Design of an Automated Thermal Cycler for Long-term Phase Change Material Phase Transition Stability Studies
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1 Design of an Automated Thermal Cycler for Long-term Phase Change Material Phase Transition Stability Studies Ali C. Kheirabadi, Dominic Groulx Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dalhousie University
2 Thermal Cycler Overview Melts and solidifies PCM samples: automated, no user interaction infinite number of cycles adjustable hot and cold temperatures Main components: aluminum housing 8 dram vials of PCM thermistor probe 4 thermoelectric cooling assemblies W cartridge heaters Thermal cycler CAD model
3 Thermal Cycler Cooling System Removes heat through: solid state heat transfer forced convection Heat removed from housing Heat stored in heat sink Heat removed from heat sink through forced convection Heat dissipated to surroundings Main components: Thermoelectric module 170 W Aluminum heat sink Cooling fan Thermoelectric Module Heat Sink Cooling Fan Heat Top transfer view through of thermoelectric cooling cooling assembly assembly
4 Thermal Cycler Control System Physical components: Arduino Mega2560 AC/DC solid state relays Function: Reads housing temperature actuates relays to heat/cool system maintains housing temperature, T d, with small fluctuation, ± ΔT f Sample operation of ON/OFF controller
5 COMSOL Multiphysics Use COMSOL Multiphysics to: simulate system response to ON/OFF controller Validate thermal management components estimate time required for full melt/solidification of PCM T m = 60 C ΔH f = 200,000 J/kg desired cycle time (including melting and solidification) min Simulated physics: Heat Transfer in Solids phase change ON/OFF temperature control thermoelectric cooling (TEC) conduction through TEC forced & natural convection on heat sink
6 COMSOL Geometry & Mesh Geometry: 1/8 symmetric section of housing single dram vial D vial = 0.68 in H PCM = in 1/2 symmetric section of heat sink TEC not modeled: complex internal geometry conduction modeled instead as boundary condition Eighth symmetric model and tetrahedral mesh
7 COMSOL Phase Change Specific heat capacity CC p = CC s + Thermal conductivity kk = kk s CC l CC s 1+e rr TT TT m + ααe ββ TT TT m 2 kk s kk l 1+e rr TT TT m αα and ββ calculated numerically such that integral of Gaussian function is equal to latent heat of fusion. For both equations: rr = 10 TT Specific heat capacity of material experiencing phase change over finite temperature range
8 COMSOL ON/OFF Controller Heating process controller ON/OFF status XX heat = TT Al < TT heat TT f + TT Al > TT heat TT f TT Al < TT heat Cooling process controller ON/OFF status XX cool = TT Al > TT cool + TT f + TT Al < TT cool + TT f TT Al > TT cool dtt Al dtt dtt Al dtt > 0 < 0 Heat added to system QQ heat = XX heat QQ CH Heat removed from system QQ cool = XX cool QQ TEC T heat T heat -T f Temperature fluctuation about desired temperature
9 COMSOL Thermoelectric Modules Available information: Q max ( V, T H ) ΔT max ( V, T H ) Q ( ΔT ) Resulting cooling rate: QQ TEC = 1 2 QQ max 1 TT TEC TT max Must identify at any V and T H : QQ max TT max Thermoelectric module performance curve at T H = 30 C - Courtesy of TE Technology, Inc.
10 COMSOL Thermoelectric Modules Q max (V) 2 nd order polynomial regressions: QQ = VV VV QQ = VV VV QQ = VV VV ΔT max (V) 2 nd order polynomial regressions: TT = VV VV TT = VV VV TT = VV VV
11 COMSOL Thermoelectric Modules Linear interpolation equations: QQ max = αα Q TT H + ββ Q TT max = αα T TT H + ββ T Interpolation parameters: Final cooling rate: QQ TEC = 1 2 QQ max 1 TT TEC TT max αα Q = QQ max@70 QQ max@30 40 αα T = TT max@70 TT max@30 40 ββ Q = QQ αα Q ββ T = TT αα T
12 Results PCM Fusion Numerical & experimental melt duration Primary errors: solid PCM body sinking within melted PCM (conservative approach) natural convection effects within liquid PCM Myristic Docosane Eicosane Acid melting (T (T m m = 37 = 4453 C) C)
13 Results Fusion of Eicosane Simulated temperature (K) distribution during eicosane fusion
14 Results PCM Solidification Numerical & experimental solidification duration Primary error: natural convection effects within liquid PCM Myristic Docosane Eicosane Acid solidification (T m = C)
15 Results Housing Temperature Numerical & experimental housing temperatures during heating process Numerical & experimental housing temperatures during cooling process
16 Conclusions Validation of thermal management components: full phase change within a desirable timeframe control system behavior prior to construction Developed alternative ways to model: phase change ON/OFF temperature control thermoelectric cooling
17 Questions?
18 COMSOL Heat Sink & Fan Convective heat loss from heat sink: QQ conv = 1 2RR hs TT hs TT Thermal resistance during heating process: RR hs = RR n Thermal resistance during cooling process: RR hs = RR n RR n RR f XX cool Conduction through thermoelectric module: QQ cond = kkaa TEC tt TEC TT TEC COMSOL model cross-section
Design of an Automated Thermal Cycler for Long-term Phase Change Material Phase Transition Stability Studies
Design of an Automated Thermal Cycler for Long-term Phase Change Material Phase Transition Stability Studies A. C. Kheirabadi, D. Groulx * Laboratory of Applied Multiphase Thermal Engineering (LAMTE),
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