An Indian Journal FULL PAPER. Trade Science Inc.

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1 [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] IN : Volue 10 Issue 4 BioTechnology 014 An Inian Jounal FULL PAPER BTAIJ, 10(4, 014 [ ] Cooination of a ual-channel close-loop supply Chain with ean isuption une evenue-shaing contact Xie Dong-Chuan, Chen Hong chool of Econoics an Manageent, Univesity of Electonic cience an Technology of China, Chengu , (CHINA E-ail: xc004100@sina.co ABTRACT A anufactue an a etaile coexist in a ual channel supply chain, whee the etaile has a taitional channel an the anufactue owns an online channel. In the ual channel, the anufactue is also esponsible fo ecycling eanufactue poucts. When the supply chain syste is in a stable state, we calculate the optial pice, the sales quantity an the ecovey ate. Howeve, when ean isuption happens, the anufactue oes not nee to ajust pouction planning within a cetain ange. In aition, the ecovey ate an the change of ean isuption ae negatively coelate. Une this cicustance, evenue-shaing contact in the stable state is no longe appopiate to cooinate the supply chain. Instea, an ipove evenue-shaing contact is esigne to cooinate the ual-channel close-loop supply chain with the consieation of ean isuption. KEYWORD Ipove evenue-shaing contact; Close-loop; Dual-channel; Dean isuption. Tae cience Inc.

2 BTAIJ, 10(4 014 Xie Dong-Chuan an Chen Hong 151 INTRODUCTION With the evelopent of the Intenet, online shopping has becoe one of the ipotant iniviuals consuption pattens. Thus, in oe to expan the business an obtain a oinant position in oligachs etailes, ost anufactues ty thei best to buil thei own electonic channels. Many fis have engage in online channels to get a chance to exten anufactues own inustial chain. It is epote that about 4% of the top supplies such as IBM, Nike, Pionee Electonics, Estee Laue, an Dell ae selling to custoes though an online channel (Chiang et al [1] ; Tsay an Agawal []. Manufactues electonic channels an etailes taitional etail channels fo a sales oel which is calle ual-channel sales oel. The establishent of electonic channels povies a chance to exten anufactues own inustial chain. Ryan et al [3] consiee a ual-channel supply chain in which a anufactue sells a single pouct to enuses though both taitional etail channel an anufactue-owne iect online channel. They popose a oifie evenue-shaing contact an gain/loss shaing contact to enable supply chain cooination. Cao et al [4] stuie a ualchannel supply chain une wholesale contact an investigate the ipact of asyetic cost infoation. In ecent yeas, close-loop supply chain can geneate pofits by taking back poucts fo consues an ecoveing the eaining ae value (Feguson an Toktay [5] ; Geye et al [6]. Ma et al [7] begun to focus on how consuption-subsiy influences ualchannel close-loop supply chain. Thei esult inicate that the anufactue an the etaile wee beneficiaies of the govenent consuption-subsiy. The ual-channel close-loop supply chain stuctue has been taken into the supply chain eseach. Disuptions have a significant ipact on the opeation of supply chain. Natual isastes such as eathquakes, tsunais an lanslies, public health eegencies which inclue avian flu, an an-ae eegencies such as teoist attacks affect the opeation of stable supply chain. How to cope with the supply chain s isuptions entione above has becoe a hot issue fo the scholas wolwie. Qi et al [8] fist use the iea of isuption anageent in supply chain anageent. In thei pape, they consiee eviation costs. If the ean excees the oiginal pouction quantity, uneage cost ay happen. Othewise isposal cost ay happen. Base on isuption anageent, any eseaches ha extene in vaious scenaios in the supply chain(yang et al. [9] ; Xu et al. [10] ; Huang et al. [11] ; Xiao an Yu [1] ; Lei et al. [13]. In the ulti-etaile supply chain, Xiao et al. [14]~[16] stuie how to cooinate a supply chain with one anufactue an two copeting etailes when eans an costs ae isupte. Huang et al [17] consiee the isuption anageent in a ual-channel supply chain une ean isuptions. Huang et al [18], also stuie a picing an pouction poble in a ual-channel supply chain when pouction costs ae isupte in the centalize an ecentalize ual-channel supply chain. Howeve, in this pape we investigate the picing, ecoveing ate an pouction quantity ecisions in a ualchannel close-loop supply chain une ean an pouction cost isuptions. We also esign a evenue-shaing contact in a tackelbeg gae, in which the anufactue is the leae, to cooinate the ecentalize suppliant chain. The contact is ipove when ean changes significantly. At last, a nueical exaple is shown to illustate the elate esults. BAIC MODEL In a two-stage close-loop supply chain, thee is one anufactue an one taitional etaile. Manufactue oes poucts fo both taitional an electonic etail channel, an ecycles the poucts iectly (see Figue 1, ashe line inicates ecycling channel. Notation The notation use fo the oel is shown in Table1. Figue 1 Dual-channel close-loop supply chain

3 15 Cooination of a ual-channel close-loop supply Chain with ean isuption BTAIJ, 10(4 014 Table1: Notation an paaetes fo the pobles Value Desciption Test values a Total aket ean 100 μ,(0< μ < 1 Dean popotion of electonic channel 0.3 θ,(0< θ < 1 ubstitution coefficient between the two channels 0.4 p Unit sale pice in online channel Decision vaiable p Unit sale pice in offline channel Decision vaiable λ c Unit anufactuing cost 10 Unit pofit fo the e-anufactuing 4,(0 λ 1 Popotion of poucts using ecycle Decision vaiable C Recycling input coefficient, which is lage enough 00 Manufactue s ecycling input Vaiable Δ a Dean isuption 0,10,5,0,-5,-10,- 0 k1 Maginal costs when incease pouction plan 4 k Maginal costs when ecease pouction plan 4 Cλ p Unit sale pice in online channel afte isuption Decision vaiable p Unit sale pice in offline channel afte isuption Decision vaiable λ Popotion of poucts using ecycle afte isuption Decision vaiable R w The wholesale pice of taitional channel Decision vaiable φ 1 φ The pecent of the channel pofit fo etaile allocates to anufactue when pouction quantity iovable The pecent of the change cost fo etaile allocates to anufactue when pouction quantity change Benchak Moel We buil a ean function consieing electonic channel an taitional channel accoing to the liteatue Qi et al [8] : q = μa p + θ p.(1 q = (1 μ a p + θ p The pofit function is eive by the following equations = ( p c( μa p + θ p + ( p c [(1 μ a p + θ p] + λ a ( 1 θ ( p + p Cλ ( ( p, p, λ agax ( p, p, λ ( p, p, λ is stictly iffeential concave function of ( p, p, λ. θ (1 θ Poof: The Hessian atix of ( p, p, λ, θ (1 θ, is negative efinite atix. Its oe (1 θ (1 θ C pincipal ino eteinant is (-, 4(1 θ, 4(1 θ, which eans ( p,, p λ is a iffeential concave function. We obtain the optial solution by solving the fist-oe conition, = = = 0, which is p p λ a[ μ+ (1 μ θ] 4cC a p (1 θ 4[ ] a[1 μ+ μθ] 4cC a p (1 θ 4[ ] [ a (1 θ c ] λ =

4 BTAIJ, 10(4 014 Xie Dong-Chuan an Chen Hong 153 Thus, the optial sales quantities of the ual-channel supply chain ae μa (1 θ c (1 θ[ a (1 θ c] q 4[ ]. (1 μ a (1 θ c (1 θ[ a (1 θ c] q 4[ ] The optial pofit of the supply chain is a [4 ] a μ(1 μ Ca [ (1 θ c] c =. 8(1 θ [ C (1 θ ] (1 + θ CENTRALIZED DECIION AFTER DEMAND DIRUPTION Eegency happens afte the anufactue foulates a pouction plan, which leas to soe changes of aket scale in the ual-channel close-loop supply chain. In the isuption oel,the ean functions of the supply chain une isuption (if Δ a = 0,which is the baseline case ae q% = μ( a+ p + θ p (3 q% = (1 μ( a+ p + θ p We assue that thee is a cental ecision-ake who seeks to axiize the total supply chain pofit afte the uncetainty is esolve. The new expession fo the supply chain pofit function is eive by the following equations: % % % % % % = ( p ( ( % % c q+ p c q+ λ q+ q Cλ k1( q+ q q q k( q+ q q q + ( x = ax(,0 x + + In Eq. (4, the thi pat on the ight sie of the function is the pofit fo e-anufactuing, the fouth pat is the anufactue s ecycling input, the fifth pat is the cost associate with incease in pouction quantity an the sixth pat is the cost associate with ecease in pouction quantity. If % % q + q q + q, the total pofit of the supply chain can be witten as: % % % % % % = ( p c q + ( p c q + λ( q + q Cλ k ( q + q q q. (5 1 1 If % % q + q q + q, the total pofit of the supply chain can be witten as: % % % % % % = ( p c q + ( p c q + λ( q + q Cλ k( q + q q q. (6 We can obtain the optial etail pice because the pofit functions of the supply chain, 1an,ae the stictly concave function of the etail pice, ( p, p, λ, which exists thee cases. Case 1: (1 θ. olve the function % % % % % % = 1 ( p c q+ ( p c q+ λq ( + q Cλ k1 ( q+ q q q % % s. t. q+ q q+ q We get the solution that when (1 θ, the etail pice of the electonic channel an the etail pice of the taitional channel ae ( a+δ a[ μ+ (1 μ θ] 4( c + k1 C ( a p1 (1 θ 4[ ] (7 ( a+[1 μ+ μθ] 4( c + k1 C ( a p1 (1 θ 4[ ] The ecycling ate of pouct is [ a (1 θ ( c + k1] λ1 = (8 4 The sale quantity of the electonic channel an the sale quantity of the taitional channel ae % μ( a+ (1 θ( c + k1 (1 θ [ a (1 θ( c + k1] (9 q1 4[ ] % (1 μ( a+ (1 θ( c + k1 (1 θ [ a (1 θ( c + k1] q1 4[ ] (4

5 154 Cooination of a ual-channel close-loop supply Chain with ean isuption BTAIJ, 10(4 014 Case : (1 θ Ck olve the function % % % % % % = ( p c q + ( p c q + λ( q + q Cλ k( q + q q q % % st. q + q q + q We get the solution that when (1 θ Ck, the etail pice of the electonic channel an the etail pice of the taitional channel ae ( a+δ a[ μ+ (1 μ θ] 4( c k C ( a p (1 θ 4[ ] (10 ( a+[1 μ+ μθ] 4( c k C ( a p (1 θ 4[ ] The ecycling ate of pouct is [ a (1 θ ( c k] λ =. (11 4 The sale quantity of the electonic channel an the sale quantity of the taitional channel ae % μ( a+ (1 θ( c k (1 θ [ a (1 θ( c k] q 4[ ] (1 % (1 μ( a+ (1 θ( c k (1 θ [ a (1 θ( c k] q 4[ ] Case 3: (1 θ Ck (1 θ <Δ a < olve the function % % % % 3 = ( p c q + ( p c q + λ( q + q Cλ % % st. q + q = q + q When (1 θ Ck (1 θ <Δ a <, we get a+ ( q + q p 3 = p une the conition 3 (1 θ % % q + q = q + q. Then, the etail pice of the electonic channel an the etail pice of the taitional channel ae ( a+δ a[ μ+ (1 μ θ] 4 cc ( a+ C p 3 + (1 θ 4[ ] (1 θ[ ] ( a+(1 μ+ μθ 4 cc ( a+ C p3 + (1 θ 4[ ] (1 θ[ ] (13 The ecycling ate of pouct is [ a (1 θ c ] λ 3 =. (14 4 C The sales quantity of the electonic channel an the sales quantity of the taitional channel ae % μ( a+ (1 θ c (1 θ[ a (1 θ c] q 3 4[ ] 4 (15 % (1 μ( a+ (1 θ c (1 θ [ a (1 θ c] q3 4[ ] 4 Theoe 1. If a ual-channel close-loop supply chain faces a ean function shown in Eq. (1, the evenue function with ean isuption is shown in Eq. (4. If (1 θ, the optial ecision is given by Eq.(7-(9. If (1 θ Ck, the optial ecision is given by Eq.(10-(1. If (1 θ Ck (1 θ <Δ a <, the optial ecision is given by Eq.(13-(15. It can be seen in Theoe 1: (1The elationship between ean isuption an ecovey ate is negative. When ean inceases, the optial ecovey ate eceases; when ean eceases, the optial ecovey ate inceases. (If aket scale inceases geatly, the anufactue inceases pouction plan an channel sales quantity. Then, the ecovey ate will ecease geatly.

6 BTAIJ, 10(4 014 Xie Dong-Chuan an Chen Hong 155 (3If aket scale eceases geatly, the anufactue eceases pouction plan an channel sales quantity. Then, the ecovey ate will incease geatly. (4If the change of aket scale is elatively sall, the anufactue oes not nee to ajust pouction plan. The allocate sales quantities between the anufactue an the etaile ae elate to the aket shae but the total sales quantities o not change. (5If the change of aket scale is zeo, the supply chain in a stable stage, the optial pices, ecovey ate an pouction quantities ae eagle to the benchak oel. (6The tuning point that the anufactue ajusts his pouction plan is closely elate to channel substitution coefficient, ecovey-input coefficient, unit vaiable cost an ecovey-saving coefficient, which eans that the obustness of pouction ange is eteine by the fou eleents entione above. DECENTRALIZED COORDINATION OF THE UPPLY CHAIN WITH IMPROVED REVENUE HARING CONTRACT Decentalize cooination stategy in the supply chain Thee exists a anufactue-le tackelbeg gae in the ual-channel supply chain, which eans that the anufactue an the etaile negotiate ex ante an the etaile allocates φ 1 (0 φ 1 1 pecent of the channel pofit to the anufactue. Then, aket scale changes ue to soe isuptions. When the change is big enough to ajust the pouction quantity, the etaile beas φ(0 φ 1 pecent of the cost elate to the pouction change an the anufactue offes the etail pice of the electonic channel an the etail pice of the taitional channel, which ae p an espectively. Howeve, when ean change happens in a sall stage, (1 θ Ck (1 θ < Δ a <, an the anufactue oes not nee to ajust the pouction quantity, the etaile s pofit function is: = (1 φ1 ( p w (1 μ( a a p θ p + Δ + (16 We calculate the etaile s eply function about the wholesale pice an the pice of the electonic channel, which is w+ θ p + (1 μ( a+ p =. (17 Because the total pofit eithe in centalize o ecentalize ecision eains equal as a esult of the ouble aginal effect, the ual-channel supply chain cooinates at this tie. In oe to cooinate the supply chain, we nee: R R R p = p, p = p, λ = λ R w = p θ p (1 μ( a+δ a. (18 Theefoe, when (1 θ Ck (1 θ < Δ a <, C (1 θ R [ a (1 θ c ] λ3 = λ3 = 4 C R ( a+δ a[ μ+ (1 μθ ] 4 cc ( a+ C p3= p3 + (1 θ 4[ ] (1 θ[ ] R ( a+(1 μ+ θμ + (1 + θ ( + C[4 Cc ( a Δ a ] 4 Cc + ( a+ 3 μ( a+ w3. 4(1 θ 4 [ ] 4 When the change of aket scale is so big that the anufactue nees to ajust the pouction quantity, we consie two cases accoing to the etho in pat 3. Case 1:If (1 θ, the etaile s pofit function is % % = (1 φ1( p w (1 μ( a+ p+ θp φk1( q+ q q q.(19 The etaile s eply function about the wholesale pice an the pice of the electonic channel is w+ θ p + (1 μ( a+ k1φ (1 θ p.(0 (1 φ1 R We obtain: [ a (1 θ ( c + k1] λ1 = λ1 = 4C (1 θ R ( a+δ a[ μ+ (1 μ θ] 4( c + k1 C ( a p1 = p1 (1 θ 4[ ] R R w

7 156 Cooination of a ual-channel close-loop supply Chain with ean isuption BTAIJ, 10(4 014 R ( a+(1 μ+ θμ ( + C[4 Cc ( + k1 ( a Δ a ] 4 Cc ( + k1 + ( a+ 3 μ( a+ k1φ (1 θ w1 (1 θ 4 [ ] 4 1 φ1 Case :If (1 θ Ck, the etaile s pofit function is % % % = (1 φ1( p w (1 μ( a+ p+ θp φk( q + q q q (1 The etaile s eply function about the wholesale pice an the pice of the electonic channel is w+ θ p + (1 μ( a+ kφ(1 θ p = ( (1 φ1 R We obtain: [ a (1 θ ( c k] λ = λ = 4 p w ( a+δ a[ μ+ (1 μ θ] 4( c k C ( a (1 θ 4[ ] R = p R ( a+(1 μ+ θμ ( + C[4 Cc ( k ( a ] 4 Cc ( k + ( a+ 3 μ( a+ kφ(1 θ + (1 θ 4 [ ] 4 1 φ 1 Paeto-ipoveent stategy In oe to ipove the situation that the anufactue an the etaile face when thee is not contact, we can calculate the ange of istibution coefficient, φ1(0 φ1 1, une evenue-shaing contact. The oiginal evenue- shaing contact is still efficient within a wie ange of isuption because thee exists oe optial pofit that is geneate by the change of pouction quantity an we set φ = /( +, which akes that the istibution pecentage of cost with the change of pouction quantity is equal to the pecentage of pofit of the two paties without any isuptions i.e. ( Δ a = 0. i ( i=, is the pofit of the two paties without any isuptions. Theefoe, we only iscuss the situation that the isuption is elatively sall. When (1 θ Ck (1 θ <Δ a <, the anufactue oes not nee to ajust the oiginal pouction plan. When thee oes not exist the contact, the anufactue only nees to axiize its own pofit, an the coesponing etail pice, the wholesale pice an the ecovey ate ae 0 8 cc ( a+δ a μ( a+[4 θ(1 θ ] ( a+ θ[4 (1 θ ] p + [8 C (1 θ(1+ 3 θ ] (1 + θ[8 C (1 θ(1+ 3 θ ] (1 θ [8 C (1 θ(1+ 3 θ ] 3 4 cc μ( a+[4 ] ( a+[8 C (4 θ θ θ ] w0 = + [8 C (1 θ(1 + 3 θ ] (1 + θ[8 C (1 θ(1 + 3 θ ] (1 θ [8 C (1 θ(1 + 3 θ ] [( a+δ a(1 + θ (1 θ c (1 θ c + (1 θ( a+ μ] λ 0 = 8 C (1 θ(1+ 3 θ 0 p p an λ 0 λ, the supply chain oes not ealize cooination. 0 i uppose that is the total pofit of the two paties when thee oes not exist the contact an is the total pofit of R the two paties when the etaile oes not shae the total pofit. w= w is use by the anufactue to cooinate the supply R 0 N 0 N chain. When w= w, the anufactue s pofit eceases ( > but the etaile s pofit inceases ( <.Then, 0 0 N N the total pofit inceases ( + < + = +. The pinciple to set the evenue-shaing coefficient, φ 1, is = + φ = φ R N N 0 1 R N 0 (1 1, an we can obtain the ange of the coesponing evenue-shaing coefficients, 0 N 0 φ1 [,1 ] an N N φ =. + Thee exist the evenue-shaing coefficients, ( 1, R pice ( w= w, which can ealize Paeto ipoveent fo the two paties. N i φ φ with the evenue-shaing contact ( w, φ1, φ an the wholesale

8 BTAIJ, 10(4 014 Xie Dong-Chuan an Chen Hong 157 Theoe. As to a ual-channel close-loop supply chain, if thee exists a ean function as shown in Eq. (1 an ean isuption happens, we can cooinate the supply chain by the ipove evenue-shaing contact ( w, φ1, φ when we ake ecentalize ecision. The coesponing paaetes ae: R R 0 N 0 p = p, λ = λ, φ1 [,1 ], φ N N =, + w R ( a+(1 μ+ θμ ( + C[4 C( c + k1 ( a Δ a ] 4 C( c + k1 + ( a+ 3 μ( a+ k1φ(1 θ + (Case, 1 (1 θ 4 [ ] 4 1 φ1 ( a+(1 μ+ θμ ( + C[4 C( c k ( a ] 4 C( c k + ( a+ 3 μ( a+ kφ(1 θ = + +,(Case (1 θ 4 [ ] 4 1 φ1 ( a+(1 μ+ θμ + (1 + θ ( + C[4 Cc ( a Δ a ] 4 Cc + ( a+ 3 μ( a+ +, (Case 3 4(1 θ 4 [ ] 4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE Let a = 100 (the aket scale of a given pouct, θ =0.4(substitution coefficient between the electonic channel an the taitional channel, μ =0.3 (the ate of the online aket scale, c =10 (unit pouction cost, C = 00 (ecovey input coefficient, = 4 (unit saving cost which eives fo e-anufactuing, k 1 = k = 4 (unit cost which eviates fo oiginal pouction plan, φ 1 = 0.6 (evenue-shaing coefficient negotiate ex ante. eveal nueical exaples ae given to illustate the esults eive thoughout the pape when iffeent ean isuption happens. If the anufactue still uses the oiginal evenue-shaing policy une stable state when ean isuption happens, i.e. ituation I, the total pofits of the supply chain an the pofits une centalize ecision ae shown in Table. Table. Copaison between ecentalize ecision an centalize ecision in the supply chain when the anufactue oes not espon to ean isuption Δ a Case p R R w λ p R R R R φ ( is the esult in the supply chain when thee exists no contact. When ean isuption is liite, the anufactue uses the coesponing paaetes une the ipove evenue-shaing contact incluing the wholesale pice, the ecovey ate, the optial etail pice an the quantities. When the ange of ean isuption is wie, the esults ae shown in Table 3, which inclue φ (the coefficient in the ipove contact an the pofits une centalize an ecentalize ecision. Δ a Case p Table3. Paaetes in the supply chain when anufactue espons to ean isuption R R w λ R p q % R % R R R q % % R q + q R R φ As is shown in Table, when thee is no ean isuption, the pofits of the supply chain without contact ae less than that of the supply chain with contact. If the anufactue optiizes his own pofits, it will ake that the etaile s

9 158 Cooination of a ual-channel close-loop supply Chain with ean isuption BTAIJ, 10(4 014 pofits ae less than zeo, which akes the etaile to leave the supply chain. If the wholesale pice that the anufactue offes is lage than the etail pice of the electonic channel, it will ake the etaile give up puchasing fo the anufactue. The case that the etaile iectly puchases pouct in electic channel an sells it in taitional channel eflects what is calle as fleeing goos in eality. The supply chain can be cooinate une the evenue-shaing contact in the stable state. If the anufactue still uses the contact in the stable contact when ean isuption happens, the pofits of the supply chain ae less than those in centalize ecision, which eans that the supply chain cannot be cooinate. As is shown in Table3, when thee is no ean isuption, the pofits of the supply chain with no contact ae less than that of the supply chain with contact. If the anufactue optiizes his own pofits, it will ake that the etaile s pofits ae less than zeo, which akes the etaile to leave the supply chain. If the wholesale pice that the anufactue offes is lage than the etail pice of the electonic channel, it will ake the etaile give up puchasing fo the anufactue. The case that the etaile iectly puchases pouct in electic channel an sells it in taitional channel eflects what is calle as fleeing goos in eality. The supply chain can be cooinate une the evenue-shaing contact in the stable state. If the anufactue still uses the contact in the stable contact when ean isuption happens, the pofits of the supply chain ae less than those in centalize ecision, which eans that the supply chain cannot be cooinate. As is shown in Table3, when ean inceases, the anufactue s ecovey ate eceases; an when ean eceases, the anufactue s ecovey ate inceases. The total pofits of the supply chain ae equal to those in centalize ecision, which eans that the supply chain is cooinate. CONCLUION This pape stuies a ual-channel close-loop supply chain in which the anufactue is the leae an is esponsible fo ecycling pouct. Thee The copetition exists between the two channels. We calculate the optial etail pice, the sale quantities in the channels an ecovey ate when the supply chain is in stable state. When ean isuption happens in the supply chain, we obtain an optial centalize ecision. The anufactue nees not to ajust the oiginal pouction plan when the isuption is une a cetain ange; an thee is negative coelation between the ecovey ate an the change of ean isuption. We cannot cooinate the supply chain une the evenue-shaing contact in the stable state when aking ecentalize ecision,an we cooinate the supply chain une the ipove evenue-shaing contact when ean isuption happens. CONFLICT OF INTERET The authos eclae that thee is no conflict of inteests egaing the publication of this pape. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This wok was suppote by National Natual cience Funs of China (No , Huanities an ocial ciences Youth Founation of Chinese Ministy of Eucation (No. 1YJA630174, Reseach Fun fo the Doctoal Poga of Highe Eucation of China (No REFERENCE [1] Chiang, W. K., Chhaje, D., & Hess, J. D. Diect aketing, iniect pofits: A stategic analysis of ual channel supply-chain esign. Manageent cience, 49(1, 1 0. (003. [] Tsay, A., & Agawal, N. Channel conflict an cooination in the E-coece age. Pouction an Opeations Manageent, 13(1, (004. [3] Ryan J. K., un D, Zhao X. Cooinating a upply Chain With a Manufactue-Owne Online Channel: A Dual Channel Moel Une Pice Copetition. IEEE Tansactions on engineeing anageent, 60(: (013. [4] Cao, E., Ma, Y., Wan, C., & Lai, M. Contacting with asyetic cost infoation in a ual-channel supply chain. Opeations Reseach Lettes, 41(4, (013. [5] Feguson, M. E., & Toktay, L. B. The effect of copetition on ecovey stategies. Pouction an opeations anageent, 15(3, (006. [6] Geye, R., Van Wassenhove, L. N., & Atasu, A. The econoics of eanufactuing une liite coponent uability an finite pouct life cycles. Manageent cience, 53(1, (007. [7] Ma, W. Zhao, Z. Ke, H. Dual-channel close-loop supply chain with govenent consuption-subsiy. Euopean Jounal of Opeational Reseach, 6:1-7. (013. [8] Qi, X., Ba, J. F., & Yu, G. upply chain cooination with ean isuptions. Oega, 3(4, (004. [9] Yang, J., Qi, X., & Yu, G. Disuption anageent in pouction planning. Naval Reseach Logistics, 5(5, (005. [10] Xu Ming-hui, Qi Xiang-tong, Yu Gang, Zhang Han-qin, Gao Cheng-xiu. The Dean Disuption Manageent Poble fo a upply Chain yste with Nonlinea Dean Functions. Jounal of yste cience an yste Engineeing, 1(1: (003.

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