Microwave dielectroscopy of breast tissue phantoms in the GHz range

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1 Unvsy of Akansas, Fayvll lccal ngnng Ungaua Honos Thss lccal ngnng 8-8 Mcowav lcoscopy of bas ssu phanoms n h GHz ang Bnh Tan Unvsy of Akansas, Fayvll Follow hs an aonal woks a: hp://scholawoks.uak.u/lguh Pa of h Bomcal Commons Rcommn Caon Tan, Bnh, "Mcowav lcoscopy of bas ssu phanoms n h GHz ang" (8. lccal ngnng Ungaua Honos Thss. 9. hp://scholawoks.uak.u/lguh/9 Ths Thss s bough o you fo f an opn accss by h lccal ngnng a ScholaWoks@UARK. I has bn accp fo ncluson n lccal ngnng Ungaua Honos Thss by an auhoz amnsao of ScholaWoks@UARK. Fo mo nfomaon, plas conac schola@uak.u, ccml@uak.u.

2 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang An Honos Thss subm n paal fulfllmn of h qumns fo Honos Sus n lccal ngnng By Bnh Thanh Tan 8 lccal ngnng Collg of ngnng Th Unvsy of Akansas

3 ABSTRACT Bas on h hgh conas n lcc pops bwn h low-wa-conan sampl an h hgh-wa-conn on, w can mn whh h ssu sampl s cancous o nomal. In o o mak h masumn paabl an convnn, som phanom maals, whch hav h sam lcc pops of human ssus, hav bn ppa. Ths phanom ssus a ma fom glan, wa wh hony syup an Soum Chlo (NaCl. In hs pojc, w a gong o masu an compa h lcc pops of ffn yps of phanom ssus by usng focus bam annnas. Th pupos of hs pojc s o pfom a sysmac chaaczaon of complx lcc pops of ffn bas ssus n a w fquncy ang (lcoscopy.

4 ACKNOWLDGMNTS I woul lk o xpss my ps gau: To Pofsso Vasunaa V. Vaaan fo h nsucon an guanc ung my sach. Sh hlps m mpov no only my knowlg bu also pofssonal au. To honos comm mmbs, D. Vasunaa V. Vaaan, D. Suzann McCay an D. Loana Lanzan fo h avcs an suggsons. To gaua suns n h Mcowav an Opcs Laboaoy fo Imagng an Chaaczaon fo h hlp an suppo. M. Tak Sa an M. InKwang Km a no only goo lab mas bu also knowlgabl mnos. I also woul o hank M. Vnoh Thangam who vlop h ppaaon of phanom ssus n ou laboaoy. To Ms.Lynn Mossso, M. Mchal Fman an h Founaon fo Innaonal xchang of Suns fo cang an suppong ou nnaonal communy. To Ms. Cynha Smh an h Innaonal Suns an Scholas Scholashp fo gvng m a ga chanc o g nvolv n many socal acvs an culual vns. To Honos Collg an h Unvsy of Akansas fo h wonful pogam an ucaon sysms. To all pofssos, faculs an fns n h Unvsy of Akansas fo h fnshps an suppo houghou my ucaon. Bss, suppo s also acknowlg by mans of Honos Rsach Fllowshp Gan an h I MTT-S Unga/P-Gaua Scholashp as wll as oh scholashps an fnancal suppos fom h Unvsy of Akansas. Psonally, I woul lk o show my lov an appcaon o my famly fo h suppo an ncouagmn houghou my lf an ucaon.

5 v TABL OF CONTNTS Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang... An Honos Thss subm n paal fulfllmn... Chap :... INTRODUCTION..... OBJCTIV..... BRAST CANCR DTCTION... Chap :... 5 RVIW OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUS AND ANATOMY OF BRAST HISTOLOGY OF TISSU ANATOMY OF A WOMAN S BRAST... 6 Chap :... 8 DILTRIC PROPRTIS OF TISSU ROL OF WATR IN DILTRIC PROPRTIS OF TISSUS WATR STRUCTUR MICROWAV PROPRTIS OF TISSUS... Chap 4 :... PHANTOM TISSUS COMPONNTS OF PHANTOM TISSUS PHANTOM PRPARATION Th pocu o mak canc ssu phanom (% o 5% V ol Th pocu o mak nomal ssu phanoms (5% o 9% V ol... 8 Chap 5 :... FR SPAC MASURMNT CALIBRATION AND FR SAPC MASURMNT MATHMATICAL ANALYSIS Paalll Polazaon Ppncula Polazaon... Chap 6 :... SIMULATION VRIFICATION SOM SPCIAL CASS:...

6 v 6.. Mal Pla Slab of hcknss half wavlngh a m-fquncy (X ban Bws Angl VRIFICATION OF SANDWICH MASURMNT... 8 Chap 7 :... 4 FACTORS AFFCTING PHANTOM MASURMNT FFCT OF COMPRSSION FFCT OF NVIRONMNT AND AGING PROCSS... 4 Chap 8 : PHANTOM MASURMNTS CANCROUS TISSUS (% VOLUM OIL Cancous Tssus sampl (.5mm Cancous Tssus sampl (.4mm Compason of wo sampls SKIN TISSUS (% VOLUM OIL COMPARISON OF SKIN AND CANCROUS TISSUS: Chap 9 : RAL FAT MASURMNTS Chap :... 6 MASURMNT RSULTS... 6 Chap CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS FUTUR WORK RFRNCS APPNDICS... 7

7 v LIST OF FIGURS Fg -: Illusaon of Bas Anaomy [6]... 7 Fg -: Lon pa lcons n wa molcul []... 9 Fg -: Hyogn bonng n wa []... Fg -: Inacon of wa wh lcc fl []... Fg -: Illusaon of ffn yps of spson [4]... Fg 4-: p-oluc ac... 4 Fg 4-: -popanol... 4 Fg 4-: Fomalhy... 5 Fg 4-4: Safflow ol... 6 Fg. 5-: F spac masumn sysm... Fg. 5-: Mal-back masumn... Fg. 5-: Sanwch masumn... Fg. 5-4: Machng lay masumn... Fg. 6-. Vfcaon of mal pla masumn usng smulaon... 4 Fg. 6-: Vfcaon of half wavlngh sampl... 6 Fg. 6-: Vfcaon of Bws Angl fo wa sufac usng Malab... 7 Fg. 6-4: An xampl of sanwch masumn... 8 Fg. 6-5: Vfcaon of flcon coffcn fom masumn wh smulaon... 9 Fg. 6-6: Vfcaon of ansmsson coffcn fom masumn wh smulaon... 4 Fg. 7-: Dlcc pops of on sampl un ffn nvonmnal conons. 4 Fg. 8-: Dlcc pops of h fs cancous-ssu sampl ov 5.8 o 4 GHz.. 47 Fg. 8-: Compason of lcc pops of wo cancous-ssu sampls... 5 Fg. 8-4: Dlcc pops of skn-ssu sampls Fg. 8-5: Compason of lcc pops of skn vsus cancous ssu sampls Fg. 9-: Dlcc pops of bf fa ssu a 5 ffn locaons*... 6 Fg. 9-: Dlcc pops of bf fa ssu vs. Gabl s fa masumns*... 6 Fg. -: Dlcc pops of ffn yps of ssu... 64

8 v LIST OF TABLS TABL 4-: Composons of phanom ssus... TABL 4-: Composons of phanom ssu an pmvy of ngns... 4 TABL 6-: Vfcaon of half wavlngh slab... 5 TABL 6-: Vfcaon of Bws Angl... 7 TABL 6-: Vfcaon of sanwch masumn... 4

9 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Chap :.. OBJCTIV INTRODUCTION Bas canc s cons h scon lang caus of canc ah n womn nx o lung canc. Howv, h cun mhos n bas canc con by usng X-ays, Ulasoun Mammogaphy o Magnc Rsonanc Imagng sll hav many savanags an X-ays may vn hav som hamful s ffcs. Thfo, h qumn fo a b mho n bas canc con has bcom mpav. Mcowav chnology s cons a goo alnav mho fo aly sag bas canc con usng non-onzng aaon []. Bas on h hgh conas n lcc pops bwn h low-waconan ssus an h hgh-wa-conn ons, scnss hav bn consng anoh mho n cng bas canc. In hs appoach, wa, whch s h man componn of bologcal clls, can b us o classfy ffn yps of ssus bas on s hgh lcc pops. Th hgh pcn of wa n a cll s cosponng o h hgh lcc pops of hs ssu. Usng h fac ha cancous ssus hav much hgh amoun of wa han oh ssus such as fa o skn, povs a goo alnav way fo aly sag bas canc con by usng mcowav chnology []. In hs pojc, h us of a f spac mcowav sysm usng hghly focus, consan phas fon mcowav bams fo localz an llumnaon of bologcal ssus s us. A scon aspc of h popos sach s h ppaaon of bas phanom ssus usng glan-ol-an wa composs. By vayng h composon, ffn yps of ssus phanoms can b ppa. Ths phanom

10 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang ssus shoul no only hav h sam lcc pops as human ssus bu can also b masu n ffn angs of fquncy. Ths phanom ssus a ma fom glan, wa wh hony syup an Soum Chlo (NaCl []. Th avanags of phanom ssus a low an hgh longvy (up o 9 wks. Accong o Lazbnk al, hs phanom ssus hav quvaln lccal pops as human ssus []. Howv, makng phanom ssus s ffcul o achv snc h pops of hs maals a asly affc by many facos such as hcknss, sufac, mpau, mosu, c. Ovall, h objcv of hs pojc s o pfom a sysmac chaaczaon of complx lcc pops of ffn bas ssus n a w fquncy ang (lcoscopy. Ths pops can b us o bul up h aabas fo mcowavs magng chnqu of bas canc con. Fom ou pon of vw, usng mcowav chnqus n bas canc con can pov objcv an conssn suls, whch can c bas canc a an aly sag. Fuhmo, hs mho no only povs h lows possbl s ffcs bu also maks pans fl comfoabl.

11 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang.. BRAST CANCR DTCTION Tumo s fom whn abnomal clls gow n an unconoll way an plac nomal clls n h boy. Bngn bas umos, whch a no cancous, o no spa ou n pan s boy. Howv, malgnan bas umos can spa fom h bas o oh pas of h boy an caus ah. Bas canc s known as h scon lang caus of canc ahs n womn nx o lung canc. Howv, bas canc can b a n h al sag of s vlopmn, f w can c xacly h sz, locaon an h conon of h umo. Consqunly, cng bas canc bcoms an mpoan subjc, whch nss many scnss []. Th mos common mho of cng bas canc s X-ay mammogaphy. In hs mho, X-ays a us o gna a -D mag fom bas ssus. Th man savanag of hs mho s h nconclusv suls, whch mgh mss 5% of bas canc. Fuhmo, h onzng pops of X-ays mgh caus som s ffcs []. Ulasoun Mammogaphy mho, whch ansms hgh fquncy soun wavs o h ag aa of bas, has also bn cons as an alnav way o c bas canc. In hs chnqu, h flc soun wavs a co an sn o a compu pogam o gna -D mag of h bas. Alhough hs mho s saf an nxpnsv, s ffcv only fo unfom an lag umos []. Among hs mhos of bas canc con, Magnc Rsonanc Imagng s known as h mos ponal chnqu. In hs pocss, h pan s plac n a song magnc fl, an hn ao wavs a us o ansm no h boy fo a

12 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 fw scons. Only ansm ao wavs wll b co o consuc h mag. Howv, hs mho no only s a lo of mony bu also aks a lo of m o opa. Du o h savanag of hs mhos n cng bas canc, scnss hav bgun o sach alnav ways o c bas canc. Among many possbl soluons, mcowav chnqu s a goo alnav fo aly sag bas canc con bas on h hgh conas n lcc pops bwn nomal an cancous ssus [4].

13 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 5 Chap : RVIW OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUS AND ANATOMY OF BRAST. HISTOLOGY OF TISSU Tssus a fom by goups of clls wh smla sucual an funconal chaacscs, whch opa collcvly whn an ogansm. Th a fou basc ssu yps: phlum, nv, muscl, conncv ssu. phlum covs all ogan an boy cavs as wll as fom ubula sucus whn many ogans. phlal ssu povs h ssnal funcons of pocon, spaaon of cavs fom oh ogan ssus, as wll as gulas h absopon an scon acoss h phlum. phla also fom h majo ssu componn of glans an skn pms, whch play an mpoan pa n mnng h lcc pops of ssus. Conncv ssu, whch conans fw clls spaa by xa cllula max molculs, povs sucual an mabolc suppo. Th a many subyps of conncv ssus, whch sha h man funcon of bnng h oh ssus ogh whn ogans o bnng ogans ogh. Nv s a yp of lccally xcabl ssu whch cvs smul, pocsss hm, an ansms sgnals o ag ssus. Nv ssu can nga h funcons of h whol boy hough s anaomc componns of h nvous sysm: cnal nvous sysm, nclung ban, spnal co an pphal nvous sysm nclung gangla, an pphal nv. Nv ssu has majo cllula componns: nuons (nv clls an gla (suppo clls.

14 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 Muscl s a yp of lccally xcabl ssu whch s sponsbl fo movmns cosponng o spcfc smul such as sgnals fom nv. Muscl has h majo subyps sbu n snc ogans. Sklal muscl aachs o bon, sponsbl fo pullng sklal lmns clos ogh. Caac muscl s h majo ssu componn of h ha, whch causs bloo o mov hough ha. Smooh muscl s h man componn n walls of many nnal ogans, whch can uc h sz of nnal cavs of h sucu o ogan [5].. ANATOMY OF A WOMAN S BRAST Gnally, a fmal bas has wo funconal pas: mlk poucon pa s sponsbl fo poucng an sbung mlk; whas bas suppo pa s accounabl fo h shap an bologcal sucu fo h bas. Mlk poucon pa nclus mlk ucs, nppl, aola, lobs an lobuls. Th a abou 5- lobs, fom by goups of lobuls. Thy banch ou fom nppl an nconnc wh ach oh. Th lobuls a aang aoun an funnl mlk o h nppls by ny ubs call mlk ucs. Mlk poucon pa also nclus som small ol glans loca aoun aola, whch wll las a lubcan ha pocs h nppls ung nusng. Th ssus n h bas ha pov suppo an shap a fa, lgamns, conncv ssu, chs muscl, bloo vssls, lymph nos an vssls. Th bas s manly fll by fa ssus bwn h lobuls an ucs. Alhough h bas os no hav any muscl ssus, muscl ssus a loca ov h b cag o suppo an connc h bas o h chs. Bss, conncv ssu an

15 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 7 lgamns ha aach o h skn of h bas also sha h sponsbly of suppong an fomng h shap of h bas. Th bas conans wo yps of vssls, bloo an lymph. Bloo vssls a sponsbl fo supplyng nuns o h bas ssu an cayng away was; whas, lymph vssls cay flu whch conans clls ha hlp h boy fgh nfcon [6]. Fg -: Illusaon of Bas Anaomy [6]

16 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 8 Chap : DILTRIC PROPRTIS OF TISSU. ROL OF WATR IN DILTRIC PROPRTIS OF TISSUS Abou 7 pcns of human wgh s wa. Two-hs of hs wa s loca whn clls; whas h manng h consss of xa cllula wa ha svs as a mans of anspong chmcals bwn clls an h xnal nvonmn [7]. Thfo, wa s no only h mos abunan componn of all lvng clls bu s also cons a ky faco n mnng h pmvy of ssus. Bologcal ssu manly consss of wo kns of wa molculs: boun wa an f wa. Whn oaon of f wa n an lcc fl s pvn by s nacon wh pons, boun wa wll b fom [8]. Bss, pnng on s conn an nacon wh oh macomolculs, h pops of ssu wa can b va. By usng lcc spcoscopy, Has shows ha wa has h laxaon omans, sol wa laxng n h khz oman, boun wa laxng aoun MHz, an f wa laxng n h mcowav (GHz gon [9]. Fuh sach on F an/o boun wa by lcc masumns by Hny al shows a sgnfcan ffnc bwn h complx pmvy of f an boun wa []. Bas on hs fac, hy suggs ha w can sngush bwn f an boun wa by usng a lcc masumn.

17 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 9. WATR STRUCTUR Th molcul of wa s comps of wo aoms of hyogn an on aom of oxygn boun ogh hough covaln bons, ach of whch conss of a pa of lcons sha bwn wo aoms. In hs cas, h sngl lcon of ach H s sha wh on of h sx ou-shll lcons of h oxygn fomng covaln bons. Th manng fou lcons of h oxygn lcons a lf alon an fom wo nonbonng pas, whch s also call lon pa lcons as shown n fgu -. Fg -: Lon pa lcons n wa molcul [] Thocally, h aangmn of oxygn n h cn, an h wo hyogn aoms an wo lon pas a h cons woul la o a ahal sucu so ha h sanc bwn hm s maxmz. In hs cas, h angl bwn lcon pas shoul b 9.5. Howv, snc lon pa lcons y o g away fom ach oh as fa as possbl, hy x a song pulson agans h wo covaln bonng pas an push wo hyogn aoms clos ogh. Th sulng angl gvs wa a 4.5 bon angl. Wh hs unqu bn ahal sucu, wa has wo snc ss. On s of h wa molcul has wo ngav lon pas, whl h oh s has wo hyogn aoms. Bcaus wa has boh posv an ngav ns, can nac

18 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang wh slf o fom a hghly oganz 'n-molcula' nwok. Hyogn Bonng wll hn b fom by h nacon bwn h posv hyogn of on molcul wh h ngav lon pa of anoh wa molcul as shown n fgu - blow. Fg -: Hyogn bonng n wa [] Hyogn bonng s a yp of wak lcosac aacon, whch allows wa o nac wh an lcc fl as shown n fgu -. Fg -: Inacon of wa wh lcc fl []

19 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang. MICROWAV PROPRTIS OF TISSUS Th pmvy of bologcal ssus s mn spson phnomna. I manly pns on h lco chmcal bhavo of clls an s cllula sucu as wll as h na-cllula flu []. Th cll mmban allows low fquncs cun flow aoun h clls, whas hgh fquncs cun may pna h clls. Th lcc bhavo of bologcal ssus can b mn by a numb of spsons, bas on h laxaon m n a gvn fquncy ban.. Fg -: Illusaon of ffn yps of spson [4] α-spson occus a low fquncy an s manly u o h chagng of nacllula mmban. β-spson locas n RF fquncy ang an s manly caus by h chagng of cllula mmbans n ssus. δ-spson cn a MHz, suls fom h fac ha h lccal pops of wa n som local pacls a pub by h nghbohoos. Fo γ-spson, h lcc pops of ssus abov MHz a mn by h na-cllula lcolys.

20 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Cunly, h s only a lm aa on lcc pops n h mllm wav ban u o h ffculs n ppang h sampl an makng masumn ov a w fquncy ang. By usng f spac masumn sysms, w can pov a goo alnav soluon fo masung sampl ssus a w h fquncy ang. Howv, ppang phanom ssus whch hav h sam pops as al bologcal ssus s a challng. Th a many possbl mhos o mak phanom ssus. In hs sampls, h amoun of wa conn plays an mpoan pa. Pvous sachs shown by Man an Mashmo show ha pu wa can hav h hghs fquncy laxaon phnomnon, whch can confm agan ha h lcc bhavo of ssu n h mllm-wav ban s mn by s wa conn [5] [6]. I was also povn ha h hgh conn of wa, h hgh al pmvy of h ssu. Ths fac s vy usful fo us o xplan h vaaon n lcc pops of ffn yps of ssus.

21 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Chap 4 : PHANTOM TISSUS 4. COMPONNTS OF PHANTOM TISSUS In o o mak h masumn paabl an convnn, w hav o mmc human ssus by usng glan-bas phanom ssus. Ths phanom ssus a ma fom glan, wa wh hony syup an Soum Chlo (NaCl. By vayng h composon, ffn yps of ssus phanoms can b ppa. Ths phanom ssus shoul no only hav h sam lcc pops wh human ssus bu also b masu n ffn angs of fquncy [] : Volum % Ol % w % w p-oluc n- ac popanol % w wa % w Dy glan % w Fomalhy % w Ol % w sufacan TABL 4-: Composons of phanom ssus Th avanags of hs phanom ssus a h low an hgh longvy (up o 9 wks. Accong o Lazbnk al, h % ol sampls appoxma h lcc pops of cancous ssus, whas h 8% ol sampls appoxma h lcc pops of bas fa. Smlaly, h % an % ol sampls cospon o w skn an y skn, whas h 5% sampl has h lcc popy clos o nomal skn ssu [].

22 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 Fom h abl 4-, ffn yps of human ssus can b ma by slcng h pcnags of ol n h soluons as shown n abl blow: % V Ol % V Ol 5% V Ol % V Ol 8% V Ol Pmvy % Wgh Cancous W skn Nomal Skn Dy skn Fa ε' p-oluc ac n-popanol wa Dy glan Fomal Ol Kosn (CnHn: Safflow (C7H5O6:.9 Sufacan TABL 4-: Composons of phanom ssu an pmvy of ngns P-oluc ac o 4-mhylbnzoc ac, whch has chmcal fomula (CH C 6 H 4 (COOH, s an aomac caboxylc ac. Accong o h hanbook Chmsy an physcs by Dav L, h pmvy of p-oluc ac s.47 [7]. Fg 4-: p-oluc ac Popan--ol s a pmay alcohol wh h fomula CH CH CH OH. I s also known as -popanol, -popyl alcohol, n-popyl alcohol, o smply popanol. Th pmvy of p-oluc ac s.8 [7]. Fg 4-: -popanol

23 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 5 Glan s a anslucn bl sol subsanc, cololss o slghly yllow, naly aslss an oolss, xac fom h collagn ns anmals' conncv ssu. I has bn commonly us n foo, phamacucal, phoogaphy, an mc manufacung. Accong o Takahash al, h pmvy of glan s 8 [8]. Th chmcal compoun fomalhy s a gas wh a pungn smll. I s h smpls alhy, of whch h chmcal fomula s H CO. Accong o h Dav L, h pmvy of p-oluc ac s.5 [7]. Fg 4-: Fomalhy Kosn o paaffn ol s a cololss flammabl hyocabon lqu. Th chmcal fomula of kosn s C n H n wh <n<7. Kosn has h pmvy aoun [7]. Safflow s a hghly banch, hbacous, hsl-lk annual, usually wh many long shap spns on h lavs. Th chmcal fomula of safflow ol s C 7 H 5 O 6 [9]. Th pmvy of safflow s abou.9 [7].

24 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 Fg 4-4: Safflow ol Th sufacan ha w us o mak phanom ssu s Poc an Gambl Ula Ivoy Dshwashng Lqu. Accong o maal safy aash pov by Poc an Gambl, h man componn of Ula Ivoy s hanol C H 6 O []. hanol s a flammabl, cololss, slghly oxc chmcal compoun wh a sncv pfum. In common usag, s ofn f o smply as alcohol. Th pmvy of hanol s 5. [7]. Fg 4-5: hanol

25 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 7 4. PHANTOM PRPARATION In hs sach, w succ n h ppaaon of bas phanom ssus usng glan-ol-an wa composs. Th avanag of hs phanoms maals s ha hy a sabl ov a long po an can b us fo w-ban fquncs. Howv, ppang hs phanom ssus s ffcul o achv snc h pops of hs maals a asly affc by many facos such as hcknss, sufac, mpau, mosu c. In al conon, h hcknss of h sampl shoul b abou on-fouh o h-fouh h wavlngh of h m ban fquncy (λ/4 o λ/4. I mans ha a can phanom ssus can only b us n can bans an s hcknss shoul b accua. A hgh fquncy, h hcknss of h sampl shoul b lavly small whch mak vy ha o ppa an masu such sampls. Sconly, h sufac of h sampl shoul b fla an homognous. Fo mcowav masumn usng focus bam annna, h sufac of h sampl can gv a ga ffc on h S paams, whch wll consqunly affc h sul. Howv, s no asy o mak an absolu fla-sufac phanom ssu snc h vsy of hgh-pcn-ol sampls s oo low. Th las faco ha mgh affc h chaacsc of h phanom ssus s s sffnss. In hoy, ach yp of sampl mus hav a can sffnss cosponng o h pcnag of chmcals ns h mxu. Fo xampl, h % ol phanom ssus a ha han h 9% ons. Howv, h ffc of mosu an mpau maks bcoms ffcul o ppa an poc hs snsv sampls.

26 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 8 Th pocus o mak canc an nomal ssu phanoms a pov by Lazbnk al. 4.. Th pocu o mak canc ssu phanom (% o 5% V ol - Sp : Mx.g of P-Toluc ac no ml n-popanol. Ha an s. - Sp : Mx soluon ( no 9 ml of 8 M onz wa. - Sp : A s 4g (y of bloom glan no soluon ( - Sp 4: Cov bak wh Saan Wap, ha n oubl bol. - Sp 5: Whn soluon bcoms anspan wh no bubbls, mov bak. - Sp 6: S mxu, mov bubbls - Sp 7: Connu o s mxu an cool o abou 5 o C. - Sp 8: Pou ml of mxu no anoh bak conanng X ml ol a 5 o C. - Sp 9: Vgoously s h mxu. - Sp : S h mxu; a.56 ml of Ula Ivoy. - Sp : Cool h mxu o 4 o C. - Sp : A.6g of fomalhy soluon (7% by wgh fomalhy (abou.8g fomalhy p ml of glan soluon. - Sp : Cool o 4 o C, pou no conan; allow a las 5 ays fo fomalhy coss-lnkng of glan o b compl. 4.. Th pocu o mak nomal ssu phanoms (5% o 9% V ol - Sp : Mx.g of P-Toluc ac no ml n-popanol. Ha an s. - Sp : Mx soluon ( no 9 ml of 8 M onz wa. - Sp : A s 4g (y of bloom glan. no soluon ( - Sp 4: Cov bak wh Saan Wap, ha n oubl bol.

27 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 9 - Sp 5: Whn soluon bcoms anspan an no bubbls, mov bak. - Sp 6: S mxu, mov bubbls - Sp 7: Connu o s mxu an cool o abou 5 o C. - Sp 8: Pou ml of mxu no anoh bak conanng ml ol a 5 o C. - Sp 9: Vgoously s h mxu. - Sp : S h mxu; a.56 ml of Ula Ivoy. - Sp : S, a ml of 5 o C ol. - Sp : S, a ml of 5 o C ol. - Sp : pa (7 unl no mo ol lf. - Sp 4: Cool h mxu o 4 o C. - Sp 5: A.6g of fomalhy soluon (7% by wgh fomalhy (abou.8g fomalhy p ml of glan soluon. - Sp 6: Cool o 4 o C, pou no conan; allow a las 5 ays fo fomalhy coss-lnkng of glan o b compl.

28 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Chap 5 : FR SPAC MASURMNT 5. CALIBRATION AND FR SAPC MASURMNT Bfo pfomng masumn, w n o o calbaon o mov h os caus by h mulpl flcons bwn h focus bam annnas an h mo ansons va h sufac of h sampl. In hs pojc, w us wo-po TRL calbaon chnqus n f spac as shown blow followng h mho ouln by D. K. Ghogaonka, V. V. Vaaan an V. K. Vaaan []. Fg. 5-: F spac masumn sysm Snc h phanom ssu sampls a hn an flxbl, hy may hav som saggng ffcs, whch can caus os fo h masumn. A possbl appoach fo hs poblm s h mal back masumn. In hs masumn, mcowavs a ansm cly o h sampl, whch s suppo by a mal pla on s back.

29 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Alhough hs mho can lmna h ffc of saggng, can only masu h flc sgnals. Thfo, s no an accua mho o masu phanom ssus. Fg. 5-: Mal-back masumn Anoh appoach fo masung phanom ssus s h us of sanwch masumn. In hs masumn, h sampl s sanwch bwn wo sana plana plas, whch a low loss maals such as Quaz o Plx-glass. Ths plas pvn h sampl fom saggng. Snc h sgnals ansm an flc bwn h lays, h collc S-paams show h combnaon chaacscs of h sampl an wo plas. In o o g h pops of sampl, w hav o xac s paams fom h combn suls. Alhough h sanwch masumn can pov a asonabl sul, sll has som small os u o h msmach n lcc pops of h sampl an h suppong plas [].

30 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Fg. 5-: Sanwch masumn In o o solv hs poblm, w can us h machng lay masumn, whch s smla o h sanwch masumn. In hs mho, h sana plana plas n sanwch masumn a plac by h machng lay plas whch hav hcknss abou qua-wavlngh of h m ban fquncy an lcc consan clos o h squa oo of h lcc consan of h sampl. Th machng lay mho s vy ffcn fo masung phanom ssus, bcaus no only pvns h sampl fom saggng bu also ucs h flcon u o msmach as wll as allows mo sgnals o ansm. Fg. 5-4: Machng lay masumn

31 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Paams fo machng masumn: λ / 4 pla pla m ε pla ε pla ε sampl Af pfomng h masumn, h f spac sysm wll gv us h flcon coffcn (S an ansmsson coffcn (S of h sampl o s combnaon wh suppong plas. Ths S paams can b la o h г an T paams by h followng quaons [] : S S Γ( T Γ T T ( Γ Γ T Wh, Γ Rflcon coffcn of h a-sampl nfac. T Tansmsson coffcn of h a-sampl nfac. Fom hs paams, w can calcula h lcc pops of h sampl: γ Γ ε γ Γ γ Γ μ γ Γ Wh, γ o Popagaon consan of f spac. γ Popagaon consan of h sampl.

32 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 Fo h sanwch masumn o machng lay masumn, w hav h S- paams of pla, pla an h combnaon of h lays (sampl sanwch bwn wo plas. In h fs sp, w conv hs S-paams no ABCD paams. Af convson, w hav h ABCD-paams of pla (A, pla (B an h combnaon (C of h lays (sampl sanwch bwn wo plas. By usng h Cascang popy, w can calcula h ABCD paams fo sampl only ([ABCD] S : [ABCD] S ([ABCD] A - x[abcd] C x ( [ABCD] B - Th ABCD paams of h sampl wll b conv back no S-paams so ha w can calcula lcc pops of h sampl []. ABCD o S convson ( S A ( S S S S B ( S ( S S S S C ( S ( S S S S D ( S ( S S S S

33 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 5 S o ABCD convson D C B A D C B A S D C B A S D C B A C B D A S D C B A D C B A S ( ((

34 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 5. MATHMATICAL ANALYSIS In hs analyss appoach, w us Jons Calculus o vfy ou masumn. Alhough Jons Calculus s ognally a mahmacal chnqu fo scbng h popagaon of lgh n lach ma, w can apply hs mho n mcowavs bcaus h s a smlay n h physcal bhavo of hs wavs. Ths mho can calcula h voluon of h polazaon sa as wavs pass hough sampls []. Fuhmo, by usng Jons max, w can calcula flcon coffcn, ansmsson coffcn, lcc fl, magnc fl of h wav an mpanc of h sampl a any poson, any fquncy an any hcknss. Ths pogam can also analyz oblqu ncnc an smula h sbuon of lcomagnc fl. Jons calculus: ˆ(, ( ˆ(, (,,,, y y y y x w y H z w y γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ,,,,,,,,,,,,, M Jons max: ( ( ( ( 4 4, a a a a a a a a M wh a a γ γ 4 a a γ γ

35 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Paalll Polazaon L H ± ± ± ± ±,,,,, lcc fl: ( ( ( sn (. sn (. sn (. ˆ sn ˆ ˆ sn ˆ sn z x jk z x jk z x jk z x a z x a z x a Magnc fl: sn (. sn (. sn (. ˆ ( ˆ ( ˆ sn / ˆ ( ˆ ( ˆ sn / ˆ ( ˆ ( ˆ sn / z x jk z x jk z x jk y a z x H y a z x H y a z x H Ε Χ Ε Χ Ε Χ Bounay conons: y y x x H H Ε Ε Ε Ε Ε Ε Fom bounay conon, w hav:

36 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 8 [ ] Μ Smlaly, w can fn h max fo h scon an h lay: ( ( ( ( [ ] Μ Th laonshp bwn h fs lay an h lay: [ ] Μ [ ] Μ [ ] Μ [ ] Μ 4 ( ( ( (

37 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 9 Gnal cas fo any -h lay:,, ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε,, o,, ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε,,

38 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 5.. Ppncula Polazaon lcc fl quaons: sn (. ˆ ˆ z x jk y y sn (. ˆ ˆ z x jk y y sn (. ˆ ˆ z x jk y y Magnc fl quaons: sn (. ˆ ( ˆ sn ˆ ( ˆ ( ˆ sn / z x jk x z y z x H Ε Χ sn (. ˆ ( ˆ sn ˆ ( ˆ ( ˆ sn / z x jk x z y z x H Ε Χ sn (. ˆ ( ˆ sn ˆ ( ˆ ( ˆ sn / z x jk x z y z x H Ε Χ Bounay Conons: x x y y H H Fom bounay conon, w hav:

39 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang [ ] Μ Smlaly, w can fn h max fo h scon an h lay: ( ( ( ( [ ] Μ Th laonshp bwn h fs lay an h lay: [ ] Μ [ ] Μ [ ] Μ [ ] Μ 4 ( ( ( (

40 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Gnal cas fo any -h lay:,, ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε,, o,, ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε ( ( k k k k ε ε ε ε,, * Fo Qua wav slab: [ ] Μ [ ] Μ ( ( j j ( ( j j * Fo Half wav slab: [ ] Μ [ ] Μ

41 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Chap 6 : SIMULATION VRIFICATION 6. SOM SPCIAL CASS: 6.. Mal Pla Snc mal pla has a pfc conucvy, all h wavs wll b flc back. Thfo, hough ou h fquncy ang, Rflcon Coffcn S shoul b, an Tansmsson Coffcn S shoul b as shown n fgu 6-. Th vfcaon of mal pla masumn can b vy usful fo flc sana n ou TRL calbaon.

42 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 Magnu of S n X ban Magnu(un Fquncy (GHz x Phas of S n X ban Phas (o x Magnu of S n X ban Magnu (un Fquncy (GHz x Phas of S n X ban Phas (o x Fg. 6-. Vfcaon of mal pla masumn usng smulaon

43 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Slab of hcknss half wavlngh a m-fquncy (X ban Rgon μ' ε' ε'' (A (Plxglas.6 λm/ A TABL 6-: Vfcaon of half wavlngh slab W can s ha n h ml of h fquncy ban wh hcknss of h slab s xacly a half of h wavlngh, all h fls wll pass hough h slab. Thfo, a hs pon, Rflcon Coffcn S shoul b, an Tansmsson Coffcn S shoul b as shown n fgu 6-.

44 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6.5 Magnu of S n X ban Magnu(un Fquncy (GHz x Phas of S n X ban 5 Phas (o x Magnu of S n X ban Magnu (un Fquncy (GHz x Phas of S n X ban Phas (o x Fg. 6-: Vfcaon of half wavlngh sampl

45 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Bws Angl Fsnl flcon an ansmsson coffcns fo ppncula an paalll polazaon: Γ τ Γ τ Th Bws angl B s fn as h ncnc angl a whch h Fsnl flcon coffcn г. Rgon μ' ε' ε'' Angl sa Angl n Bws Angl 8 λ 9 8 TABL 6-: Vfcaon of Bws Angl GAMMA (PARALLL AND GAMMA (PRPNDICULAR AS A FUNCTION OF THTA FOR A WATR SURFAC Gamma (paalll o Gamma (ppncula GAMMA ll GAMMA P Incnc angl - Tha (gs Fg. 6-: Vfcaon of Bws Angl fo wa sufac usng Malab

46 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 8 6. VRIFICATION OF SANDWICH MASURMNT Af gng lcc pops of h sampls, w can us Jons calculus o w a Malab pogam, whch can vfy h S paams fom h F Spac masumn. Fom h compason bwn calculaon an masumn, w can s ha h a slgh ffncs bwn hos suls u o som ounng n calculang pocss o som sysmac os ung h masumn. Howv, hs os a small nough fo us o gno. To vfy h masumn, w us Tflon s sanwch bwn wo Plxglas plas as shown n abl blow. Plxglas Tflon Plxglas Fg. 6-4: An xampl of sanwch masumn

47 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang S (B Fquncy (GHz Sm_Masumn Sm_Calculaon Phas(Dg Fquncy (GHz Sp_Masumn Sp_Calculaon Fg. 6-5: Vfcaon of flcon coffcn fom masumn wh smulaon

48 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang S (B Fquncy (GHz Sm_Masumn Sm_Calculaon Phas (Dg Fquncy (GHz Sp_Masumn Sp_Calculaon Fg. 6-6: Vfcaon of ansmsson coffcn fom masumn wh smulaon

49 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 Th vfcaon of sanwch masumn of Tflon an wo Plxglas can b summaz n h abl blow: XPRIMNT SIMULATION Fquncy (GHz S (B S Phas S (B S Phas S (B S Phas S (B S Phas TABL 6-: Vfcaon of sanwch masumn

50 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 Chap 7 : FACTORS AFFCTING PHANTOM MASURMNT 7. FFCT OF COMPRSSION Pmvy ε'.84mm ε".84mm ε'.74mm ε".74mm ε'.64mm ε".64mm Fquncy(GHz Fg. 7-: Dlcc pops of a phanom sampl un ffn compsson conons Hgh compsson wll caus a sgnfcan cas n al pmvy an slghly ncas n h loss. Ths phnomnon maks h masumn bcom mo snsv an challngng. In o o mak accua an paabl masumns, bss, masung cafully h hcknss of h phanom usng mcom, w hav o mak su ha ou sampl shoul b pfcly f n h sampl hol as wll as mov h annna xacly up o mcom.

51 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 4 7. FFCT OF NVIRONMNT AND AGING PROCSS Pmvy 4... ε' No ffc ε" No ffc ε' nv.ffc ε" nv.ffc Fquncy(GHz Fg. 7-: Dlcc pops of on sampl un ffn nvonmnal conons Anoh poblm ha w hav o fac wh s h ffc of nvonmn on lcc pops of ssus. Whou h ffc of nvonmn, h lcc pops of h phanom a sabl an asonabl ov h fquncy ang. Howv, f h sampl was lf n h oom whou cov o soag fo a wk, s lcc pops wll b galy affc. A h hgh fquncy, h ffc bcoms mo obvous. Thfo, alhough all h sampls a manan n a vy goo conon, hy jus can b us fo a can po of m.

52 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 44 Chap 8 : PHANTOM MASURMNTS As mnon al, h sanwch masumns pfom usng F Spac Sysm w pfom o g h lcc pops of ffn yps of ssu sampl. In hs hss, w wll focus on masung an analyzng h pops of h basc an mpoan yps of ssus: cancous ssus, skn an fa ssu. By ong hs way, w wan o bul h sysmac chaaczaon of ffn bas ssus so ha w can sngush hm asly la by h lcc pops. Th cancous ssus an skn ssus n hs pojc w ppa bas on ssus-mmckng phanom maals popos by Lazbnk al; whas, h fa sampls w collc fom al bf ssus. Fo ach yp of phanom ssus, wo sampls wh ffn hcknss wll b us o clafy h accuacy of h sul as wll as paably an sably of sampl ppaaon. In o o mak su ha h sampls w homognous an poply ma, w masu ach sampl a fv ffn locaons: cn, lf, gh, op, boom. Th avag lcc pops of hs fv-locaon masumns wll b calcula an us as h man chaacsc o compa ffn yps of ssus.

53 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang CANCROUS TISSUS (% VOLUM OIL 8.. Cancous Tssus sampl (.5mm Th fs cancous ssu phanom, whch s cosponng o % volum ol o 74.5% wgh wa, was ppa an masu by usng sanwch masumns. Th suls fom hs masumns wll b calcula an compa wh oh publsh aa fom Lazbnk al. an Gabl o clafy h accuacy of ou mho. Fom h gaph blow, w can s a ga agmn bwn lcc pops of phanom ssus by usng F Spac masumn vsus pob masumn by Lazbnk al. Th man ffnc s ha F Spac sysm allows us o masu a a vy w ang of fquncy wh a hgh accuacy lvl. In o o confm hs aa agan, w also compa h sul wh wll-known Gabl s masumns fo fa an muscl ssus, whch w povn o b compabl wh Col-Col mol. Th pmvy of cancous ssu has al pa clos o muscl an sgnfcanly hgh han fa ssus. Th hgh lcc pops of cancous ssu mak sgnfcanly sngush wh oh yps of ssus. Fom h gaph, w can also s ha h conucvy of cancous ssus s ncasng wh fquncy.

54 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 46 R (Pmvy ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε' of % Ol,.5mm Fquncy (GHz 5 5 Im (Pmvy 5 5 ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε'' of % Ol,.5mm Fquncy (GHz

55 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang CONDUCTIVITY (S/m 5 5 σ (% Ol by Lazbnk al σ of % Ol,.5mm Fquncy(GHz Fg. 8-: Dlcc pops of h fs cancous-ssu sampl ov 5.8 o 4 GHz

56 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Cancous Tssus sampl (.4mm Smlaly, h scon cancous ssu phanom was also masu by f spac sysm an compa wh masumns by Lazbnk al. an Gabl. Alhough hs sampl has h ffn hcknss han h fs sampl on, h componns an pocu o mak a xacly h sam wh h pvous on. Thfo, w woul xpc h lcc pops of hs sampls shoul b smla an clos o muscl as shown n fgu 8- blow. R (Pmvy ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε' of % Ol,.4mm Fquncy (GHz

57 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Im (Pmvy 5 5 ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε''of % Ol,.4mm Fquncy (GHz 4 5 CONDUCTIVITY (S/m 5 5 σ (% Ol by Lazbnk al σ of % Ol,.4mm Fquncy(GHz Fg. 8-: Dlcc pops of scon cancous-ssu sampl ov 5.8 o 4 GHz

58 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang Compason of wo sampls Th lcc pops of h wo sampls wll hn b compa o vfy ou suls. In al conon, h lcc pops of hs homognous sampls shoul b h sam. Howv, som os may happn ung h pocss of ppang h phanoms o pfomng h masumns. Ths os may b subjcvly u o ounng amouns of chmcal, placng an compssng h sampls ffnly; o hy may b objcvly u o h ffc fom nvonmn, sysmac os, o h agng of maals. Nvhlss, h ffncs bwn hs sampls a lss han % of h valus, whch s asonabl an accpabl fo ngnng xpmns. Fuhmo, hs valus a no only smla o oh suls fom Lazbnk al bu also loca n h asonabl ang fo cancous ssus bas on Col-Col mol. Fom h gaph, w can also s ha a hgh fquncy ang, h vaaon bcoms lag. Ths phnomnon s u o h fac ha a hgh fquncy, h wavlngh bcoms so small, whch maks h masumn bcoms vy snsv o any chang n maals o suounng nvonmn. Consqunly, masung lcc pops of ssus s a challng fo mcal applcaons of mcowav. On h oh han, h hgh fquncy, h small wavlngh also mans h mo pons an locaons on h sampl can b masu. Ths fac s vy hlpful fo us o c h locaon of small umos by pfomng h mcowav magng n h fuu.

59 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 5 R (Pmvy ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε' of % Ol,.5mm ε' of % Ol,.4mm Fquncy (GHz 5 5 Im (Pmvy 5 5 ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε'' of % Ol,.5mm ε''of % Ol,.4mm Fquncy (GHz

60 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang CONDUCTIVITY (S/m σ of % Ol,.5mm 5 σ of % Ol,.4mm σ (% Ol by Lazbnk al Fquncy(GHz Fg. 8-: Compason of lcc pops of wo cancous-ssu sampls

61 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 5 8. SKIN TISSUS (% VOLUM OIL Th pmvy of skn ssus fom f spac masumn wll also b compa wh pob masumn by Lazbnk al. an Gabl s suls bas on Col-Col mol as shown n fgu 8-4. Smla o cancous ssus, skn ssus also hav lcc pops hgh han fa ssus an low han muscl. Howv, hs lcc pops a sll sgnfcanly low han h ons fom cancous ssus. In oh wos, h al an magnay pmvy of skn ssus loca n bwn fa an muscls ssus, whch maks asy o sngush bu s also a ga souc of mpanc msmach an poo pnaon of mcowavs. R (Pmvy Rlav pmvy of % V ol by machng lay masumns, pob msumn an Col Col mol n X ban ε' (% Ol,.5mm ε' (% Ol,.7mm ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al. ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl Fquncy(GHz

62 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 54 Imagnay pmvy of % V ol by machng lay masumns, pob msumn an Col Col mol n X ban 7 Im (Pmvy ε" (% Ol,.5mm ε" (% Ol,.7mm ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al Fquncy(GHz Conucvy of % V ol by machng lay masumns, pob msumn n X ban Conucvy (S /m Fquncy(GHz σ (hcknss.5mm σ (% Ol,.7mm σ (% Ol by Lazbnk al. Fg. 8-4: Dlcc pops of skn-ssu sampls

63 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang COMPARISON OF SKIN AND CANCROUS TISSUS: Th lcc pops bwn cancous an skn ssus wll hn b compa o hlp us mn h possbly of hs mho. Fom hs gaphs, w can s claly ha h s a sgnfcan vaaon bwn h lcc pops of hs ssus. Th pmvs of hs wo yps of ssus vay by uns fo al as wll as magnay pa. In m of conucvy, hs ssus ff by 5 Smns p m (S/m. R (Pmvy Rlav pmvy of % an % V ol by sanwch masumns, pob msumns an Col Col mol n X ban ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε' of % Ol,.5mm ε' of % Ol,.4mm ε' (% Ol,.5mm ε' (% Ol,.7mm ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al. ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl Fquncy(GHz

64 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 56 Imagnay pmvy of % an % V ol by machng lay masumns, pob msumn an Col Col mol n X ban Im (Pmvy ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε'' of % Ol,.5mm ε''of % Ol,.4mm ε" (% Ol,.5mm ε" (% Ol,.7mm ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al Fquncy(GHz Conucvy of % an % V ol by machng lay masumns, pob msumn n X ban 8 6 Conucvy (S /m σ (% Ol by Lazbnk al σ of % Ol,.5mm σ of % Ol,.4mm σ (hcknss.5mm σ (% Ol,.7mm σ (% Ol by Lazbnk al Fquncy(GHz Fg. 8-5: Compason of lcc pops of skn vsus cancous ssu sampls

65 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 57 Snc bologcal ssus a manly compos of wa, w can us h lcc polay of wa o xplan h oucom suls. Accong o Phg, cancous ssus hav much hgh amoun of wa han oh ssus such as fa o skn ons []. Fo ha ason, w can xpc ha h vaons of hs lcc pops a u o h amoun of wa conn n ach yp of ssus. Whn an ncn wav avls hough hgh wa conans ssus, wll b fac wh a lag anuaon an ga pow absopon han h nomal o fa ssus. Consqunly, h pmvy an conucvy of hgh-wa-conan ssus such as malgnan o muscl wll b hgh han h low-wa-conan ons such as fa o skn [4]. Fom h suls of hs phanom sampls, w can alz ha alhough h s a sgnfcan vaaon bwn wo yps of phanoms cosponng o cancous an skn ssus, h ffnc bwn ach pas of a sampl yp s vy small. By usng hs fac, w can conclu ha ach yp of phanom ssus wll hav a can lcc pops compabl wh al ssus, whch wll allow us o hav many paabl an homognous sampls. Fuhmo, h compaabl suls bwn ou F Spac masumn, Pob masumn by Lazbnk al, an Col-Col mol can vfy h accuacy an pcson of ou mho.

66 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 58 Chap 9 : RAL FAT MASURMNTS Ppang h al bas ssus wh a hgh conns of fa an ol combnaon has bn a challng fo sachs. On of h possbl soluons fo hs poblm s o a mo sufacan o h sampl, whch can mak h phanom bcom mo solf by ncasng h coss-lnk n h maals. Howv, h amoun of aonal sufacan an h g of solfcaon of h sampl canno b pcs an paabl. An alnav appoach n masung al fa ssus by Campbll, whch show cosponnc n lcc pops bwn human ssu an anmal ssus, has bn cons [5]. In hs masumn, al fa ssus fom bf w pocss an ppa cafully by pofssonal cusom-ma pocssng company o mak su h sampls w puly fa an homognous. Th sampls w so n col mpau an sola fom nvonmn unl was allow o sofn fo half an hou bfo h masumn. Th sampls w hn masu o mn h opmum hcknss allow ov h slc fquncy ang. Onc h hcknss of h ssu sampl s masu, m-oman gang was appl o fl ou ffcs of pos-calbaon msmachs an possbl mulpl-pah ansmsson. Smla o phanom masumn, h al fa bf sampls w masu a fv ffn locaons by usng sanwch masumn as shown n fgu 9-. Th S paams wll hn b collc an xac o gv us h lcc pops of h sampl by usng TP convson o RTPMU convson. Th TP (Tansmsson coffcn o pslon convson s only pns on h ansm

67 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 59 wav so can only gv us h pmvy of a sampl. On h oh han, h RTPMU (Rflcon an Tansmsson coffcn o pslon an Mu convson us boh flc an ansm wav o gv us h pmvy as wll as h pmably of a sampl. Thfo, fo hgh loss maals such as phanom o bologcal ssus, h TP convson s nomally pf. Howv, RTPMU convson can somms b us as aonal fncs.

68 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 Pmvy ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl ε' Avag-TP ε' Avag-pmu Fquncy(GHz ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε'' Avag - TP Pmvy ε" Avag-pmu Fquncy(GHz Fg. 9-: Dlcc pops of bf fa ssu a 5 ffn locaons* * Masumn wh suppo fom Tak Sa, PhD Canca, Unvsy of Akansas

69 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 Fom pvous gaphs, w can s ha h a slghly ffncs bwn h masumns. Ths os may happn ung pfomng h masumns o h wa sbuons w no h sam n hs locaons. Howv, h ffncs a lss han % of h valus, whch s asonabl an accpabl fo ngnng xpmns. Th avag lcc pops of hs fa masumns a also compa wh h xpmnal aa on by Gabl fo no nfla fa ssus as shown n fgu 9-. Fom h gaph, w can s h ga agmn bwn ou fa masumns by f spac sysms wh Gabl s masumns whch a compabl wh Col-Col mol.

70 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 Fg. 9-: Dlcc pops of bf fa ssu vs. Gabl s fa masumns* * Masumn wh suppo fom Tak Sa, PhD Canca, Unvsy of Akansas

71 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 6 Chap : MASURMNT RSULTS Af nvsgang an analyzng h lcc pops of ach yp of ssus, w hn pu all hs aa ogh. Fom fgu -, w can s ha h lcc pops of fa, skn, an cancous ssus a sgnfcanly va houghou a w ang of fquncy. Cancous ssus whch conan a lag amoun of wa (abou 75% wgh of wa hav xmly hgh lcc pops. On h oh han, al fa ssus, whch a low-wa-conan sampls, hav vy small lcc pops. Skn ssus hav h amoun of wa lavly hgh han fa ssus an low han cancous ssus, whch maks h lcc pops loca bwn fa an canc ssus. Ths pops can b us o bul up h aabas fo mcowavs magng chnqu of bas canc con. By usng hs aabas, w wll also b abl sngush h lcc pops of many ffn yps of ssus jus bas on h lcc pops.

72 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 64 Rlav pmvy of cancous phanom ssus, skn phanom ssus an acual bf fa by machng lay masumns, pob msumn an Col Col mol 5 ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε' of % Ol,.5mm 4 ε' of % Ol,.4mm (ε' (% Ol,.5mm R (Pmvy Fquncy (GHz (ε' (% Ol,.7mm ε' (% Ol by Lazbnk.al ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl ε' fa phanom by Lzabnk (5 ε' Avag-pmu ε' Pu wa ε' No nfl. fa ε' Infl. Fa ε' Muscl ε' Avag-TP Imagnay pmvy of cancous phanom ssus, skn phanom ssus an acual bf fa by machng lay masumns, pob msumn an Col Col mol 5 ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk al ε'' of % Ol,.5mm ε''of % Ol,.4mm (ε" (% Ol,.5mm Im (Pmvy Fquncy (GHz (ε" (% Ol,.7mm ε" Pu Wa ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' (% Ol by Lazbnk. al ε" Avag-pmu ε" Pu Wa ε" No Infla ε" Infla ε" Muscl ε'' fa phanom by (Lzabnk (5 ε'' Avag-TP Fg. -: Dlcc pops of ffn yps of ssu

73 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 65 Chap CONCLUSIONS. CONCLUSIONS Alhough bas canc s a sous sas whch s cons h scon lang caus of canc ah n womn, h cun mhos n bas canc con sll hav many savanags. Thfo, cng bas canc a s aly sag bcoms an mpoan subjc, whch nss many scnss. Bas on h hgh conas n lcc pops bwn low-wa-conan an hgh-wa-conn ssus, scnss hav bn consng anoh mho n cng bas canc. In hs appoach, wa, whch s h man componn of bologcal clls, can b us o classfy ffn yps of ssus bas on s hgh lcc pops. Howv, h s only a lm aa on lcc pops of ssus n h mllm wav ban u o som chncal ffculs n ppang h sampl an makng masumn ov a w fquncy ang. In hs pojc, w succ n ppang phanom ssus by usng glan-bas maals, whch no only hav h sam lcc pops as human ssus bu can also b masu n ffn angs of fquncy []. Fuhmo, by usng f spac masumn sysms, w can pov a goo alnav soluon fo masung sampls ov a w fquncy ang. Th suls fom ou xpmn vfy ha h a sgnfcan vaaons among ffn yps of ssus cospon o h sbuon of wa n ach yp of ssu. Cancous ssus, whch conan a lag amoun of wa, hav xmly hgh lcc pops. On h oh han, al fa ssus, whch conan a small amoun of wa, hav vy small lcc

74 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 66 pops. Skn ssus hav h amoun of wa lavly hgh han fa ssus an low han cancous ssus, so h lcc pops loca bwn fa an cancous ssus. Ths pops can b us o bul up h aabas fo mcowavs magng chnqu of bas canc con. Fom ou pon of vw, usng mcowav chnqus n bas canc con can pov objcv an conssn suls, whch can c bas canc a an aly sag. Fuhmo, hs mho no only povs h lows possbl s ffcs bu also maks pans fl comfoabl.. FUTUR WORK Th am s plannng o wok on nw yps of sampl whch can b ma by njcng som canc phanom ssus no skn ssus. By scannng ffn spos n h sampl, w hop o ffna canc umos fom skn ssus bas on h ffnc n h lcc pops, as wll as c h locaon an sz of h umo aa. Som oh sampls wh njc sl balls, whch smula h appaanc of canc ssus, wll also b nvsga. In h fuu, w hop o fabca h mol of n human bas. Ths mol shoul hav h sam shap an sucu as h al human bas. I also shoul hav ffn lay of sampl cosponng o nomal ssus, fa ssus, skn ssus an som small poon of canc ssus ns. Th sampl wll hn b scann by h auomac f spac masumn sysms o chaacz h lcc pops a any pon of h phanom bas.

75 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 67 RFRNCS [] AsaZnca Phamacucals LP, "Unsanng Bas Canc an Tamn Opons, a gu book fo pans an cagvs, Bas Canc Pofssonal, 5676, Fbuay 6. [] ls C. Fa, Susan C. Hagnss, Paul M. Many, Mchal Okonwsk, an Maa A. Suchly, nhancng Bas Tumo Dcon wh Na-Fl Imagng, I Mcowav Magn., vol., no., pp , Mach. [] Maa Lazbnk, ns L Masn, Gay R Fank an Susan C Hagnss, Tssu-mmckng phanom maals fo naowban an ula wban mcowav applcaons, Phys. M. Bol., Vol.5, , 5. [4] Lw Sha, ka Rn Wa, an Banon Soy, A Rvw of Dlcc Pops of Nomal an Malgnan Bas Tssu, Pocngs I Souhas confnc,. [5] Conn Hnk Yabo, Kvn Sows, Kan Hassy Dow, Funamnals n Oncology - Typs of Tssus, Bsol-Mys Squbb Innaonal Oncology, Innaonal Socy of Nuss n Canc Ca (ISNCC an h Unvsy of Cnal Floa,. [6] Raology Imagng Assocas (RIA, Anaomy of h Bas, 8 RIA. Coloao, USA, 8. [7] Sphn Low, A gnl noucon o wa an s sucu, Cav Commons Abuon, 8. [8] Ronal Phg, Pon Wa Inacons Dmn by Dlcc Mhos. Annu. Rv. Phys.Chm., vol.4. pp.77-5, 99.

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77 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 69 [8] Takahash Hono, Wakamo Kazuhko, lcoopc pob fo masung volag of an objc havng a hgh pmvy flm fx on an n fac of a flcng flm fx on an lcoopc maal, Fpansonln [9] US Dpamn of Halh an Human Svcs, Compaav Toxcology Sus of Con Ol, Safflow Ol, an Tcapyln, Naonal Toxcology Pogam, chncal po ss, No.46. [] Poc & Gambl, Fabc an Hom Ca Dvson, Maal safy aash, Ivoyal Tchncal Cn,. [] Dpak K Ghogaonka, Vasunaa V. Vaaan, an Vjay K. Vaaan, A F-Spac Mho fo Masumn of Dlcc Consans an Loss Tangn a Mcowav Fquncs, I Tans. of Insumnaons an Masumn, vol. 7, no., pp , 989. [] Dpak K Ghogaonka, Vasunaa.V. Vaaan, an Vjay K. Vaaan, F-Spac Masumn of Complx Pmvy an Complx Pmably of Magnc Maals a Mcowav Fquncs, I Tans. of Insumnaons an Masumn, vol. 9, no., pp , 99. [] Ronal Phg, Dlcc pops of bologcal maals: Bophyscal an Mcal Applcaons. I Tansacons on lccal Insulaon Vol. I-9 No.5, Ocob 984. [4] ls. C. Fa, Mcowav Imagng of h Bas, Tchnology n Canc Rsach & Tamn, Volum 4, Numb, Fbuay 5. [5] Campbll A. M., Masumns an analyss of h mcowav lcc pops of ssu, Ph.D. Thss, Unvsy of Glasgow, 99.

78 Mcowav Dlcoscopy of Bas Tssu Phanoms n h GHz ang 7 APPNDICS PUBLISHD PAPRS & CONFRNCS Non conac boaban f spac masumns of h complx pmvy of bologcal ssus, T. Sa, V. V. Vaaan, B. Tan. Th Bolcomagncs Socy confnc Jun 8, 8. San Dgo, Calfona, USA. Masumn of Dlcc Pops of Tssu-Mmckng Phanom Maals by Usng Focus Bam Annnas, B. T. Tan, V.V. Vaaan. I Rgon 5 Tchncal Confnc Apl, 7. Fayvll, Akansas, USA.