OPTIMAL LOCATION OF FACTS DEVICES FOR POWER QUALITY ISSUES USING PSO AND BAT ALGORITHM

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1 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: OTIMAL LOCATION OF FACTS DEICES FOR OWER UALITY ISSUES USING SO AND BAT ALGORITHM 1 S.BALASUBRAMANIYAN, T.S.SIAKUMARAN 1 Asssan rofessor, Deparmen of EEE, Malam Engneerng College, Malam, INDIA rofessor& Dean, Deparmen of EEE, Aruna College of Engneerng, Truvannamala, INDIA E-mal: 1 balasp@yahoo.co.n, ss_praveen@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Ths paper propos an opmal locaon of FACTS devces n power sysem usng Evoluonary algorhms. Usng he propod mehod, he locaon of FACTS conrollers, her ype and raed values are opmzed smulaneously. From he FACTS famly, res devce Thyrsor Conrolled Seres Compensaor (TCSC), Shun devce Sac Compensaor (STATCOM) and res and un devce Unfed ower Flow Conroller (UFC) are consdered. The propod algorhms are very effecve mehods for he opmal choce and placemen of FACTS devces o mprove he power qualy of power sysems. The propod algorhm has been appled o IEEE -30 bus sysem. Keywords: Ba Algorhm, FACTS devces, Opmal locaon, SO algorhm, ower ualy. 1. INTRODUCTION ower qualy s he provson of volages and sysem desgn n such a way ha he elecrc energy s ulzed from he dsrbuon sde successfully whou nerference or nerrupon. ower qualy s he mos mporan concerned area of elecrc power sysem. The nsuffcen qualy of power oupu somemes leads o complee u-down of he ndusres whch provdes a major economc loss o he ndusres and consumers [1]. In recen years, wh ncreasng n developmen of power grds, he economcal operaon of power sysem s more consdered. Becau of deregulaon and resrucurng of he power markes u of Flexble AC Transmsson Sysems (FACTS) devces are nevable. The maxmum capably of power sysems can be exploed by means of FACTS devces. Nowadays, developmen of power elecroncs devces caus reducon n he cos of FACTS and herefore applcaon of FACTS devces especally n dsrbuon neworks s more economcal. Becau of he economc consderaons, nsallaon of FACTS conroller n all of he bus or he lnes s mpossble and unnecessary. There are numerous mehods for fndng opmal locaons of FACTS devces n power sysem [-3]. In hs paper a new algorhms has been propod o opmally locae he FACTS devces n power sysems. Fndng he bes place for FACTS devces are performed usng Ba and SO algorhms. The IEEE-30 bus sysem has been ud o es he propod algorhms. FACTS (Flexble AC Transmsson sysem) provde he power qualy soluons o he uly and Consumer end. The poenal benefs of FACTS devces are now wdely recognzed by he power sysem engneerng communy [4]. In recen rends Flexble Alernang Curren Transmsson sysem (FACTS) s he erm ud for complex conrollably n power sysem by means of power elecroncs devces. FACTS devces are ud for varous applcaons n worldwde o avod cos nensve of power sysems. FACTS devces are provde a beer soluons for varous condons and mprove power qualy problems. The effec of FACTS devces are acvaed hrough swches or conrolled un compensaon, or pha f conrol. Fgure 1. Shows he overvew of FACTS devces. The un are prmary for compensaon of reacve power wh effec of volage conrol. The res devces are compensang reacve power wh her nfluence on he effecve mpedance, sably and power flow.. CONFIGURATION OF FACTS DEICES.1 Thyrsor Conrolled Seres Compensaor Thyrsor Conrolled Seres Capacors (TCSC) address specfc dynamcal problems n ransmsson sysems. TCSC dscuss abou specfc dynamcal problems n ransmsson sysems. 148

2 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: Seres Conrollers FACTS CONTROLLER Shun Conrollers Combned Seres and Shun Conrollers Combned Seres and Seres Conrollers capacy. The performance analyss of STATCOM for power qualy problems can be much mproved wh he combnaon of real and reacve power [5]. Sac Synchronous Seres Comparaor (SSSC) Thyrsor Conrolled Seres Capacor (TCSC) Thyrsor Swched Seres Capacor (TSSC) Thyrsor Conrolled Seres Reacor (TCSR) Thyrsor Swch Seres Reacor (TSSR) Sac Synchronous Compensaor (STATCOM) Sac Synchronous Generaor (SSG) Baery Energy Sorage Sysem (BESS) Super Conducng Magnec Energy Sorage (SMES) Sac AR Compensaor (SC) Thyrsor Conrolled Reacor (TCR) Thyrsor Swched Reacor (TSR) Thyrsor Swched Capacor (TSC) Sac AR Generaor or Absorber Unfed ower Flow Conroller (UFC) Thyrsor Conrolled ha Shfng Transformer (TCST) Iner lne ower Flow Conroller (IFC) Iner lne ower Flow Conroller (IFC) + 1 s Fgure 1: Overvew Of FACTS Devces Frs ncrea he dampng rao when large sysems are conneced. Second overcome he Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR) problems, TCSC has he capably of hgh speed swchng mechansm for ransmsson power flow, whch allows load ncremen of exsng ransmsson sysems and allows for rapd readjusmen of power flow a varous crcumsances. The TCSC regulae seady sae power flow whn s rang lms. Fgure. Shows he confguraon of Thyrsor Conrolled Seres Capacor (TCSC) [5]. s c C Fgure 3: Srucure Of STATCOM.3 Unfed ower Flow Conroller (UFC) A Unfed ower Flow Condoner (UFC) s a combnaon of Sac compensaor (STATCOM) and Sac Seres Compensaor (SSC). I plays he role of un compensaon and volage pha fng respecvely. Shun Transformer l s l Seres Transformer L SCR 1 Fgure 4: Confguraon Of An UFC L SCR Fgure : Confguraon Of A TCSC. Sac Compensaor (STATCOM) Sac ar Compensaor (SC) wh olage Source Converer (SC) srucured as Sac Compensaor (STATCOM). STATCOM has smlar characerscs lke synchronous condenr bu has superor o he synchronous condenr n veral ways such as low cos nvesmen, low operang cos, low manenance and beer dynamcs. The STATCOM s bul wh hyrsor lke GTO or IGBTs. The srucure of STATCOM s own n Fgure 3. The reacve power provson s ndependen from he acual volage s he advanage of STATCOM, hs means durng vere crcumsances he STATCOM holds s full The Unfed ower Flow Condoner (UFC) have a res and un ransformer conneced hrough double volage source converers wh common DC lnk. The DC crcu perms he real power exchange beween res and un ransformer o conrol he pha f of res volage. The srucure s own n Fgure 4, provdes he full conrol for volage and power flow. The res converer requres o proec a hyrsor brdge. Due o he prence of SC and proecon, an UFC s geng relavely more expensve, whch lms he praccal applcaons where he volage and power flow conrol s preferred [5]. 3. MODELING OF FACTS DEICES 3.1 Modelng of TCSC TCSC acs as he capacve or nducve compensaor by modfyng reacance of ransm- 149

3 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: sson lne. The equvalen crcu of TCSC as own n Fgure 5. TCSC s modelled by changng ransmsson lne reacance. Hence he compensaon values vares from -0.7 X lne o 0. X lne as menoned below, The operang consran of he Sac Compensaor (STATCOM) s he real power exchange hrough he DC-lnk as, E = Re ( ) = 0 (5) I Bus Bus j where, Re( I g cos b sn ) g ( θ θ ) ( θ θ ) Fgure 5: Equvalen TCSC srucure Bus X = X + X (1) j TCSC lne TCSC TCSC X = γ + X () Where X lne s he reacance of ransmsson lne and γ TCSC s he compensaon facor of TCSC [5]. 3. Modelng of STATCOM lne I +j Z + - A STATCOM s a un compensang devce ud o conrol ransmsson volage and reacve power conrol as own n Fgure 3. In deal seady sae analyss, can be assumed ha he real power exchange beween he sysem and he STATCOM devce can be gnored, and only he reacve power can be exchanged beween sysem and conrol devce. Fgure 6. Shows he equvalen crcu of STATCOM. In he dervaon, s assumed ha (a) harmoncs generaed by he STATCOM are negleced; (b) he sysem as well as he STATCOM are hree pha balanced. Then he STATCOM can be equvalenly reprened by a conrollable fundamenal frequency posve quence volage source. In prncple, he STATCOM oupu volage can be regulaed such ha he reacve power of he STATCOM can be changed. From Fgure 6, suppo = θ, = θ, hen he power flow consrans of he STATCOM are, gcos = g (3) + bsn ( θ θ) ( θ θ) ( ) gsn θ θ = b (4) bcos ( θ θ) Where g + jb = 1/ Z Fgure 6: STATCOM Equvalen Crcu In Reacve power conrol mode, he STATCOM generaed reacve power s conrolled by reacve power njecon reference. Mahemacally, such a conrol consran s descrbed as follows: Spec 0 (6) = Spec Where s he specfed reacve power njecon conrol reference., whch s gven n equaon 4, s he acual reacve power generaed by he STATCOM [5]. 3.3 Modelng of UFC The Unfed ower Flow Conroller (UFC) [6] s a mulpurpo FACTS-devce, whch can properly conrol bus volage and power flows of a ransmsson lne and also o conrol crcu mpedance, volage angle and power flow for opmal operaon performance of power sysems. In recen years, here has been ncreasng neres n compuer modelng of he UFC n power flow and opmal power flow analyss [6,7], he UFC s manly ud o conrol bus volage,real and reacve power flows of a ransmsson lne. 150

4 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: The basc operang prncple dagram of an UFC s own n Fgure 4 [6]. The UFC consss of wo swchng converers bad on SC valves. The wo converers are conneced by a common DC lnk. The res nverer s coupled o a ransmsson lne va a res ransformer. The un nverer s coupled o a local bus va a unconneced ransformer. The un nverer can generae or absorb conrollable reacve power, and can provde acve power exchange o he res nverer o sasfy operang conrol requremens. Bus I Z + - Z +j + - E E = 0 Fgure 7: UFC Equvalen Crcu Bus j For he equvalen crcu of he UFC own n Fgure 7, suppo = θ, = θ, = θ I, j = j θ j, hen he power flow consrans of he UFC un and res branches are, + b b = g sn( θ θ cos( θ θ = b )) )) (g (g cos( θ θ sn( θ θ ) ) (7) (8) j = gj j(gjcosθj + bjsnθj) (9) (g cos( θ θ ) + b sn( θ θ )) j j = gj (g j jsnθj bjcosθ j) (10) (g sn( θ θ ) b cos( θ θ )) j j = j gj (g j jcosθ j + bjsnθj) (11) (g cos( θ θ ) + b sn( θ θ )) j j j = j gj (g j jsnθ j bjcosθ j) (1) (g sn( θ θ ) b cos( θ θ )) j j Where g + jb = 1/ Z, g j + jb j = 1/ Z, θ j = θ - θ j, θ j = θ j - θ. j j j j j Spec 0 (13) j j = Spec 0 (14) j j = Where j Spec s he specfed acve power flow conrol reference. j Spec s he specfed acve power flow conrol reference. 4. ROOSED ALGORITHMS 4.1 arcle Swarm Opmzaon (SO) A parcle swarm opmzaon algorhm bad on he behavor of ndvduals of a swarm developed by Kennedy and Eberhar [8]. Is roos are n zoologss modelng of he movemen of ndvduals (.e., f, brds, and ncs) whn a group. I has been noced ha members of he group em o are nformaon among hem o lead o ncread effcency of he group. The parcle swarm opmzaon algorhm arches n parallel usng group of ndvduals smlar o oher AI-bad heursc opmzaon echnques. Each ndvdual corresponds o a canddae soluon o he problem. Indvduals n a swarm approach o he opmum hrough s pren velocy, prevous experence, and he experence of s neghbors. In a physcal n-dmensonal arch space, he poson and velocy of ndvdual are reprened as he velocy vecors. Usng he nformaon ndvdual and s updaed velocy can be modfed under he followng equaons n he parcle swarm opmzaon algorhm. The flowchar of he parcle swarm opmzaon s own n Fgure 8. x v k+ 1 k β = x + v (15) (k) k (k + 1) lbes (k) = v + α ( x x ) gbes (k) ( x x ) Where, x ( k) v ( k) s he ndvdual a eraon k a eraon k α β are unformly random numbers ; (16) s he updaed velocy of ndvduals beween [0,1] x lbes s he ndvdual bes of ndvduals x gbes s he global bes of he swarm The well-known ndependen acve and reacve power flows conrol s, 151

5 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: START Creae an nal swarm START Inalze he ba populaon (x) Evaluae he fness for each parcle Defne pul frequency (f a x) Inalze pul raes and loudness (r & A) Check and updae personal bes and global bes K=k+1 < Max number of eraon No Updae each ndvdual velocy Updae ndvduals Yes Generae new soluons and updang veloces and soluons Check soppng crera Success Sasfed Unsasfed rand < r Yes No Selec bes soluons and generae a local soluon END Fgure 8: Flowchar Of The SO Algorhm 4. Ba Algorhm (BAT) The Ba Algorhm [9] s an opmzaon algorhm bad on he echolocaon behavor of bas. The capably of echolocaon of bas s fascnang as he bas can fnd her prey and dscrmnae dfferen ypes of ncs even n complee darkness. The advanced capably of echolocaon of bas has been ud o solve dfferen opmzaon problems. Echolocaon of bas works as a ype of sonar n bas, ems a loud and or pul of sound, was as hs no an objec and, afer a fracon of me, he echo reurns back o her ears. Thus, bas can compue how far hey are from an objec. In addon, hs amazng orenaon mechansm makes bas beng able o dsngu he dfference beween an obsacle and a prey, allowng hem o hun even n complee darkness. Bad on he behavor of he bas, Yang [9] has developed a new and neresng meaheursc opmzaon echnque called Ba Algorhm. Such echnque has been developed o behave as a band of bas rackng prey/foods usng her capably of echolocaon. The flowchar of he Ba algorhm s own n Fgure 9. (rand < A & f(x)<f(x*)) Accep he new soluons Rank he bas and fnd he curren bes END Yes No Fgure 9: Flowchar Of The Ba Algorhm 4.. Ba algorhm dealzed rules 1. All bas u echolocaon o n dsance, and hey also know he dfference beween food/prey and background barrers n some magcal way.. Bas fly randomly wh velocy v a poson x wh a fxed frequency f mn, varyng wavelengh λ and loudness A 0 o arch for prey. They can auomacally adjus he wavelengh (or frequency) of her emed puls and adjus he rae of pul emsson r [0,1] dependng on he proxmy of her arge. 3. Alhough he loudness can vary n many ways, s assumed ha he loudness vares from a large (posve) A 0 o a mnmum consan value A mn 15 The posons x and veloces v n a dmensonal arch space are updaed usng he followng

6 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: equaons. The new soluons x a me sep are gven as, mn v 1 x 1 ( f f ) max mn and veloces v f = f + (17) v ( x x ) f = + (18) x = + v (19) Where, β [0, 1] s a random vecor drawn from a unform dsrbuon. Here x * s he curren global bes locaon (soluon) whch s locaed afer comparng all he soluons among all he n bas. As he produc λ f s he velocy ncremen, we can u eher f (or λ ) o adjus he velocy change whle fxng he oher facor λ (or f ), dependng on he ype of he problem of neres. Inally, each ba s randomly assgned a frequency whch s drawn unformly from [f mn, f max ]. For he local arch par, once a soluon s leced among he curren bes soluons, a new soluon for each ba s generaed locally usng random walk X new old = X + A (0) Where, [ 1,1] s a random number, whle A =< A > s he average loudness of all he bas a hs me sep [10]. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS In hs paper radonal newon raphson mehod s appled o fnd load flow analyss. In hs approach MATLAB codng was requred for smulaon purpo. An IEEE 30 Bus es sysem s ud for hs paper. The es sysem consss of 3 generaors and 3 synchronous condenrs and 4 bus (or load bus).the problem o be addresd consss of fndng he opmal locaon (bus number) and correspondng rang / szng of FACTS devces (power rang (MA) of UFC, STATCOM and Reacance value of TCSC). In hs ca he SO and BAT Algorhm s employed. Excludng he Slack bus, he lecon process performed among 40 lne confguraons / combnaons. The purpo of opmzaon echnque s o denfy he effecve locaon and deermne he szng of he correspondng FACTS devce (TCSC, STATCOM and UFC). Reacve power () s consdered as common cos funcon parameer for all FACTS devces consdered for our es ca along wh her respecve cos funcon (ncludng Insallaon and manenance charges). Ba ca performance of 30 bus sysem s prened n able 1. The resuls for ndvdual dev (TCSC, STATCOM & UFC) performance for es ca IEEE-30 bus sysem abulaed n able -7. The opmal szng and locaon of propod all FACTS devces performance has own n fgure 10. Table 1: Load Flow For IEEE-30 Bus Sysem For Ba Ca. (p.u) Angle (δ) (MW ) (MAR) Table : Load flow usng newon raphson mehod wh TCSC for IEEE-30 bus sysem usng SO TCSC for IEEE 30 Bus sysem (n p.u) SO Algorhm Angle δ (MW ) (MAR)

7 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: Locaon = 6 Sze = Table 3: Load flow usng newon raphson mehod wh TCSC for IEEE-30 bus sysem usng Ba algorhm (n p.u) TCSC for IEEE 30 Bus sysem Angle δ BAT Algorhm (MW ) (MAR) Locaon = Sze = Table 4: Load flow usng newon raphson mehod wh STATCOM for IEEE-30 bus sysem usng SO STATCOM for IEEE 30 Bus sysem (n p.u) SO Algorhm Angle δ (MW ) (MAR)

8 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: Locaon = Sze = Table 5: Load flow usng newon raphson mehod wh STATCOM for IEEE-30 bus sysem usng Ba algorhm STATCOM for IEEE 30 Bus sysem (n p.u) Angle δ BAT Algorhm (MW ) (MAR) Locaon = 3 Sze = Table 6: Load flow usng newon raphson mehod wh UFC for IEEE-30 bus sysem usng SO UFC for IEEE 30 Bus sysem (n p.u) SO Algorhm Angle δ (MW ) (MAR)

9 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: Locaon = 4 Sze = Table 7: Load flow usng newon raphson mehod wh UFC for IEEE-30 bus sysem usng Ba algorhm Locaon = 19 Sze = (n p.u) UFC for IEEE 30 Bus sysem BAT Algorhm Angle δ (MW ) (MAR) 156

10 Journal of Theorecal and Appled Informaon Technology 10 h June 014. ol. 64 No JATIT & LLS. All rghs rerved. ISSN: E-ISSN: B ASE CASE T C C SSO T C SBA C T S T ACO T M S S TTCOM A B UFC SO U F C olage Real ower Reacve ower Fgure 10: ower qualy performances wh FACTS devces 6. CONCLUSION In hs rearch work an evoluonary algorhm mehod has been propod o opmally locae TCSC, STATCOM and UFC n power sysems. The resul of load flow calculaon before and afer compensaon process also own. From fgure 10, s clear ha, performance of he FACTS devces can be mproved bad on he locaon, whch s suable for her naure of operaon. Selecon of szng of operaon also mproves he performance as well as reducon n prcng of devces. In furher smlar prncple can be mplemened for combned opmal lecon and szng of FACTS devces Transacons on ower Delvery, vol.10, no., 1995, pp [7] X.. Zhang, Comprehensve modellng of he unfed power flow conroller for power sysem conrol. Elecrcal Engneerng - Archv für Elekroechnk, DOI: /S , publed onlne, 005. [8] J. Hazra1 and A. K. Snha, \A Sudy on Real and Reacve ower Opmzaon usng arcle Swarm Opmzaon," Inernaonal Conference on Indusral and Informaon Sysems, Augus 007, pp [9] X. S. Yang, A New Meaheursc Ba-Inspred Algorhm, n Naure Inspred Cooperave Sraeges for Opmzaon, (NISCO 010) (Eds. J. R. Gonzalez e al.), Sudes n Compuaonal Inellgence, Sprnger Berln, 84, 010, pp [10]. Muskapun and. ongcharoen1, Solvng Mul-Sage Mul-Machne Mul-roduc Schedulng roblem Usng Ba Algorhm, roc. nd Inernaonal Conference on Managemen and Arfcal Inellgence (IEDR), Bangkok, Thaland, 01. REFRENCES: [1] C.Fzer, M.Barnes, eer Green, olage sag deecon echnque for a dynamc volage resorer, IEEE ransacons on Indusry applcaons, ol.40, No.1 Jan.004, pg [] J. G. Sngh, S. N. Sngh and S. C. Srvasava, Enhancemen of ower Sysem Secury hrough Opmal lacemen of TCSC and UFC, ower Engneerng Socey General Meeng, Tampa, 4-8 June 007, pp [3] N.K. Sharma, A. Gho and R. K. arma, A Novel lacemen Sraegy for Facs Conrollers, IEEE Transacons on ower Delvery, ol.18, No.3, 003, pp [4] IEEE/CIGRE Workng Groups on FACTS, FACTS Overvew, IEEE Specal ublcaon 95-T-108, [5] Xao-ng Zhang, Chrsan Rehanz, Bka al, Flexble AC Transmsson Sysems: Modellng and Conrol. ISBN Sprnger Berln Hedelberg New York, 006. [6] L.Gyugy, C.D.Shauder, S.L.Wllams, T.R.Reman, D.R.Torgerson, A. Edrs. The unfed power flow conroller: a new approach o power ransmsson conrol. IEEE 157