Introduction to 2-Dimensional Motion

Transcription

1 Introduction to 2-Dimensional Motion

2 2-Dimensional Motion! Definition: motion that occurs with both x and y components.! Example:! Playing pool.! Throwing a ball to another person.! Each dimension of the motion can obey different equations of motion.

3 Solving 2-D Problems! Resolve all vectors into components! x-component! Y-component! Work the problem as two one-dimensional problems.! Each dimension can obey different equations of motion.! Re-combine the results for the two components at the end of the problem.

4 Sample Problem! You run in a straight line at a speed of 5.0 m/s in a direction that is 40 o south of west. a) How far west have you traveled in 2.5 minutes? b) How far south have you traveled in 2.5 minutes?

5 Sample Problem! A roller coaster rolls down a 20 o incline with an acceleration of 5.0 m/s 2. a) How far horizontally has the coaster traveled in 10 seconds? b) How far vertically has the coaster traveled in 10 seconds?

6 Sample Problem A particle passes through the origin with a speed of 6.2 m/s traveling along the y axis. If the particle accelerates in the negative x direction at 4.4 m/s 2. a) What are the x and y positions at 5.0 seconds?

7 Sample Problem A particle passes through the origin with a speed of 6.2 m/s traveling along the y axis. If the particle accelerates in the negative x direction at 4.4 m/s 2. b) What are the x and y components of velocity at this time?

8 Projectiles

9 Projectile Motion! Something is fired, thrown, shot, or hurled near the earth s surface.! Horizontal velocity is constant.! Vertical velocity is accelerated.! Air resistance is ignored.

10 1-Dimensional Projectile! Definition: A projectile that moves in a vertical direction only, subject to acceleration by gravity.! Examples:! Drop something off a cliff.! Throw something straight up and catch it.! You calculate vertical motion only.! The motion has no horizontal component.

11 2-Dimensional Projectile! Definition: A projectile that moves both horizontally and vertically, subject to acceleration by gravity in vertical direction.! Examples:! Throw a softball to someone else.! Fire a cannon horizontally off a cliff.! Shoot a monkey with a blowgun.! You calculate vertical and horizontal motion.

12 Horizontal Component of Velocity! Is constant! Not accelerated! Not influence by gravity! Follows equation:! x = V o,x t

13 Horizontal Component of Velocity

14 Vertical Component of Velocity! Undergoes accelerated motion! Accelerated by gravity (9.81 m/s 2 down)! V y = V o,y - gt! y = y o + V o,y t - 1/2gt 2! V y 2 = V o,y 2-2g(y y o )

15 Horizontal and Vertical

16 Horizontal and Vertical

17 Zero Launch Angle Projectiles

18 Launch angle! Definition: The angle at which a projectile is launched.! The launch angle determines what the trajectory of the projectile will be.! Launch angles can range from -90 o (throwing something straight down) to +90 o (throwing something straight up) and everything in between.

19 Zero Launch angle v o! A zero launch angle implies a perfectly horizontal launch.

20 Sample Problem! The Zambezi River flows over Victoria Falls in Africa. The falls are approximately 108 m high. If the river is flowing horizontally at 3.6 m/s just before going over the falls, what is the speed of the water when it hits the bottom? Assume the water is in freefall as it drops.

21 Sample Problem! An astronaut on the planet Zircon tosses a rock horizontally with a speed of 6.75 m/s. The rock falls a distance of 1.20 m and lands a horizontal distance of 8.95 m from the astronaut. What is the acceleration due to gravity on Zircon?

22 Sample Problem! Playing shortstop, you throw a ball horizontally to the second baseman with a speed of 22 m/s. The ball is caught by the second baseman 0.45 s later. a) How far were you from the second baseman? b) What is the distance of the vertical drop?

23 General Launch Angle Projectiles

24 General launch angle v o θ! Projectile motion is more complicated when the launch angle is not straight up or down (90 o or 90 o ), or perfectly horizontal (0 o ).

25 General launch angle v o θ! You must begin problems like this by resolving the velocity vector into its components.

26 Resolving the velocity! Use speed and the launch angle to find horizontal and vertical velocity components V o V o,y = V o sin θ θ V o,x = V o cos θ

27 Resolving the velocity! Then proceed to work problems just like you did with the zero launch angle problems. V o V o,y = V o sin θ θ V o,x = V o cos θ

28 Sample problem! A soccer ball is kicked with a speed of 9.50 m/s at an angle of 25 o above the horizontal. If the ball lands at the same level from which is was kicked, how long was it in the air?

29 Sample problem! Snowballs are thrown with a speed of 13 m/s from a roof 7.0 m above the ground. Snowball A is thrown straight downward; snowball B is thrown in a direction 25 o above the horizontal. When the snowballs land, is the speed of A greater than, less than, or the same speed of B? Verify your answer by calculation of the landing speed of both snowballs.

30 Projectiles launched over level ground! These projectiles have highly symmetric characteristics of motion.! It is handy to know these characteristics, since a knowledge of the symmetry can help in working problems and predicting the motion.! Lets take a look at projectiles launched over level ground.

31 Trajectory of a 2-D Projectile y! Definition: The trajectory is the path traveled by any projectile. It is plotted on an x-y graph. x

32 Trajectory of a 2-D Projectile y! Mathematically, the path is defined by a parabola. x

33 Trajectory of a 2-D Projectile y! For a projectile launched over level ground, the symmetry is apparent. x

34 Range of a 2-D Projectile y Range x! Definition: The RANGE of the projectile is how far it travels horizontally.

35 Maximum height of a projectile y Maximum Height Range x! The MAXIMUM HEIGHT of the projectile occurs when it stops moving upward.

36 Maximum height of a projectile y Maximum Height Range x! The vertical velocity component is zero at maximum height.

37 Maximum height of a projectile y Maximum Height Range x! For a projectile launched over level ground, the maximum height occurs halfway through the flight of the projectile.

38 Acceleration of a projectile y g g g g g x! Acceleration points down at 9.81 m/s 2 for the entire trajectory of all projectiles.

39 Velocity of a projectile y v v v v o v f x! Velocity is tangent to the path for the entire trajectory.

40 Velocity of a projectile y v x v y v x v y v x v y v x v y v x x! The velocity can be resolved into components all along its path.

41 Velocity of a projectile y v x v y v x v y v x v y v x v y v x x! Notice how the vertical velocity changes while the horizontal velocity remains constant.

42 Velocity of a projectile y v x v y v x v y v x v y v x v y v x x! Maximum speed is attained at the beginning, and again at the end, of the trajectory if the projectile is launched over level ground.

43 Velocity of a projectile v o θ θ-! Launch angle is symmetric with landing angle for a projectile launched over level ground. v o

44 Time of flight for a projectile t t o = 0! The projectile spends half its time traveling upward

45 Time of flight for a projectile t t o = 0 2t! and the other half traveling down.

46 Position graphs for 2-D projectiles y y x x t t

47 Velocity graphs for 2-D projectiles Vy Vx t t

48 Acceleration graphs for 2-D projectiles ay ax t t

49 Projectile Lab

50 Projectile Lab

51 More on Projectile Motion

52 The Range Equation! Derivation is an important part of physics.! Your book has many more equations than your formula sheet.! The Range Equation is in your textbook, but not on your formula sheet. You can use it if you can memorize it or derive it!

53 The Range Equation! R = v o2 sin(2θ)/g.! R: range of projectile fired over level ground! v o : initial velocity! g: acceleration due to gravity! θ: launch angle

54 Deriving the Range Equation

55 Projectiles without special cases

56 Review

57 Sample problem! A golfer tees off on level ground, giving the ball an initial speed of 42.0 m/s and an initial direction of 35 o above the horizontal. a) How far from the golfer does the ball land?

58 Sample problem! A golfer tees off on level ground, giving the ball an initial speed of 42.0 m/s and an initial direction of 35 o above the horizontal. b) The next golfer hits a ball with the same initial speed, but at a greater angle than 45 o. The ball travels the same horizontal distance. What was the initial direction of motion?