Physics Paper 2 (Movement and Change - Energy Force and Communication) Past Paper Practice Questions

Transcription

1 Physics Paper 2 (Movement and Change - Energy Force and Communication) Past Paper Practice Questions Moulsham High School 1

2 1. Radioactive materials emit three types of radiation. These are alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. All these affect photographic film. Workers who may be exposed to radiation wear a film badge. This indicates the levels and types of radiation the worker has been exposed to. plastic case lead shield aluminium shield paper shield film A (a) What will area A of the film detect? Explain your answer. Why is it important to check exposure to ionising radiations? (1) (c) Sodium-24 is a radioactive isotope which is used in medicine. The graph shows how the radiation emitted from a sample of sodium-24 changes with time. 200 Count rate in counts per minute Time in hours Moulsham High School 2

3 (i) Why does the radiation emitted decrease? (1) (ii) Use the graph to estimate the half-life of sodium (1) (iii) Use your answer to (ii) to show on the graph how the count rate changes up to 60 hours. (1) (Total 6 marks) 2. A feather was allowed to fall towards the ground. The graph shows the distance travelled by the feather as it fell. Distance fallen Time Use your knowledge of forces to explain the shape of the graph (4) (Total 4 marks) Moulsham High School 3

4 3. (a) (i) When training, Tim runs very fast and his lungs can not supply enough oxygen to his muscles. How do his muscles obtain the energy they need when the oxygen concentration in his blood is low? Name and describe the process involved (ii) Explain why he needs to breathe very hard after completing his run Tim has a mass of 75 kg. During a training run the ground exerts a horizontal force of 105 N on him. This produces an acceleration. Calculate his acceleration. State the unit in your answer. (Total 7 marks) 4. An earthquake produces shockwaves which travel through the Earth. There are two types, P waves and S waves. P waves can travel through solids and liquids. S waves can only travel through solids. Moulsham High School 4

5 The diagram below shows the paths of P and S waves travelling through the Earth from an earthquake at X. X mantle crust key S wave P wave core Explain how the paths of the waves give information about the structure of the Earth (Total 3 marks) 5. The map shows the boundaries of the Earth s tectonic plates. Moulsham High School 5

6 Use the map to help you explain the formation of the Andes mountains. You may draw a diagram in the space provided to help with your answer (Total 4 marks) 6. A football player has a mass of 80 kg. The horizontal force between his foot and the ground is 320 N. This causes him to accelerate. (a) Calculate his acceleration. Moulsham High School 6

7 He reaches a velocity of 12 m/s. Use the following equation to calculate his kinetic energy. kinetic energy (J) = ½ mass (kg) velocity 2 (m/s) 2 (c) In training, he lifts a 1000 N load through a height of 2 m. This takes 0.8 s. Use the following equation to help calculate the power developed. power (W) = work done (J) time(s) (Total 7 marks) 7. (a) When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves are produced. In 1999, the epicentre of an earthquake in Turkey was the town Duzce. This caused 700 buildings to collapse. (a) Damage caused by the Turkish earthquake on August 25, Explain why this earthquake also damaged buildings in towns as far as 100 km away. Moulsham High School 7

8 Two types of seismic waves are: P, which are longitudinal S, which are transverse. Describe how each moves the foundations of the buildings. (Total 4 marks) 8. Lava rock is sold at garden centres. Part of the label is shown. Lava rock is a totally natural product from Iceland. Iceland lies on the North Atlantic geological ridge where movements of the European and American plates occur. Iceland is periodically subjected to volcanic activity. This rock is quarried from lava that solidified 1000 years ago. The quarrying is licensed by the Icelandic government to ensure it is not detrimental to the local environment. Moulsham High School 8

9 The map shows the position of Iceland. (a) Use the information provided to explain how and why large amounts of lava rock are continually being formed in Iceland. You may draw a diagram in the space provided to help with your answer. The crystals in the lava rock are very small. Explain why. (1) (Total 4 marks) Moulsham High School 9

10 9. Paul and Kate are climbers. (a) Kate weighs 550 N and Paul weighs 750 N. They climb a rock face to a height of 45 m. 45 m Not to scale (i) In the diagram, Paul has more gravitational potential energy than Kate. Explain why (1) (ii) Give the equation needed to calculate how much work Kate will do in climbing the rock face (1) (iii) Calculate how much work she does in climbing 45 m. State the unit in your answer Moulsham High School 10

11 (iv) Paul accidentally dislodged a small rock. The rock took 3 s to fall to the ground. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s 2. How fast was the rock travelling when it hit the ground? (v) Complete the sentences. While the rock was falling, gravitational potential energy was converted to. energy. (1) Mountaineers who climb in high places often use cylinders of oxygen. A cylinder contained 0.25 m 3 of oxygen at 150 kpa pressure. The pressure of the atmosphere is 100 kpa. Calculate the volume of oxygen when it is all released from the cylinder into the atmosphere. P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2... m 3 (Total 10 marks) 10. (a) Infra-red and radio waves are two of the waves that make up the electromagnetic spectrum. Describe one similarity and one difference between infra-red and radio waves. Similarity... Difference... Moulsham High School 11

12 The diagram shows how a satellite is used in the transmission of radio waves to different parts of the world. (i) Explain why a satellite is needed to transmit the waves from T to R (ii) Modern satellite transmissions use digital signals rather than analogue signals. Describe the difference between a digital signal and an analogue signal. A diagram could help to make your answer clear (Total 6 marks) Moulsham High School 12

13 11. A hot air balloon is tied to the ground by two ropes. The diagram shows the forces acting on the balloon. upward force = 8000 N tension in each rope = 175N weight = 7650 N The ropes are untied and the balloon starts to move upwards. (a) Calculate the size of the unbalanced force acting on the balloon. State the direction of this force. The mass of the balloon is 765 kg. Calculate the initial acceleration of the balloon. Moulsham High School 13

14 (c) Explain how the acceleration of the balloon changes during the first ten seconds of its flight. (4) (d) When the balloon is still accelerating, the balloonist throws some bags of sand over the side. Explain how this affects the acceleration of the balloon. (Total 11 marks) 12. The diagram shows the passage of longitudinal and transverse waves through the Earth following an earthquake. longitudinal and transverse waves longitudinal waves only earthquake inner core longitudinal and transverse waves outer core mantle crust longitudinal waves only Moulsham High School 14

15 (a) Explain how the detection of longitudinal and transverse waves gives evidence about the structure of the mantle and the outer core (4) Earthquakes occur regularly at plate boundaries such as the San Andreas fault in California. Suggest what causes these earthquakes (Total 7 marks) 13. The diagram shows the forces on a car travelling along a level road. resistive force = 550 N driving force = 950 N (a) How can you tell that the car is accelerating forwards?... (1) The total mass of the car is 850 kg. (c) Calculate the acceleration of the car Explain how the horizontal forces on the car change when the driver takes her foot off the accelerator and applies the brake. Moulsham High School 15

16 (Total 7 marks) 14. Some periscopes use prisms to change the direction of the rays of light from objects. This is shown in the diagram. A ray of light from distant object B 45º 45º C (a) Explain why the ray of light takes this path through the prism. Moulsham High School 16

17 A prism can also be used to invert an image. The diagram shows two light rays from an object. Use a ruler to complete the path of the two rays shown, as they travel through and out of the prism. (Total 5 marks) 15. The diagram shows part of the braking system of a car. There is a bubble of air in the brake fluid. When the pressure in the brake fluid is 100 kpa, the volume of the air bubble is 0.30 cm 3. The brakes are applied. The pressure changes to 500 kpa. Use the equation P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 to calculate the new volume of the air bubble cm 3 (Total 2 marks) Moulsham High School 17

18 16. A pest control device emits sound at frequencies between 50 khz and 70 khz. The device is shown in the diagram. Pest Control TM HARMLESS TO CATS, DOGS & PEOPLE BUT RATS - MICE AND ANTS CAN'T STAND IT GUARANTEED to rid any building of Rats, Mice, Ants and Spiders (a) What name is given to sound with a frequency greater than 20 khz? (1) The frequency of a transmitted wave is 1800 Hz. Sound travels at 340 m/s in air. Calculate the wavelength of this sound wave in air. (Total 4 marks) 17. (a) A polythene rod becomes negatively charged when it is rubbed with a dry cloth. Explain this. Moulsham High School 18

19 Electrostatic charges have many uses in business and industry. image on drum original document toner cartridge copied document The following statements are about a photocopier and how it works but they are not in order. 1 Toner particles are transferred from the drum to the postively charged paper, producing an image of X. 2 The drum surface is positively charged. 3 Blank pieces of paper are fed into the photocopier. 4 Heaters fix the image on the paper. 5 The lit part of the drum loses its charge. 6 The coating of the drum conducts when light falls on it. 7 The particles of toner powder are negatively charged and are not attracted to the lit part of the drum. Put the statements in the correct order to show how the photocopier works. (Total 5 marks) Moulsham High School 19

20 18. (a) Hayley builds an electric motor. She attaches the connecting wires to a d.c. power supply. Explain why the coil starts to turn when a current passes through it. The enlarged diagram shows the structure of the commutator. The bare wires at the end of the coil act as the commutator. Moulsham High School 20

21 Describe how the commutator enables the coil to turn continuously in the same direction. (Total 6 marks) 19. The diagram shows the wave fronts of a beam of light as it passes from air into glass. air glass glass air (a) When the beam enters the block, it is refracted. Use a ruler to complete the diagram. Show the wave fronts passing through and out of the glass block. The diagram shows light rays from a diver s waterproof torch hitting the surface of a lake. air water waterproof torch Moulsham High School 21

22 Explain why some of the rays do not leave the surface. (Total 5 marks) 20. This electric kettle contains a 2.5 kw heating element. (a) The mains supply is 230 V. Calculate the current in the element. The water in the kettle took 5 minutes to boil. How much charge passed through the element during this time? (Total 6 marks) Moulsham High School 22

23 21. (a) Explain why high voltages are used to transmit electrical power from the power station to the consumer. The diagram shows a transformer used to reduce high voltages to 230 V for domestic use. iron core V input 230 V output 2500 turns primary coil secondary coil N turns Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil. (Total 4 marks) Moulsham High School 23

24 22. (a) Four sound waves were displayed on an oscilloscope screen. The same oscilloscope settings were used each time. A B C D (i) Which sound was the loudest?.. Give a reason for your choice.... (1) (ii) Describe how sound waves are transmitted through air Sound with a frequency greater than Hz is known as ultrasound. State two different medical uses of ultrasound Moulsham High School 24

25 (c) Sound travels at 340 m/s in air. Calculate the wavelength of ultrasound with a frequency of Hz.... (Total 8 marks) 23. (a) When waves pass through a narrow gap or pass the edge of a barrier they are diffracted. The diagram shows radio waves approaching a mountain. wave direction mountain Complete the diagram by drawing the waves after they pass the mountain. Concave dish aerials are used to transmit parallel radio waves. reflector wave source dish aerial The diagram shows how a dish produces a beam of radio waves, which are aimed at a receiver dish. Concave dish aerials are designed to minimise the effects of diffraction. Moulsham High School 25

26 Explain why it is important to minimise the effects of diffraction... (1) (Total 3 marks) 24. The diagram shows a coil of wire wrapped around an iron rod. iron rod wire The mains voltage is 230 V. The power rating of the lawnmower is 1265 watts. Calculate the current in the circuit (Total 3 marks) 25. (a) Electricity is transmitted by the national grid using a combination of overhead and underground cables. Explain ONE advantage of each method of transmission. Overhead transmission Underground transmission Moulsham High School 26

27 Most of the electricity in the United Kingdom is generated from non-renewable sources. Some electricity is generated from moving water. Wind turbines also contribute to the electricity supply. Explain why these renewable sources can not provide all of the electricity needed in the United Kingdom. (4) (Total 6 marks). 26. (a) An aircraft in flight becomes charged. The aircraft tyres are made of rubber that conducts electricity. Suggest what happens to the charge on the aircraft when it lands. Moulsham High School 27

28 The charge on an aircraft is C. It passes through the tyres in 0.5 s. Calculate the current in the tyres when the charge is passing through them. (Total 5 marks) 27. Some optical fibres use total internal reflection. (a) The diagram shows how light passes through an optical fibre. What is the condition necessary for light to be totally internally reflected at the inner faces of the fibre? (1) Compare the transmission of light in an optical fibre with the transmission of light in a vacuum Moulsham High School 28

29 (c) Optical fibres are used to transmit information. Digital signals are used in preference to analogue signals. Describe the difference between a digital signal and an analogue signal. You may use a diagram to help to make your answer clear (d) To transmit information, infra-red waves with a frequency of Hz are used. The speed of the waves along the fibre is m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the waves in the fibre (Total 8 marks) 28. (a) A man becomes positively charged by walking across a nylon carpet Carpet Moulsham High School 29

30 When he touches an earthed light switch, he feels a shock as he loses excess charge. Explain how he loses the excess charge Benjamin Franklin flew a kite in a thunderstorm. He tied a metal key to the bottom of the kite string. A spark passed from the key to the ground. He thought that electricity was a fluid that could pass through objects. Since then we have discovered that atoms contain charged particles. How would we now explain the flow of electricity through the wet kite string and the metal key? (Total 5 marks) Moulsham High School 30

31 29. National television and radio programmes are transmitted from the Telecom tower in London. The signals are carried by microwaves that have a wavelength of 2.5 cm. They are transmitted from a dish aerial of diameter 1.20 m. Waves can be diffracted as they leave a dish aerial in the same way as they are diffracted when they pass through a gap. (a) Explain why the waves do not spread out as they leave the dish Why is it desirable that the waves do not spread out? (Total 4 marks) 30. (a) Either beta and gamma; (both required for mark) alpha stopped by aluminium / beta and gamma not stopped by aluminium; or gamma; alpha and beta stopped by aluminium ; 2 they cause mutations / kill cells / causes cancer / damage tissue / burn skin / damage fetus / baby / affect DNA; 1 (c) (i) (radioactive) nuclei decay / decompose to non radioactive / stable nuclei; [Accept atoms for nuclei] 1 (ii) 15 hours; 1 (iii) line continued as curve passing through (45,25) and (60,12.5); 1 [6] Moulsham High School 31

32 31. An explanation to include four from: 1. acceleration / increase in speed at start; 2. due to unbalanced forces / downward force greater than upward force; 3. weight greater than air resistance; 4. reaches constant speed / constant velocity / terminal velocity; 5. because forces balanced / weight equals air resistance / no resultant force; [4] 32. (a) (i) anaerobic respiration; glucose changes to lactic acid / lactic acid produced; 2 (ii) An explanation to include: 1. more / extra oxygen needed; 2. to remove lactic acid (from muscle) to repay the oxygen debt / to prevent muscle cramp / to allow aerobic respiration; [Ignore air] 2 F = ma; [seen or implied] 105 a = = 1.4; 75 m/s 2 / m/s/s / ms 2 ; 3 [7] 33. An explanation to include three of: 1. S (and P) waves pass through crust therefore solid; 2. S (and P) waves pass through mantle therefore solid; 3. S waves do not pass through core, therefore it is liquid / only P waves pass through core therefore it is liquid; 4. shadow zone / region where number of waves indicates the size of the core; 5 density of mantle changes because the waves curve / bend / refract / change direction; [3] 34. An explanation to include four of: destructive plate boundary; plates move together / collide / meet / Nazca plate moving towards South American plate; movement caused by convection currents; Nazca plate / oceanic crust moves under other plates / subduction; (sedimentary) rocks pushed up into (fold) mountains; volcanoes form due to melting of rocks (in mantle); [ignore references to Earthquakes) 4 [marks can be gained from a suitable labelled diagram] [4] 35. (a) F = ma a = 320 = 4 m/s/s or m/s 2 / metre per second per second 80 substitution or equation; calculation; unit; 3 Moulsham High School 32

33 ½mv 2 ½ = 5760 J / joules or 5.76 kj / kilojoules substitution; calculation and unit; 2 (c) work done = power = 2000 = 2500 W / watts kw / kilowatts calculation of work done and substitution in power eq; correct power calculation and unit; 2 [7] 36. (a) An explanation to include: (seismic) waves of energy; travel through the Earth / the ground / crust; 2 A description to include: longitudinal / P waves move (foundations) side to side / left to right / horizontally; transverse / S waves move (foundations) up and down / vertically; 2 [4] 37. (a) An explanation to include three from: 1 on a plate boundary/on two plates; 2 plates moving apart; 3 magma moves into space/magma pushed up; [Ignore references to volcanoes] 4 cools/solidifies; [Ignore freezes] marks can be obtained from a suitable labelled diagram 3 cooled rapidly/ solidifies quickly; 1 [4] 38. (a) (i) at a greater height; 1 (ii) work done = force(weight) x distance(height) (w = fd) 1 (iii) = J or kj Accept joules/kilojoules Substitution = 1; Calc and unit = 1; 2 (iv) (v u) change of speed a = Accept acceleration = t time 10 = v 3 v = 3 10 = 30 m/s equation; 3 substitution; calculation and unit; (v) kinetic 1 Moulsham High School 33

34 P 1 V 1 = P 2 V = 100 V 2 / V 2 = ; substitutuion 100 = m 3 calculation [accept 0.38] [ignore unit] 2 [10] 39. (a) similarity: both transverse / travel at the same speed in a vacuum or air; difference: frequency / wavelength; 2 (i) A description to include: the waves travel in straight lines; 2 earth is curved / blocks the waves; (ii) An explanation to include: digital - only certain values allowed (or from diagram); analogue - continuously variable / signal can have any value (or from diagram); 2 [6] 40. (a) force =350 N; direction is upwards; 2 force acceleration = mass = 350N 765Kg (c) = 0.46 m/s 2 ; An explanation to include: acceleration decreases; resistive force increases; reducing the size of the unbalanced force; plus 1 communication mark for ensuring that spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate, so that the meaning is clear 4 (d) An explanation to include: mass / downwards force decreases; causing an increase in acceleration; 2 [11] 41. (a) both longitudinal and transverse waves travel through the mantle; showing that the mantle is solid ; transverse waves do not travel through the outer core; showing that the outer core is liquid ; 4 Moulsham High School 34

35 the plates are moving relative to/ sliding past each other; earthquakes occur when there is a jolt or sudden movement; 2 Plus 1 communication mark for using a suitable structure and style of writing 1 [7] 42. (a) resultant/net/unbalanced force is in forwards direction /950>550 /driving force>resistive force/ forwards force is greater than backwards force; 1 Ignore F = ma (or in words) acceleration = force/mass; = 400 (N) / 850 (kg); = 0.47 (m/s 2 ); 3 Bald 0.5 gains no marks If acceleration = 1.12 (m/s 2 ) award TWO marks maximum only (c) the driving force becomes zero; Accept decreases OWTTE; the overall resistive force increases/braking force is added/air resistance decreases; plus 1 communication mark for ensuring that spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate, so that the meaning is clear; 3 [7] 43. (a) An explanation to include three from: 1. incident ray is normal or at 90 ; 2. angle of incidence = 45 / angle of reflection; 3. greater than critical angle (42 ); 4. total internal reflection takes place; 5. (long side of prism acts as mirror and) the ray turns through 90 ; [Ignore reflects off the prism] 3 rays must be drawn with ruler - both rays correctly drawn, 2 marks one ray, 1 mark 2 [5] = 500 V 2 ; [correct substitution into equation] V 2 = 500 = 0.06; 2 [2] 45. (a) ultrasound; [Accept ultrasonic] 1 Moulsham High School 35

36 v = fλ; [seen or implied] 340 λ = ; 1800 = 0.19 / / / 0.18 m; 3 [4] 46. (a) An explanation to include two of: 1. negative charge transferred from cloth to rod; 2. electrons transferred from cloth to rod; 3. rod has extra electrons (and is negatively charged); 2 The correct sequence: or correct sequence = 3 marks 3-5 in order = 2 marks 2 in order = 1 mark 3 [5] 47. (a) An explanation to include three of: 1. magnetic field / force produced around coil / wire / coil becomes magnetised; 2. coil attracts / repels / interacts with permanent magnet; 3. a force is exerted on the coil; 4. catapult field effect / Fleming s left hand rule; 3 A description to include three of: 1. gaps in the commutator break the circuit / wires make contact with brushes but are not joined; 2. coil keeps turning through own momentum / motion / (KE) energy; 3. when brushes make contact again, commutator and (connections to) coil have changed over / swapped over the contacts; 4. magnetic field changes direction; 5. reverses current direction; 6. every half turn / twice for a complete turn; 7. the force on the coil is still in the same direction; 3 [6] 48. (a) waves closer in glass; emerging waves parallel to incident waves; are the same wavelength as the incident beam; air glass Any two of: some reflected back into the water; 3 Moulsham High School 36

37 because angle greater than critical angle / ; these rays are totally internally reflected ; 2 [5] 49. (a) P = VI / I = V P / V= I P ; equation; 3 substitution; calculation and unit; I = or / / A = 1 mark charge = current time / Q = I T = 3261 C / coulombs [if 10.9 = 3270 C / coulombs] equation or substitution; calculation; unit; [ecf from (a)] 3 [6] 50. (a) An explanation to include: reduces current / low current; reduces energy / power loss (by heating); [reject no power loss] 2 V p = Vs N N = N 3 p s N s = 50 formula or substitution; calculation; 2 [4] 51. (a) (i) B (no mark) biggest/largest/highest amplitude/highest/tallest wave/biggest displacement/ quantified from graph (using a comparison); (ii) any two from molecules of air vibrate (to and fro); push together/at high pressure/compression/ then moves further apart/at lower pressure/rarefaction; the vibrations are passed on; (sound is a) longitudinal (wave); 2 molecules particles Moulsham High School 37

38 Two from: body scan(ning);cleaning surgical instruments [ignore sterilising]; treating muscle strains/joints/ligaments; treating cataracts; breaking up kidney stones/gallstones; dentistry; 2 (c) use of v = f λ / λ = f ν ; 340 substitution ; calculation 17mm/0.017 m; (answer must include unit) 3 [8] 52. (a) wavelength constant; 1 bending shown; [accept curve at top] 1 (at least 3 shown/only 2 = no marks) reduce spreading of beam/ to maintain the power/strength/ energy of the signal (at the receiver); 1 [3] 53. power = current volts; current 1265; = 5.5 A; 230 equation = (1) substitution = (1) calculation and unit = (1) [3] 54. (a) Overhead - cheaper installation / lower running costs / easy to detect OR repair faults; Underground - less unsightly / more appropriate in cities where less space / less prone to whether damage; 2 An explanation to include three from: water flow too slow / tide not high enough / small waves; wind reliable; large area needed for wind farm / lot of turbines needed; few suitable sites / rivers; plus 1 communication mark if the text is legible and that spelling, 4 punctuation and grammar are accurate, so that the meaning is clear; [6] 55. (a) A suggestion to include: electrons; pass through tyres to earth; 2 [Allow aircraft is earthed for 1 mark] Moulsham High School 38

39 Q = I t / I = t Q = s 4 C; = A; 4 [5] 56. (a) the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle; 1 Any two from : in an optical fibre light is repeatedly reflected/ can travel round corners; in a vacuum light travels in straight lines the speed of light in an optical fibre is slower than in a vacuum; 2 (c) Any two from: digital signal is stepped/ only on or off/ only certain values allowed analogue signal is continuously variable ; digital signals can carry more information 2 (d) wavelength = speed frequency; = m/s Hz; = m 3 [8] 57. (a) by movement of electrons/negative charge; 2 from earth/switch to the man; Reject positive electrons (for both marks) movement/conduction of ions/charged particles; in the string by movement of positive & negative ions/charges; in the key by movement of (free) electrons; 3 [5] 58. (a) so no/little diffraction occurs; definite comparison of diameter of dish with wavelength; eg dish is many/several wavelengths wide/dish is (much) bigger than the wavelength; 2 Any two from: little energy loss/stronger signal; enables better reception/better signal; Ignore interference/distortion 2 can be directed/aimed/targeted better; greater range; [4] Moulsham High School 39