Murakami, Development of Curved Combined-Function Superconducting Magnets for a Heavy-Ion Rotating-Gantry, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, no. 3, p , [6] V. Derenchuk, The ProNova SC360 Gantry, Modern Hadron Therapy Gantry Developments, Cockcroft Institute, January, [7] Y. Iwata, T. Fujimoto, S. Matsuba, T. Fujita, S. Sato, T. Furukawa, Y. Hara, K. Mizushima, Y. Saraya, R. Tansho, N. Saotome, T. Shirai, and K. Noda, Beam commissioning of a superconducting rotating-gantry for carbon-ion radiotherapy, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, vol. 834, pp , [8] C. Priano, P. Fabbricatore, S. Farinon, R. Musenich, M. Perrella, and S. Squarcia, A Superconducting Magnet for a Beam Delivery System for Carbon Ion Cancer Therapy, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 12, no. 1, pp , [9] D. Trbojevic, R. Gupta, E. Keil, B. Parker, and A. Sessler, Superconducting Non-scaling FFAG Gantry for Carbon/Proton Cancer Therapy, in Proceedings of IPAC2007, 2007, p. THPMS092. [10] A. Gerbershagen, D. Meer, J. Schippers, and M. Seidel, A novel beam optics concept in a particle therapy gantry utilizing the advantages of superconducting magnets, Z. Med. Phys., p , [11] C. Calzolaio, S. Sanfilippo, M. Calvin, A. Gerbershagen, M. Negrazus, J. Schippers, and M. Seidel, Preliminary Magnetic Design of a Superconducting Dipole for Future Compact Scanning Gantries for Proton Therapy, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 26, no. 3, p , [12] D. Meyer and R. Flasck, A new configuration for a dipole magnet for use in high energy physics applications, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A, vol. 80, no. 2, pp , [13] C. Goodzeit, M. Ball, and R. Meinke, The Double-Helix Dipole a Novel Approach to Accelerator Magnet Design, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 13, no. 2, pp , [14] S. Caspi, F. Borgnolutti, L. Brouwer, D. Cheng, D. R. Dietderich, H. Felice, A. Godeke, R. Hafalia, M. Martchevskii, S. Prestemon, E. Rochepault, C. Swenson, and X. Wang, The Canted-Cosine-Theta Magnet (CCT) - a Concept for High Field Accelerator Magnets, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 24, no. 3, p ,
79 Selected References [15] D. Robin, D. Arbelaez, S. Caspi, C. Sun, A. Sessler, W. Wan, and M. Yoon, Superconducting toroidal combined-function magnet for a compact ion beam cancer therapy gantry, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A, vol. 659, no. 1, pp , [16] S. Caspi, D. Arbelaez, H. Felice, R. Hafalia, D. Robin, C. Sun, W. Wan, and M. Yoon, Conceptual Design of a 260 mm Bore 5 T Superconducting Curved Dipole Magnet for a Carbon Beam Therapy Gantry, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 22, no. 3, p , [17] S. Caspi, D. Arbelaez, L. Brouwer, D. Dietderich, H. Felice, R. Hafalia, S. Prestemon, D. Robin, C. Sun, and W. Wan, A superconducting magnet mandrel with minimum symmetry laminations for proton therapy, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A, vol. 719, pp , [18] M. Berz and K. Makino, Michigan State University Technical Report, no. MSUHEP , [19] A. V. Gavrilin, M. D. Bird, V. E. Keilin, and A. V. Dudarev, New concepts in transverse field magnet design, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 13, no. 2, pp , [20] H. Witte, T. Yokoi, S. Sheehy, and K. Peach, The Advantages and Challenges of Helical Coils for Small Accelerators - A Case Study, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 22, no. 2, p , [21] S. Farinon and P. Fabbricatore, Refined modeling of superconducting double helical coils using finite element analyses, Supercond. Sci. Technol., vol. 25, no. 6, p , [22] C. Goodzeit, R. Meinke, and M. Ball, Combined function magnets using double-helix coils, in Proceedings of IPAC2007, 2007, pp [23] L. Brouwer, D. Arbelaez, S. Caspi, H. Felice, S. Prestemon, and E. Rochepault, Structural Design and Analysis of Canted-Cosine-Theta Dipoles, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 24, no. 3, p , [24] K. Chow and G. Millos, Measurements of Modulus of Elasticity and Thermal Contraction of Impregnated Niobium-Tim and Niobium- Titanium Composites, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 9, no. 2, pp , [25] M. Wilson, Superconducting Magnets. Oxford University Press, [26] B. Turck, F. Lefevre, M. Polak, and L. Krempasky, Coupling losses in rectangular multifilamentary superconducting composite, Cryogenics, vol. 22, no. 9, pp , [27] L.J.Laslett, S.Caspi and M. Helm, Conguration of coil ends for multipole magnets, Particle Accelerators Vol. 22, pp. 1-14, [28] S. Caspi, M. Helm and L.J. Laslett, The use of harmonics in 3D magnetic fields IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 30 pp , July [29] A. Devred, et al., Overview and status of the next European dipole joint research activity, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 19, pp 67-83, [30] S. Caspi, D.R. Dietderich, P. Ferracin, N.R. Finney, M.J. Fuery, S.A. Gourlay, and A.R. Hafalia, Design, Fabrication, and Test of a Superconducting Dipole Magnet Based on Tilted Solenoids, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, Vol. 17, part 2, pp ,
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