Asteroid Payload Express Architecture for Low- Cost and Frequent ProspecFng of NEOs
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1 Asteroid Payload Express Architecture for Low- Cost and Frequent ProspecFng of NEOs Dr. Rob Hoyt Jeffrey Slostad, Lenny Paritsky, Nestor Voronka, Todd Moser, Greg Jimmerson Tethers Unlimited, Inc N. Creek Pkwy S., Suite D113, Bothell, WA
2 Challenges for NEO ExploraVon Emerging nanosatellite and CubeSat technologies could enable affordable missions to NEOs BUT: ride- share opportunives to Earth escape are very rare RestricVons on secondary payload stored energy limit opportunives to use rockets to boost nanosats Electric propulsion requires a long spiral out through the radiavon belts 2
3 Asteroid Payload Express Combines two advanced space technologies to enable rapid, affordable delivery of small payloads to NEOs: 1. Uses momentum scavenging to boost nanosat from GTO Rideshare to Escape 2. HYDROS Electrolysis Thruster provides high- Isp, high- thrust propulsion & poinvng with safe, storable, non- toxic propellant: Water! 3
4 NanoTHOR Launch nanosatellite as ride- share on GEO satellite launch GTO=>Escape requires V of 770 m/s The Nanosatellite Tethered High- Orbit Release system uses a simple high- strength tether to scavenge the orbital momentum of GEO upper stages to sling nanosatellites to Earth- escape NanoTHOR enables fast (e.g. few days) transfer of mulvple nanosats to escape trajectories 4
5 NanoTHOR CONOPS Nanosat & NanoTHOR ride as secondary payloads on GEO satellite launch NanoTHOR uses slender, high- strength tether to transfer stage s orbital energy to the nanosatellite 5
6 Tether Spin- Up in GTO Deploy tether over 2 orbits at ~50 cm/s Vary deployment rate so that tether is ~30 behind verfcal when approaching perigee Gravity gradient provides torque to get tether spinning Retract tether at ~25 cm/s to increase spin rate We can use tether reeling in the Earth s gravity well to spin up the tether 6
7 Concept Design 6U Nanosat Payload and Winch fit within 18U Deployer 7
8 And What Does NanoTHOR Throw? 8
9 HAMMERsat Hurled Asteroid Mapping, Mining, ExploraFon, & Rendezvous Satellite 1.75U(Payload(Volume( Solar(Array(Actuator( Tether(Release( 120W(Solar(Array( 15W(BaQery(x4( SWIFT (SoVware(Defined(Radio( HYDROS ( Cold(Gas(ACS(Module( Fuel(Cell(Module( Gas(Handling(Module( Thruster(Module( VSRS (Structural(( RadiaTon(Shielding( Star(Trackers(( X6Band(Omni(Antenna( Ka6Band(High(Gain(Antenna( X6Band(Med(Gain(Antenna( Avionics( Water(Tanks((2x1.65L)( 9
10 HYDROS Water Electrolysis Propulsion System 10
11 HYDROS Water Electrolysis Propulsion Allows secondary payloads to launch with a safe, storable, low- pressure, non- toxic propellant: WATER Fuel cell electrolyzes water into oxygen and hydrogen once on- orbit High performance bipropellant thruster provides up to 1 N of thrust at 300 seconds of specific impulse for: Orbit raising, plane changes, precision poinvng, large delta- V maneuvers Total propulsion system volume <1U, including electronics Available in in two configurafons, including one that uflizes 3U+ volume Primary Nozzle Cold-Gas ACS Nozzles 11
12 Fuel Cell HYDROS fuel cell is designed to generate and pressurize gaseous oxygen and hydrogen up to 100 psia Designed for zero- g operafon Hydrogen and oxygen are inherently separated and released through isolated output ports No need for spacecrao spinning or other complex mechanics to enable gas separavon Fueled by deionized water Produces gas at efficiencies up to 85% Consumes W depending on desired gas generafon rate Developmental Prototype 12
13 Thruster Bipropellant microthruster designed for integrafon into CubeSats Gas flow is controlled via two lightweight, low power, and isolated propellant valves Features reliable and repeatable spark igniter design Provides both high Isp and good thrust authority to enable rapid rendezvous with NEOs Cold gas thrusters enable precise aktude control Performance Metric Goal Demonstrated To- Date Thrust (Max) 1 N 0.8 N Minimum Bit Impulse Specific Impulse 0.1 mn- s < 0.75 mn- s 300 s 300 s Developmental Prototype 13
14 APX Payload Capability Water&Required&(L)& Available&Payload&Mass&(kg)& 5" 4" 3" 2" 1" 0" Rendezvous# 500.# FlyBy# 450.# 400.# 350.# 300.# 250.# 200.# 150.# 100.# 50.# 0.# 0" 1000" 2000" Mission& V&(m/sec)& #"of"neos"accessible" Rendezvous***Flyby* Asteroid Payload Express Can Deliver 1 kg Payload to 110 Known NEOs And Perform Fly- By of 1046 Known NEOs 14
15 Summary NanoTHOR harvests orbital energy from spent upper stage to boost nanosat payloads to escape HYDROS thruster provides secondary payloads high- Isp, high- thrust propulsion without risk to primary payloads Asteroid Payload Express service can deliver small payloads to 100 s of NEOs 15
16 Asteroid Payload Express New Worlds, Within Reach 16
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