The Atmosphere in Motion. Example of the Influence of Pressure. Sea Level Pressure Charts. Measuring Pressure. Upper-Level Charts.

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Primrose Evans
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T Atmospr in Motion T tmospr movs unr t inlun o ors Atmospri prssur (N m -2 ) is tror t ky to unrstnin motion Bus t tmospr is lui,

prssurs on t r roun, olumn o ol ir is sortr tn on o wrm ir [p.

trnoons, usin prssur to rs Hir 2 Msurin Prssur Mrury romtr msurs t it,, o t olumn Prssur P is oun usin t nsity o H, not ρ H P =ρ H ( is

1 nots) Mrury H Vuum P Hit in mm H 3 S Lvl Prssur Crts Sttion rins r ru to s lvl y pplyin n vr ltitu orrtion (typilly +10 m pr 100 m)

4 Crt Fturs Hills ntiylons Hollows prssions mi-ltitu ylons Ris n Trous Fronts sow lins wr irnt ir msss mt 5 Uppr-Lvl Crts Uppr lvl rts r

1 T Atmospr in Motion T tmospr movs unr t inlun o ors Atmospri prssur (N m -2 ) is tror t ky to unrstnin motion Bus t tmospr is lui, prssur t ivn pl is xrt in ll irtions 1 Exmpl o t Inlun o Prssur Atmospri prssur is us y t wit o ir in olumn 1 m 2 x-stion Prssur For qul prssurs on t r roun, olumn o ol ir is sortr tn on o wrm ir [p. 211/219/193] Col Equl Wrm At ir lvls, ir nturlly lows rom wrm olumn to ol olumn, tus ruin t prssur o t wrm olumn tis n ppn on ot trnoons, usin prssur to rs Hir 2 Msurin Prssur Mrury romtr msurs t it,, o t olumn Prssur P is oun usin t nsity o H, not ρ H P =ρ H ( is rvittionl onstnt, 9.8 N k -1 ) T nroi romtr is s on t omprssion o sl mtl llows [i. 9.6/8.6] Eltroni snsors (pt. 1 nots) Mrury H Vuum P Hit in mm H 3 S Lvl Prssur Crts Sttion rins r ru to s lvl y pplyin n vr ltitu orrtion (typilly +10 m pr 100 m) Isors r rwn ontours r smoot to i smll-sl wrinkls us y sprs t, poor it orrtion n lol nomlis Rsult is t 'wtr rt' simplii rts nwspprs n TV 4 Crt Fturs Hills ntiylons Hollows prssions mi-ltitu ylons Ris n Trous Fronts sow lins wr irnt ir msss mt 5 Uppr-Lvl Crts Uppr lvl rts r rwn s isori surs tt sow its o sur o onstnt prssur, m [i. 9.13/8.13]. Minly prou y omputr mol (s ov + sl prss) Contour lins rprsnt onstnt its, s on n ornn survy mp (stritly spkin, opotntil its) T 500 m rt rors its out 5500 m i its otn mn wrm ir lot 6

Motion is Govrn y Nwton's Lws 2n lw sys, ssntilly, tt or (F) tin on mss (m) uss lrtion () F = m N k m s -2 Not tt i tr is no or tin, tn tr is no lrtion n t vloity rmins onstnt 7 Fors Dtrminin Win

isors r prt: wk prssur rint wk prssur rint or; lit wins isors los totr: stron prssur rint stron prssur rint or; stron wins On lr sl, ir xprins t itionl Coriolis For r Hir Δp Prssur irn 9 T Coriolis

Coriolis ws skn wit rit. Dspit ow wlk, 'Tws lik ws stlk, By som in lwys pusin im rit.

2 Motion is Govrn y Nwton's Lws 2n lw sys, ssntilly, tt or (F) tin on mss (m) uss lrtion () F = m N k m s -2 Not tt i tr is no or tin, tn tr is no lrtion n t vloity rmins onstnt 7 Fors Dtrminin Win Prssur Grint For () Coriolis Frition Cntriptl or is t nm o rsultnt o two or tr ors 8 Prssur Grint For Coriolis For Gspr Gustv Coriolis Prssur rint or is xrt t rit nls to isors p PG = Δ isors r prt: wk prssur rint wk prssur rint or; lit wins isors los totr: stron prssur rint stron prssur rint or; stron wins On lr sl, ir xprins t itionl Coriolis For r Hir Δp Prssur irn 9 T Coriolis or is t pprnt or tt xplins t ltion osrv in oy movin ross rottin sur wn sn rom t sur Fix tl Spinnin tl:- strt Spinnin tl:- n Bll's pt sn rom tl 10 Consquns o t Coriolis Et On mrry-o-roun in t nit, Coriolis ws skn wit rit. Dspit ow wlk, 'Tws lik ws stlk, By som in lwys pusin im rit. Courtsy APS Coriolis or mss o ll sp o ll nulr sp o rottion Rsult is sription o t omtril t o rottion o t osrvr try t xris in Arns CD/w p 11 Coriolis Et on Wins Coriolis or lts wins to t rit in t Nortrn mispr tis is tru wtvr t win irtion t t is zro t t qutor n rtst t t pol t stronr t win, t rtr t ltion t t is not notil on lol wins lik s rzs, us t lrtion is smll t Coriolis or ts t rit nls to t win n n ltrs its irtion, not its sp 12

Coriolis Controls t Dirtion o Cirultion Hi prssur in N mispr Hi + Coriolis n to rit prssur in N mispr Lo + Coriolis n to rit + Hi + Lo Flow Flow Ntur o t Gostropi Win Wins lot (ov ~1000 m) r us y

23] A win tt ins to low ross t isors is turn y t Coriolis or until Coriolis Gostropi Win 890 m 894 m or n ln 898 m Vloity 13 14 Strnt o t Gostropi Win T ostropi win lows wn [p.

3 Coriolis Controls t Dirtion o Cirultion Hi prssur in N mispr Hi + Coriolis n to rit prssur in N mispr Lo + Coriolis n to rit + Hi + Lo Flow Flow Ntur o t Gostropi Win Wins lot (ov ~1000 m) r us y omin ts o prssur rint or () n Coriolis or () [i. 9.23/9.23/8.23] A win tt ins to low ross t isors is turn y t Coriolis or until Coriolis Gostropi Win 890 m 894 m or n ln 898 m Vloity Strnt o t Gostropi Win T ostropi win lows wn [p. 226/235/207] = T win strnt (V ) pns on t prssur rint (Δp/), t riprol o t ir nsity (ρ) n Coriolis prmtr () tt pns on ltitu [p. 226/235/208] p V = 1 Δ ρ wins inrs in strnt s you o lot 15 Cyloni Flow n t Grint Win Gnrl i tt wins lot low prlll to isors is tru vn wn isors r urv BUT win lowin in 894 m irl ns nt or Nt irt ntrlly to mintin t low [p. 229/236/210] tis nt or is ll V ntriptl or Cyloni Flow nt or = - nt or pr unit mss is V 2 / r wr r is t ril istn o t win rom t ylon ntr 16 Antiyloni Flow Likwis wit ntiylons, t rint win rsults rom irn twn Coriolis or n prssur rint or ntriptl or = - or wk ylons n ntiylons, t ntriptl or is smll ompr wit t otr 2 ors Wins rott lokwis roun ntiylons in t Nortrn mispr 914 m Hi V Antiyloni Flow Nt 17 Buys-Bllot's Lw Silors' vrsion: stn in t win n t lowr prssur is to your rit Cyloni Flow Hi Courtsy: ttp:// Antiyloni Flow C. H. D. Buys Bllot ( ) 18

Sur Wins Summry Frition wit t roun slows wins, ruin t Coriolis or wi is no lonr opposit T rsult is n inlow o ir towrs t ntr o low prssur n n outlow o ir rom ntiylons 1010 m Frition 1014 m Sur Win

mispr Sur wins low slitly in towrs t ntr o prssions n slitly outwrs rom ntiylons Buys-Bllot's lw is pproximtly tru or sur wins, t low prssur in out 60 to t rit Frition + + = 0 19 20 Win Arrows N 20

tr, 5 knots soli trinl, 50 knots 1 knot 1.85 km r -1 (~0.5 ms -1 ) C 12 Dw Point 5 NW 15 kn 138 +22/ SE 5 kn Clm Prssur 1013.8 m inrs 2.

4 Sur Wins Summry Frition wit t roun slows wins, ruin t Coriolis or wi is no lonr opposit T rsult is n inlow o ir towrs t ntr o low prssur n n outlow o ir rom ntiylons 1010 m Frition 1014 m Sur Win Antiyloni Flow Cyloni Flow Hi Ts ruls r oo ui Win strnt is ontroll y prssur rint Wins lot low pproximtly prlll to isors Wins low ntilokwis roun prssions, lokwis roun ntiylons in t N. mispr Sur wins low slitly in towrs t ntr o prssions n slitly outwrs rom ntiylons Buys-Bllot's lw is pproximtly tru or sur wins, t low prssur in out 60 to t rit Frition + + = Win Arrows N 20 kn (37 km r -1 ) NE 15 kn Win is sri y t S 30 kn irtion it oms rom Win rrows r rwn in t W 60 kn irtion t win is oin to Arrow s r omitt [ppnix B] Ftrs r rwn to rprsnt win sp wol tr rprsnts 10 knots l tr, 5 knots soli trinl, 50 knots 1 knot 1.85 km r -1 (~0.5 ms -1 ) C 12 Dw Point 5 NW 15 kn / SE 5 kn Clm Prssur m inrs 2.2 m Us o win rrows Arvit sur sttion symol Plott UK rt 23 Buort Win Sl Win strnt us y silors All sippin wtr orsts it is lso us on ln T sl ovrs wins o 'or' 0 to 'or' 12.. or 4: mort rz; knots; smll wvs, omin lonr, rqunt wit orss; on ln win riss ust n los ppr; smll rns mov or 8: l; knots; mortly i wvs o rtr lnt, s o rsts in to rk into spinrit, om is lown in wll-mrk strks; on ln, win rks twis o trs, wlkin is iiult. [App C] 24

Frnis Buort (1774 1857) Msurin Win Buort ws Royl Nvy oir wo, tr tiv srvi, promot t

win in t oriinl sription, point ws sri in trms o t sp o mn-o-wr n t sils it oul

n pt n upt or intrntionl us ovr t yrs Buort ommission Roinson to in t win sps or

proportionl to t win A winvn msurs win irtion t vn orints itsl ownwin t vn tuts t

5 Frnis Buort ( ) Msurin Win Buort ws Royl Nvy oir wo, tr tiv srvi, promot t Nvy s involvmnt in wi rn o sin in is pity s Hyrorpr Buort s sl onntrts on t t o t win in t oriinl sription, point ws sri in trms o t sp o mn-o-wr n t sils it oul rry similr sls xist mny yrs or Buort s vrsion ws oiilly opt y t RN in 1838 t sl s n pt n upt or intrntionl us ovr t yrs Buort ommission Roinson to in t win sps or An nmomtr msurs win sp most ommon typ is t Roinson up nmomtr t ups rott t sp proportionl to t win A winvn msurs win irtion t vn orints itsl ownwin t vn tuts t ntr rm o vril rsistor Potos: JSR t sl points n t Roinson up nmomtr Wt us is romtr? Rlts osrvtion to wtr rt til,, prssur i or low Cn in prssur initiv o prssur rint n in prssur is importnt orstin i 27 A Ntionl Osrvtory Mt. Aioul in t Cvnns, run y Mto Frn 28

In which direction do compass needles always align? Why?

In which direction do compass needles always align? Why? AQA Trloy Unt 6.7 Mntsm n Eltromntsm - Hr 1 Complt t p ll: Mnt or s typ o or n t s stronst t t o t mnt. Tr r two typs o mnt pol: n. Wrt wt woul ppn twn t pols n o t mnt ntrtons low: Drw t mnt l lns on