DEPILLARING DEPILLARING OF THE ANJAN HILL 0 SEAM WORKINGS

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1 DEPILLARING DEPILLARING OF THE ANJAN HILL 0 SEAM WORKINGS Jaco J. van Vuuren Gerald Webster Gordon M c Cormack Sri N. Kumar R M T

2 R M T Mechanised Depillaring

3 Successful Mechanised Depillaring (stooping; pillar extraction) Is an Art, Not a Science! M T

4 Reasons for depillaring Utilize the coal reserves to its full potential Spontaneous combustion of coal Protect surface structures Prevent access M T Prove the technology

5 Mechanised Depillaring To be successful, it must be safe Discipline Quality of pillar and roof support Orderliness

6 Failure cannot be prevented, thus it must be controlled Correct design (, Management) Pillar design Overburden load Goaf conditions Lay-out, dimensions & sequence Understand mining limitations Primary support & secondary support Measure and adjust

7 Failure cannot be prevented, thus it must be controlled Experience of personnel (Mining personnel) Understanding depillaring process Able to evaluate conditions Discipline in extraction panel Follow cutting and pillar extraction sequence Make quick decisions within certain parameters Continuous process

8 Components of the process Macro Environment (Above seam) Overburden supported by pillars, fenders & snooks Topography Composition of overburden strata Width of panel and size of the goaf hanging up Cutting sequence M T

9 Components of the process Micro Environment (In seam) Cutting sequence Joints Sidewalls Systematic support Goaf edge support Width of junctions/intersections Hazardous areas/ No-go Areas M T

10 Macro Environment

11 Topography

12 Topography A Rise contour profile WNW - ESE

13 Topography and Lithology C H A - 6 E l e v a t i o n L e v e l, 2 R i s e E S ludge Sandstone (M GD ) S h a le C oal #0 top Sandstone (C G D ) C oal # C o a l # 0 m id S a n d s to n e ( C G D ) S h a le C oal #0 bottom C H A - 5 E l e v a t io n L e v e l, 3 R is e E Sludge C oal S h a le S ludge C oal #0 bottom S andstone (M G D ) S h a le C o a l # 0 to p C arbonaceous shale C o a l # 0 m i d S h a le S andstone C H A - 7 E l e v a t i o n L e v e l, 5 R i s e W S andstone S h a le C oal #1 local S h a le S andstone (M G D ) Sandstone (M GD ) S h a le C oal #0 top C arbonaceous shale C o a l # 0 m i d S hale C oal #0 bottom S andstone (M G D ) C oal seam local S h a le C oal #1 C H A - 8 E l e v a t io n l e v e l, 1 R is e W S a n d s t o n e M T C la y S h a le S a n d s t o n e S h a le S a n d s t o n e C o a l # 1 lo c a l S a n d s t o n e ( F G D ) S a n d s t o n e C la y C a r b o n a c e o u s s h a le C o a l # 0 t o p C a r b o n a c e o u s s h a le C o a l # 0 b o t t o m

14 Stresses Forces Acting on Rock at Depth V H2 H1 H1 H2 VR M T FORCES ACTING ON ROCK AT DEPTH V= Weight of rock above H1 and H2= Tectonic (Horizontal Stress) Vr= Reaction to weight of rock above

15 Stresses Primary mining redistributes the stresses in the ground we are mining IN SITU GROUND STRESSES STRESSES AROUND UNDERGROUND OPENING ROADWAY EXCAVATION

16 Stresses Redistribution of stresses around underground workings

17 Stresses ROOF PILLAR M T FLOOR

18 Stresses ROOF PILLAR SPLIT PILLAR M T FLOOR

19 Stresses

20 Stresses

21 Stresses

22 Stresses

23 Stresses Secondary mining alters those stresses further M T Redistribution of stresses after PE is proportional to the magnitude of the change that mining creates

24 Goaf Conditions

25 Roof Lithology ROOF STRATA ASSESSMENT ROOF STRATA ASSESSMENT CLIENT: Joy Mining Machinery SITE: Zero Seam, Aujan Hill, Chirimiri Colliery LOGGED BY: L.Meyer - CORE A CLIENT: Joy Mining Machinery DATE CORED: 13 th February 2002 DRILLING: SITE: Zero Seam, Aujan Hill, Chirimiri Colliery LOGGED BY: L.Meyer - CORE B DATE CORED: 19 th February 2002 DRILLING: MATERIAL PROPERTIES U.C.S. Modulus U.C.S. / Sample (MPa) (GPa) Modulus Number THICK. HGHT. (m) (m) RQD (%) LITHOLOGICAL AND FRACTURE LOG FRACTURE LOG LOG DESCRIPTION COAL GREY MUDSTONE MUDSTONE COAL DARK GREY MUDSTONE WITH PLANT MATERIAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES LITHOLOGICAL AND FRACTURE LOG U.C.S. Modulus U.C.S. / Sample THICK. HGHT. RQD FRACTURE (MPa) (GPa) Modulus Number (m) (m) (%) LOG LOG DESCRIPTION 5m TOP OF CORE COAL COAL/MUDSTONE WEAK MUDSTONE COAL LIGHT GREY MUDSTONE COAL GREY MUDSTONE M T Low Friction Plane Bedding Plane Parting COAL Oblique Fracture Broken Core Low Friction Plane Bedding Plane Parting COAL Oblique Fracture Broken Core

26 A B 2 1 0

27 Lithology C H A - 6 Elevation Level, 2 R ise E S ludge Sandstone (M GD ) S h a le C oal #0 top S andstone (C GD ) C oal # C oal #0 m id Sandstone (C GD ) Shale C oal #0 bottom C H A - 5 E le v a t io n L e v e l, 3 R is e E Sludge C oal S h a le Sludge C oal #0 bottom Sandstone (M GD ) Shale C oal #0 top C arbonaceous shale C oal #0 m id S hale S andstone C H A - 7 Elevation Level, 5 R ise W Sandstone S hale C oal #1 local Shale Sandstone (M GD ) Sandstone (M GD ) Shale C oal #0 top C arbonaceous shale C oal #0 m id Shale C oal #0 bottom Sandstone (M GD ) C oal seam local S hale C oal #1 C H A - 8 E le v a t io n le v e l, 1 R is e W S andstone M T C la y S hale S andstone S hale S andstone C o a l # 1 lo c a l S andstone (FG D) S andstone C la y C a r b o n a c e o u s s h a le C o a l # 0 t o p Carbonaceous shale Coal #0 bottom

28 Goaf loading cycles σ First goaf Load if overburden doesn t fail Peaks caused by overhangs and/or goaf hanging up Load before pillar failure Face advance -->

29 Pillar Dimensions

30 Pillar Dimensions M T

31 Pillar Split Dimensions

32 Depillaring Dimensions

33 Extraction Sequence

34 Pillar Extraction Sequence 1

35 Pillar Extraction Sequence 2

36 Pillar Extraction Sequence 3

37 Pillar Extraction Sequence 4

38 Pillar Extraction Sequence 5

39 Pillar Extraction Sequence 6

40 Pillar Extraction Sequence 7

41 Pillar Extraction Sequence 8

42 Pillar Extraction Sequence 9

43 Pillar Extraction Sequence 10

44 Pillar Extraction Sequence 11

45 Pillar Extraction Sequence 12

46 Pillar Extraction Sequence 13

47 Pillar Extraction Sequence 15

48 Pillar Extraction Sequence 16

49 Pillar Extraction Sequence 17

50 Pillar Extraction Sequence 18

51 Pillar Extraction Sequence 19

52 Pillar Extraction Sequence 20

53 Pillar Extraction Sequence 21

54 Pillar Extraction Sequence 22

55 Pillar Extraction Sequence 23

56 Pillar Extraction Sequence 24

57 Pillar Extraction Sequence 25

58 Pillar Extraction Sequence 26

59 Pillar Extraction Sequence

60 Micro Environment

61 Components of the process Micro Environment (In seam) Cutting sequence Joints/slips/geological discontinuities Sidewalls Systematic support Goaf edge support Junctions/intersections Hazardous area / No-go area

62 Risks associated wit Depillaring Joints/slips Roof Intersections Sidewalls Goaf Air blasts All other risks associated with mechanised mining M T

63 Position of CM Operator

64 CM Operator s Position 1 M T

65 CM Operator s Position 2 M T

66 CM Operator s Position 3

67 CM Operator s Position 4 M T

68 CM Operator s Position 5 M T

69 CM Operator s Position 6

70 CM Operator s Position 7 M T

71 CM Operator/2 nd CM Operator Evaluate conditions at all times Stay under supported roof Be careful of sidewalls especially jointed/cleated sidewalls Be aware of shuttle car

72 Roofbolt Breakerlines Breakerline before goaf Breakerline after goaf Goaf Edge support

73 Goaf Edge Support Dimensions M T 25.5

74 Roofbolt Breakerlines Roofbolt breakerline installed No breakerline installed

75 Timber Support M T Policemen sticks or Indicator props

76 Policemen

77 Policemen

78 Policemen

79 Policemen

80 Policemen Not goaf edge support only indicator props Outer props should be placed before depillaring of fender starts Pillar outer edges most important Policemen inside split exposes more men to goaf Time consuming to cut props to correct length M T

81 Policemen M T DGMS Proposal

82 Discontinuities

83 Support of discontinuities M T

84 Roof Discontinuities

85 Roof Discontinuities

86 Ribside Discontinuity Support Roof Heading Discontinuity Cleating Floor

87 Ribside Discontinuities

88 Ribside Discontinuities

89 Ribside Discontinuities

90 Hazardous Area M T 1 Complete pillar line behind extraction line, demarcated by barricade

91 Nounauthorised personnel in hazardous area Everybody in hazardous area report first to supervisor or CM operator No loitering in hazardous area Nospectators or visitors Hazardous area

92 No-Go Area Goaf Line No-Go Area Hazardous Area

93 trata Condition Monitoring M T

94 trata Condition Monitoring 108 individual units of strata monitoring devices for first panel To provide information in terms of goaf, roof and support condition Information for DGMS for application of depillaring in 2 nd panel No hold-up in production, continuous extraction of pillar the most important

95 RMT Single Height, Rotary Telltale

FOLLOWING INSTALLATION HE ROTARY DESIGN HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO GIVE A RESOLUTION OF

96 TELL TALES ARE SAFETY DEVICES WHICH PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS VISUAL INDICATION OF THE LEVEL OF ROOF DEFORMATION THAT HAS TAKEN PLACE WITHIN THE MONITORED HEIGHT FOLLOWING INSTALLATION HE ROTARY DESIGN HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO GIVE A RESOLUTION OF 1mm HIS ACCURACY IS IMPORTANT AT SITES WHERE ROOF DEFORMATION EVELS ARE GENERALLY LOW RMT

97 0 0 How a rotary tell tale works 1 2 REFERENCE REFERENCE No. No R M T RMT

98 R M T ACTION LEVELS GREEN 0-5 mm YELLOW 5-10 mm RED 10 mm +

99 R M T ACTIONS GREEN YELLOW RED No action required, continue routine monitoring Install additional standard length reinforcement to increase density of support. Install sonic extensometer to identify type and location of deformation. To be coordinated by Bolting Engineer - RMT Restrict access. Consult Supervisor / Under Manager/ Strata Control Officer - RMT.

100 GOLDEN RULE IF YOU SEE ANY TELL TALE IN YELLOW SECTOR INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR RMT

101 GOLDEN RULE IF YOU SEE ANY TELL TALE IN RED SECTOR WITHDRAW FROM AREA AND INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR RMT

102 Golden rules for Micro Environment Evaluate conditions at all times Be awake/aware at all times Stay in the middle of roadways Stay away from sidewalls Stay away from intersections/junctions Stay away from Joints/slips Stay out of No-Go areas Minimize amount of people in hazardous areas Do not run, walk out swiftly M T

103 Golden rules for Macro Environment M T Evaluate conditions at all times Stay in sequence Keep a continuous rate of extraction Evaluate time to extract fender before commencement of depillaring Once a fender has been started it should be completed ASAP Do not go back to a snook or fender that has been standing for more than 2hrs

Successful Use of a Stress Relief Roadway at Appin Colliery

University of Wollongong Research Online Coal Operators' Conference Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2004 Successful Use of a Stress Relief Roadway at Appin Colliery R. Doyle BHP Billiton