Energy Storage Devices

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1 Energy Sorage Deces

2 Objece of Lecure Descrbe he consrucon of a capacor and how charge s sored. Inroduce seeral ypes of capacors Dscuss he elecrcal properes of a capacor The relaonshp beween charge, olage, and capacance hargng and dschargng of a capacor Relaonshp beween olage, curren, and capacance; power; and energy Equalen capacance when a se of capacors are n seres and n parallel haper 6. n Basc Engneerng rcu Analyss by Irwn and Nelms

3 apacors omposed of wo conduce plaes separaed by an nsulaor (or delecrc). ommonly llusraed as wo parallel meal plaes separaed by a dsance, d. = e A/d where e = e r e o e r s he relae delecrc consan e o s he acuum permy

4 Effec of Dmensons apacance ncreases wh ncreasng surface area of he plaes, decreasng spacng beween plaes, and ncreasng he relae delecrc consan of he nsulaor beween he wo plaes.

5 Types of apacors Fxed apacors Nonpolarzed May be conneced no crcu wh eher ermnal of capacor conneced o he hgh olage sde of he crcu. Insulaor: Paper, Mca, eramc, Polymer Elecrolyc The negae ermnal mus always be a a lower olage han he pose ermnal Plaes or Elecrodes: Alumnum, Tanalum

6 Nonpolarzed Dffcul o make nonpolarzed capacors ha sore a large amoun of charge or operae a hgh olages. Tolerance on capacance alues s ery large +50%/-5% s no unusual PSpce Symbol hp:// spx

7 Elecrolyc Pspce Symbols Fabrcaon hp://

8 Varable apacors ross-seconal area s changed as one se of plaes are roaed wh respec o he oher. PSpce Symbol hp://

9 MEMS apacor MEMS (Mcroelecromechancal sysem) an be a arable capacor by changng he dsance beween elecrodes. Use n sensng applcaons as well as n RF elecroncs. hp://

10 Elecrc Double Layer apacor Also known as a supercapacor or ulracapacor Used n hgh olage/hgh curren applcaons. Energy sorage for alernae energy sysems. hp://en.wkpeda.org/wk/fle:supercapacor_dagram.sg

11 Elecrcal Properes of a apacor Acs lke an open crcu a seady sae when conneced o a d.c. olage or curren source. Volage on a capacor mus be connuous There are no abrup changes o he olage, bu here may be dsconnues n he curren. An deal capacor does no dsspae energy, akes power when sorng energy and reurns when dschargng.

12 Properes of a Real apacor A real capacor does dsspae energy due leakage of charge hrough s nsulaor. Ths s modeled by pung a ressor n parallel wh an deal capacor.

13 Energy Sorage harge s sored on he plaes of he capacor. Equaon: Q = V Uns: Farad = oulomb/volage Farad s abbreaed as F

14 Sgn onenons The sgn conenon used wh a capacor s he same as for a power dsspang dece. When curren flows no he pose sde of he olage across he capacor, s pose and he capacor s dsspang power. When he capacor releases energy back no he crcu, he sgn of he curren wll be negae.

15 hargng a apacor A frs, s easy o sore charge n he capacor. As more charge s sored on he plaes of he capacor, becomes ncreasngly dffcul o place addonal charge on he plaes. oulombc repulson from he charge already on he plaes creaes an opposng force o lm he addon of more charge on he plaes. Volage across a capacor ncreases rapdly as charge s moed ono he plaes when he nal amoun of charge on he capacor s small. Volage across he capacor ncreases more slowly as becomes dffcul o add exra charge o he plaes.

16 Addng harge o apacor The ably o add charge o a capacor depends on: he amoun of charge already on he plaes of he capacor and he force (olage) drng he charge owards he plaes (.e., curren)

17 Dschargng a apacor A frs, s easy o remoe charge n he capacor. oulombc repulson from charge already on he plaes creaes a force ha pushes some of he charge ou of he capacor once he force (olage) ha placed he charge n he capacor s remoed (or decreased). As more charge s remoed from he plaes of he capacor, becomes ncreasngly dffcul o ge rd of he small amoun of charge remanng on he plaes. oulombc repulson decreases as charge spreads ou on he plaes. As he amoun of charge decreases, he force needed o dre he charge off of he plaes decreases. Volage across a capacor decreases rapdly as charge s remoed from he plaes when he nal amoun of charge on he capacor s small. Volage across he capacor decreases more slowly as becomes dffcul o force he remanng charge ou of he capacor.

18 urren-volage Relaonshps q dq d d d o d

19 Power and Energy p w p d d w q

20 apacors n Parallel

21 eq for apacors n Parallel 4 3 eq d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d eq n n n

22 apacors n Seres

23 eq for apacors n Seres 4 3 eq d d d d d d d d d o o o o o o o o o eq n n n

24 General Equaons for eq Parallel ombnaon If P capacors are n parallel, hen Seres ombnaon If S capacors are n seres, hen: P eq P p eq S s s

25 Summary apacors are energy sorage deces. An deal capacor ac lke an open crcu a seady sae when a D olage or curren has been appled. The olage across a capacor mus be a connuous funcon; he curren flowng hrough a capacor can be dsconnuous. The equaons for equalen capacance for capacors n parallel P eq P p d d capacors n seres eq o d S s s

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