Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance. Material Balance 16 February 2007
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1 Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Material Balance 16 February 2007 Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E. Deartment of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX (USA) PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 1
2 Material Balance Orientation Material Balance: Issues Oil MBE (must know all data, also c f ()). Gas MBE (abnormal ressure, water drive). Material Balance: Toics "Accounting" Concet of Material Balance: Require all inflows/outflows/generations. (Average) reservoir ressure rofile is REQUIRED. Require rock, fluid, and rock-fluid roerties (at some scale). Oil Material Balance: Less common than gas material balance (ressure required). Gas Material Balance: Volumetric dry gas reservoir (/z versus G (straight-line)). Abnormally-ressured gas reservoirs (various techniques). Waterdrive/water influx cases (always roblematic)material Balance yields RESERVOIR VOLUME! PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 2
3 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Material Balance of a Petroleum Reservoir General Concet of Material Balance... a. Initial reservoir conditions. b. Conditions after roducing N STB of oil, and G SCF of gas, and W STB of water. From: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering Amyx, Bass, and Whiting (1960). Material Balance: Key Issues Must have accurate roduction measurements (oil, water, gas). Estimates of average reservoir ressure (from ressure tests). Suites of PVT data (oil, gas, water). Reservoir roerties: saturations, formation comressibility, etc. PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 3
4 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Average Reservoir Pressure for Material Balance Average Reservoir Pressure From: Engineering Features of the Schuler Field and Unit Oeration Kaveler (SPE-AIME, 1944). Average Reservoir Pressure: Key Issues Must "average" ressures over volume or area (aroximation). Pressure tests must be reresentative ( avg extraolation valid). Can average using cumulative roduction (surrogate for volume). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 4
5 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Oil Material Balance Case (1/2) From: Alication of the Material Balance to a Partial Waterdrive Reservoir van Everdingen (SPE, 1953). Black Oil Material Balance Case: (Examle) Note that all fluid functions are given: N, W, and GOR (for G ). Average reservoir ressure is resumed correct. Authors cite "artial waterdrive" remains a contentious issue. PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 5
6 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Oil Material Balance Case (2/2) Oil Material Balance Relations: "Black Oil" Material Balance: (> b ) 1 B = o i N Nc B t oi "Solution Gas Drive" (Oil) Material Balance: (all ) N [ B + ( R R ) B ] o s g + W B w = (Withdrawal (RB)) N [( B B ) + ( R R ) B ] o oi si s g (Oil Exansion (RB)) + mnb + W e B oi + (1 + m) NB w B B g gi oi 1 ( c S w wi (1 S + c wi ) f ) ( i ) (Gas Ca Exansion (RB)) (Water Ex./Pore Vol. Com. (RB)) (Water Influx (RB)) PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 6
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25 PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 7 General Gas Material Balance: "Dry Gas" Material Balance: (no reservoir liquids ) "Abnormal Pressure" Material Balance: (c f =f()) [ ] [ ] + + = e w inj g sw inj i i i i i e W B W W B R W G G G z z c z ) ( ) )( ( 1 = i i G G z z 1 1 [ ] = G G c z z i e i i 1 ) )( ( = ) ( ) (1 1 ) ( f w R AQ R NNP f w wi wi e c c V V V V c c S S c Gas Material Balance Relations: Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (1/6)
26 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (2/6) Gas Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Examle Normal ressure roduction sequence (volumetric deletion, G a ). Abnormal ressure roduction sequence (OGIP, G). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 8
27 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (3/6) a. Gas Material Balance Plot: /z vs. G Illustration of the abnormal ressure trend starting at an inflection oint defined by the hydrostatic (normal) ressure. b. Gas Material Balance Plot: /z vs. G Illustration of the abnormal ressure trend starting at an inflection oint defined by the hydrostatic (normal) ressure. Gas Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Examle Normal ressure roduction sequence (volumetric deletion, G a ). Abnormal ressure roduction sequence (OGIP, G). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 9
28 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (4/6) "Dry Gas" Material Balance: Normally Pressured Reservoir Examle Volumetric reservoir no external energy (gas exansion only). /z versus G yields unique straight-line trend. Linear extraolation yield gas-in-lace (G). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 10
29 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (5/6) "Dry Gas" Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Examle Volumetric reservoir no water influx or leakage. /z versus G yields unique quadratic trend (from aroximated MBE). Quadratic extraolation yield gas-in-lace (G). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 11
30 Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (6/6) a. Gas Material Balance Plot: /z vs. G simulated erformance. Note effect of aquifer ermeability on field erformance. b. Gas Material Balance Plot: /z vs. G simulated erformance. Note effect of dislacement efficiency (E ). Gas Material Balance: Water Drive Gas Reservoir Pressure (hence /z) is maintained during roduction via communication with an unsteady-state aquifer (this study). From: Unsteady-State Performance of Water Drive Gas Reservoirs, Agarwal (Texas A&M Ph.D., 1967). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 12
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