ECET 211 Electric Machines & Controls

Transcription

1 ECET 211 Electric Machines & Controls Spring 2013 Lecture 2 January 17, 2013 Paul I. Lin, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Introduction 1. Electric Power/Energy Conversion Electric Power Generation Energy conversion (to Electricity through electric generator) o Water fall Hydroelectric power Hydroelectric Power, Tennessee Valley Authority Pump-Storage Plant, o Burning coal Fossil power Coal-Fired Power Plant, o Burning oil Fossil Fuel Power o Burning gas Nature Gas Fire o Nuclear power Pressurized Water Reactor, Boiling Water Reactor System, o Biomass energy o Geothermal energy o Renewable energy: solar cell, wind energy, ocean wave Power plants, turbines, generators, transformers Can be used conveniently Electric Power Transmission (electric circuits) Step-up transformer Switches Transmission lines Transmission lines supporting towers and carrying infrastructure Electric Power Distribution (electric circuits) Business customers Residential customers 2. Residential Electrical Circuits 1

2 120V/240V, 60 Hz, single phase system KWH Meter: o I&M o Monthly Service Charge o KWH billing per KWH o Fuel per KWH Power Panel (100A) Insulated Circuit Conductors: electrical materials o Wire/Cables installation o Rated Amperage, Voltage, Operating Temperature o Conductor Resistance, Voltage Drops, and Wasted Wattage o AWG (American Wire Gage) o Equipment Grounding Conductors Outlet, Junction boxes Switches, indicators, over current protection Lighting Circuit Motor Powering (Mechanical) Circuits o Refrigerator o Dish Washer o Cloth Washer o Dryer o Water Pump o Fans o A/C Heating Circuits o Toaster oven o Microwave oven o Electric (gas) Range o Water heater (electric) Computer/Multimedia Entertainment o Plasma TV o Computer o Tablet o Smartphone o Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charger Electrical Circuit Theory and Calculations, Symbols and Diagrams Needed Math and Tools 3. Business Users (Industrial/Healthcare/Manufacturing/Office Buildings - Electric Circuits (single/three Phase) Lighting circuits Environment Comfort Systems Mechanical/ Motion Control Monitoring and Protection of Electrical Systems 2

3 Motors o Current rating, Voltage rating, Horse power rating o Motor controllers o PLCs o Motor drives Actuators Vacuum gripper Solenoid, for valve control Relays, power electronic devices Electrical/Mechanical Power Conversion o A/C and Heating o Elevators o Escalators o Material Handling (Conveyor: horizontal, spiral; slider, robots) o Robots: pick and place, assembly o Welding o Hydraulic power and technology o Pneumatic power, air technology o Vacuum pump o Automatic feeding system o Product distribution system o Wire drawing o Packaging, wrapping, bottling machines and systems o Filling, sealing, vibrating, shacking, marking o Winder, Cutter o Labeling Machines & Systems Electrical/ Heating Conversion o Heating: (plastic injection machine) o Dryer o Soldering o Blow/Molding o Extrusion Process Monitoring, Inspection, Safety, Quality o Position o Speed o Temperature o Weigh/Fill o ID o Vision inspection o Photo sensor Industrial Informatics Electrical Symbols and Diagrams Electrical Circuit Theory and Calculations, Symbols and Diagrams Needed Math and Tools 3

4 4. Electrical Materials Electrical Conductors (metallic): o Copper o Aluminum o Zinc o Silver o Gold Electrical Insulators or Nonconductors (nonmetallic) o Glass o Mica o Porcelain o Slate o Wood o Ceramic o Insulation tape Semiconductors o Silicon o Germanium o Compound Semiconductors: gallium arsenide, indium phosphide o Alloys: silicon germanium, aluminium gallium arsenide 5. Electric Current and Units Electrical Charge - Charles Augustin de Coulomb ( ), France Unit: Coulomb 1 Electron = 1.6 x Coulombs 1 C = 6.24 x electrons 1 C = 1 Amp-second Coulomb s Law describes forces between two charged particles F = k(q a Q b /r) Attractive force (negative sign) or repulsive force (positive sign) r is distance between two particles k = 8.99 x 10 9 Nm 2 /C 2 Electrical Current the movement of electrons or negative charges through a conductor 1 Amp = 1 Coulomb of electrons per second = 6.24 x electrons per second Symbol: I or i Unit: Ampere, A Instrument: Ammeter Types: AC, DC Example: 100 Watt lamp used on a house lighting circuit takes a current of about 0.83 Amperes 4

5 0.83 C per second 6. Electrical Resistance opposition offered by a material to the flow of an electric current Conductor: low resistance Insulator: high resistance Practical unit of measurement: Ohms Symbol: Ω (Omega) Example 1: 100-watt electric lamp used on 120-volt circuit has a resistance of 144 Ω Example 2: A 1000-ft length of No. 10 AWG (American Wire Gauge) copper wire (0.1 in diameter) has a resistance of about 1 Ω. Example 3: A round copper wire with a cross-sectional area of 2 square millimeters (mm 2 ) and a length of 1 kilometer (km) has a resistance of about 6.8Ω. Example 4: A 240-volt, 2500-watt electric heater has a resistance of about 23 Ω. 7. Potential Difference and Electromotive Force Potential Difference the difference in electric pressure between two points that cause an electric current to flow Measure in Volts (Voltage) Symbol: V Examples: o Potential difference between a dry cell 1.5 V o Between two terminals of an automobile storage battery 12 V o Potential differences applied to the terminals of electric motors are 115, 230, 460, etc o Potential difference between long-transmission lines are 354 KV, 765 KV Electromotive Force (emf) o Developed by devices through chemical, mechanical means Examples Thermocouple o A junction of two dissimilar metals o Heated -> generate a small emf Photo Electric Cell 8. Measurement of Current, Voltage, and Resistance Ohm Meter off line measurement Ammeter in series Voltmeter in parallel DMM Digital Multimeter 5

6 9. Basic SI Units Quantity Name Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric Current ampere A Luminous intensity candela cd Amount of substance mole mol 10. Unit Conversions Mass o Kilogram (kg) o 1 kg = pounds o 1 pound (lb) = kg o 1 oz = kg = g Length o Meter (m) o 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = inches o 1 inch = 25.4 cm Temperature (Three temperature scales) o Celsius o Fahrenheit, and o Kelvin Electric current o ampere: A Thermodynamic temperature o Kelvin: K Amount of substance o Mole: mol Luminous intensity o Candela: cd Temperature Kelvin degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit Symbol K C F Boiling point of water Freezing / melting point of water / ice Absolute zero

7 Temperature Conversion Formulas Kelvin = C degree F = C (9/5) + 32 degree C = (F 32)/1.8 Number Prefix Used with Electrical/Electronic Units Prefix Symbol Factor Yotta Y or E24 Zetta Z or E21 Exa E or E18 Peta P or E15 Tera T or E12 Giga G 10 9 or E9 Mega M 10 6 or E6 Kilo k 10 3 or E3 hecto h 10 2 or E2 deca da 10 1 or E1 deci d 10-1 or E-1 centi c 10-2 or E-2 milli m 10-3 or E-3 micro 10-6 or E-6 nano n 10-9 or E-9 pico p or E-12 femto f or E-15 atto a or E-18 zepto z or E-21 yocto y or E-24 Electrical Units Quantity and Symbol Unit and Symbol Measuement Device Current I ampere (A) Ammeter Electromotive force E volt (V) Voltmeter Potential difference V volt (V) Voltmeter Resistance R ohm (Ω) Wheatstone bridge, Ohmmeter, Voltmeterammeter 11. Electrical Safety Issues and safety Codes Safety issues o Human safety related: wet hands, long hair, long sleeves, etc o Rating: electric wires, fuse, NFB (No Fuse Breaker), insulation 7

8 o Equipment protection: voltage rating, electronics and semiconductor related National Electrical Safety Code o National Electrical Codes, NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), o IEEE Standards Association - o Electrical Safety: safety and Health for Electrical Trades Student Manual, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Labor - OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration) o Electrical Safety & Standards, SI Derived Units Frequency Hertz: Hz = 1/s ; s - second Force Newton: N = m kg/s 2 Pressure, stress Pascal: Pa = N/m 2 = kg/m s 2 Energy, work, quantity of heat joule: J = N m = m 2 kg/s 2 Power, radiant flux watt: W = J/s = m 2 kg/s 3 Quantity of electricity, electric charge coulomb: C = s A Electric potential volt: V = W/A = m 2 kg/s 3 A Capacitance farad: F = C/V = s 4 A 2 /m 2 kg Electric resistance ohm: Omega = V/A = m 2 kg/s 3 A 2 Conductance siemens: S = A/V = s 3 A 2 /m 2 kg Magnetic flux 8

9 weber: Wb = V s = m 2 kg/s 2 A Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction tesla: T = Wb/m 2 = kg/s 2 A Inductance henry: H = Wb/A = m 2 kg/s 2 A 2 Luminous flux lumen: lm = cd sr Illuminance lux: lx = lm/m 2 = cd sr/m 2 Activity (ionizing radiations) becquerel: Bq = 1/s Absorbed dose gray: Gy = J/kg = m 2 /s 2 Dynamic viscosity pascal second: Pa s = kg/m s Moment of force meter newton: N m = m 2 kg/s 2 Surface tension newton per meter: N/m = kg/s 2 Heat flux density, irradiance watt per square meter: W/m 2 = kg/s 3 Heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin: J/K = m 2 kg/s 2 K Specific heat capacity, specific entropy joule per kilogram kelvin: J/kg K = m 2 /s 2 K Specific energy joule per kilogram: J/kg = m 2 /s 2 Thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin: W/m K = m kg/s 3 K Energy density joule per cubic meter: J/m 3 = kg/m s 2 9

10 Electric field strength volt per meter: V/m = m kg/s 3 A Electric charge density coulomb per cubic meter: C/m 3 = s A/m 3 Electric displacement, electric flux density coulomb per square meter: C/m 2 = s A/m 2 Permittivity farad per meter: F/m = s 4 A 2 /m 3 kg Permeability henry per meter: H/m = m kg/s 2 A 2 Molar energy joule per mole: J/mol = m 2 kg/s 2 mol Molar entropy, molar heat capacity joule per mole kelvin: J/mol K = m 2 kg/s 2 K mol Exposure (ionizing radiations) coulomb per kilogram: C/kg = s A/kg Absorbed dose rate gray per second: Gy/s = m 2 /s 3 Reference Electrical Conductor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Semiconductor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 10