S/N PHYSICS 5059 SCIENCE (PHYSICS) 5076 / 5077

Transcription

1 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Understand that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit 2 SI UNITS Recall the base quantities and their units: o Mass (kg) o Length (m) o Time (s) o Current (A) o Temperature (K) o Amount of substance (mol) 3 PREFIXES PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Understand that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit SI UNITS Recall the base quantities and their units: o Mass (kg) o Length (m) o Time (s) o Current (A) o Temperature (K) PREFIXES Use prefixes and symbols to indicate decimal submultiples and multiples of SI units: o nano (n) o micro (μ) o milli (m) o centi (c) o deci (d) o kilo (k) o mega (M) o giga (G) Use prefixes and symbols to indicate decimal submultiples and multiples of SI units: o nano (n) o micro (μ) o milli (m) o centi (c) o deci (d) o kilo (k) o mega (M) o giga (G) Understand the order of magnitude of sizes of common objects ranging from a typical atom to the Earth 4 SCALARS AND VECTORS Understand the order of magnitude of sizes of common objects ranging from a typical atom to the Earth SCALARS AND VECTORS State what is meant by scalar and vector quantities and give common examples of each State what is meant by scalar and vector quantities and give common examples of each Add two vectors to determine a resultant by a graphical method Add two vectors to determine a resultant by a graphical method 1

2 5 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH AND TIME MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH AND TIME Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and calipers, using vernier scale as necessary Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and calipers, using vernier scale as necessary Describe how to measure short interval of time including periodi of simple pendulum with appropriate accuracy using stopwatches or appropriate instruments 6 SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION Describe how to measure short interval of time including periodi of simple pendulum with appropriate accuracy using stopwatches or appropriate instruments SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION State what is meant by speed and velocity State what is meant by speed and velocity Calculate average speed Calculate average speed State what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of acceleration State what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of acceleration Interpret given examples of nonuniform acceleration Interpret given examples of nonuniform acceleration 2

3 7 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION Plot and interpret displacementtime graph and velocitytime graph Plot and interpret displacementtime graph and velocitytime graph Deduce shape of displacementtime graph when a body is o At rest o Moving with uniform velocity o Moving with nonuniform velocity Deduce shape of displacementtime graph when a body is o At rest o Moving with uniform velocity o Moving with nonuniform velocity Deduce shape of velocitytime graph when a body is o At rest o Moving with uniform velocity o Moving with uniform acceleration o Moving with nonuniform acceleration Deduce shape of velocitytime graph when a body is o At rest o Moving with uniform velocity o Moving with uniform acceleration o Moving with nonuniform acceleration Calculate area under velocitytime graph to determine displacement travelled for motion with uniform velocity or uniform acceleration 8 FREEFALL Calculate area under velocitytime graph to determine displacement travelled for motion with uniform velocity or uniform acceleration FREEFALL State that acceleration of free fall for a body near the Earth is constant and is approximately 10 m/s 2 9 EFFECT OF AIR RESISTANCE State that acceleration of free fall for a body near the Earth is constant and is approximately 10 m/s 2 Describe motion of bodies with constant weight falling with or without air resistance, including reference to terminal velocity 3

4 10 BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES Apply Newton s Laws to: o Describe effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body o Describe ways in which a force may change the motion of a body o Identify actionreaction parts acting on two interacting bodies Recall and apply relationship between force, mass and acceleration 11 FREEBODY DIAGRAM BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES Apply Newton s Laws to: o Describe effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body o Describe ways in which a force may change the motion of a body Recall and apply relationship between force, mass and acceleration FREEBODY DIAGRAM Identify forces acting on object and draw free body diagrams representing forces acting on object (at most 2 dimensions) Identify forces acting on object and draw free body diagrams representing forces acting on object (at most 2 dimensions) Solve problems for static point mass under action of 3 forces for 2dimension cases, by graphical method 12 FRICTION Explain effects of friction on motion of a body 13 MASS AND WEIGHT FRICTION Explain effects of friction on motion of a body MASS AND WEIGHT State that mass is a measure of amount of substance in a body State that mass is a measure of amount of substance in a body State that mass of a body resists a change in state of rest or motion of body (inertia) State that mass of a body resists a change in state of rest or motion of body (inertia) Distinguish between mass and weight Distinguish between mass and weight 4

5 14 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND FIELD STRENGTH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND FIELD STRENGTH State that gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction State that gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction Define gravitational field strength, g, as gravitation force per unit mass Define gravitational field strength, g, as gravitation force per unit mass Recall and apply relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength 15 DENSITY Recall and apply relationship between density, mass and volume 16 MOMENTS Recall and apply relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength DENSITY Recall and apply relationship between density, mass and volume MOMENTS Describe moment of force in terms of its turning effect and relate to everyday examples Describe moment of force in terms of its turning effect and relate to everyday examples Recall and apply relationship between moment or a force (or torque), force and perpendicular distance from the pivot Recall and apply relationship between moment or a force (or torque), force and perpendicular distance from the pivot State and apply the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium 17 CENTRE OF GRAVITY Understand that weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point, its centre of gravity 18 STABILITY State and apply the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium CENTRE OF GRAVITY Understand that weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point, its centre of gravity STABILITY Describe qualitatively effect of position of centre of gravity on stability of objects Describe qualitatively effect of position of centre of gravity on stability of objects 5

6 19 PRESSURE PRESSURE Define pressure in terms of force and area Define pressure in terms of force and area Recall and apply relationship between pressure, force and area 20 PRESSURE DIFFERENCES Recall and apply relationship between pressure, force and area Describe and explain transmission of pressure in hydraulic systems with reference to hydraulic press Recall and apply relationship between pressure due to liquid column, height of column, density of liquid and gravitational field strength 21 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Describe how height of liquid column may be used to measure atmospheric pressure Describe use of manometer to measure pressure difference 22 ENERGY CONVERSION AND CONSERVATION ENERGY CONVERSION AND CONSERVATION Understand that kinetic energy, potential energy (chemical, gravitational, elastic), light energy, thermal energy, electrical energy and nuclear energy are examples of different forms of energy Understand that kinetic energy, potential energy (chemical, gravitational, elastic), light energy, thermal energy, electrical energy and nuclear energy are examples of different forms of energy State and apply the principle of the conservation of energy State and apply the principle of the conservation of energy Calculate efficiency of an energy conversion State and apply relationships for kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy (potential energy changes near Earth s surface) State and apply relationships for kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy (potential energy changes near Earth s surface) 6

7 23 WORK Recall and apply relationship between work done, force and distance moved in direction of force 24 POWER Recall and apply relationship between power, work done and time taken 25 STATES OF MATTER WORK Recall and apply relationship between work done, force and distance moved in direction of force POWER Recall and apply relationship between power, work done and time taken STATES OF MATTER Compare properties of solids, liquids and gases Compare properties of solids, liquids and gases Describe qualitatively molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to forces and distances between molecules and to motion of molecules 26 BROWNIAN MOTION Describe qualitatively molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to forces and distances between molecules and to motion of molecules Infer from Brownian motion experiment evidence for movement of molecules 7

8 27 KINETIC MODEL KINETIC MODEL Describe relationship between motion of molecules and temperature Describe relationship between motion of molecules and temperature Explain pressure of gas in terms of motion of molecules Recall and explain relationships using kinetic model o Change in pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume is caused by change in temperature of gas o Change in volume occupied by fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is caused by change in temperature of gas o Change in pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is caused by change in volume of the gas Use relationships in situations (a qualitative treatment would suffice) 28 CONDUCTION CONDUCTION Understand that thermal energy is transferred from region of high temperature to region of lower temperature Understand that thermal energy is transferred from region of high temperature to region of lower temperature Describe how energy transfer occurs in solid, in molecular terms 29 CONVECTION Describe how energy transfer occurs in solid, in molecular terms CONVECTION Describe convection in fluids, in terms of density changes Describe convection in fluids, in terms of density changes 8

9 30 RADIATION RADIATION Explain that energy transfer of a body by radiation does not require a material medium and rate of energy transfer is affected by o Colour and texture of surface o Surface temperature o Surface area Explain that energy transfer of a body by radiation does not require a material medium and rate of energy transfer is affected by o Colour and texture of surface o Surface temperature o Surface area Apply concept of thermal energy transfer to everyday applications 31 PRINCIPLES OF THERMOMETRY Apply concept of thermal energy transfer to everyday applications Explain how physical properties which varies with temperature, like volume of liquid column, resistance of metal wire and electromotive force (e.m.f.) produced by junctions formed with wires of two different metals, may be used to define temperature scales Describe process of calibration of liquidinglass thermometer, including need for fixed points like ice point and steam point 32 INTERNAL ENERGY INTERNAL ENERGY Describe rise in temperature of body in terms of increase in its internal energy (random thermal energy) 33 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY Describe rise in temperature of body in terms of increase in its internal energy (random thermal energy) Define heat capacity and specific heat capacity Recall and apply relationship between thermal energy, mass, specific heat capacity and change in temperature 9

10 34 MELTING, BOILING AND EVAPORATION MELTING, BOILING AND EVAPORATION Describe melting/solidification and boiling/condensation as processes of energy transfer without change in temperature Describe melting/solidification and boiling/condensation as processes of energy transfer without change in temperature Explain difference between boiling and evaporation 35 SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT Explain difference between boiling and evaporation Define latent heat and specific latent heat Recall and apply relationship between thermal energy, mass and specific latent heat Explain latent heat in terms of molecular behaviour Sketch and interpret cooling curve 36 DESCRIBING WAVE MOTION DESCRIBING WAVE MOTION Describe wave motion, as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by waves in ripple tank Describe wave motion, as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by waves in ripple tank Understand that waves transfer energy without transferring matter 37 WAVE TERMS Understand that waves transfer energy without transferring matter WAVE TERMS Define speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude Define speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude State what is meant by wavefront State what is meant by wavefront Recall and apply relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength Recall and apply relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength 10

11 38 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE WAVES Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples of each 39 REFLECTION OF LIGHT LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE WAVES Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples of each REFLECTION OF LIGHT Recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection Recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection State that, for reflection, angle incidence is equal to angle of reflection and use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations 40 REFRACTION OF LIGHT State that, for reflection, angle incidence is equal to angle of reflection and use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations REFRACTION OF LIGHT Recall and use terms for refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction Recall and use terms for refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction Recall and apply relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction Recall and apply relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction Define refraction index of a medium in terms of ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in medium Define refraction index of a medium in terms of ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in medium Explain critical angle and total internal reflection Explain critical angle and total internal reflection Identify main ideas in total internal reflection and apply to use of optical fibres in telecommunication and state advantages of their use 11

12 41 THIN LENSES THIN LENSES Describe action of thin lens (converging and diverging) on a beam of light Describe action of thin lens (converging and diverging) on a beam of light Define focal length for converging lens Define focal length for converging lens Draw raw diagrams to illustrate formation of real and virtual images of an object by thin converging lens 42 PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Draw raw diagrams to illustrate formation of real and virtual images of an object by thin converging lens PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES State that all electromagnetic waves and transverse waves that travel with the same speed in vacuum and state the magnitude of this speed State that all electromagnetic waves and transverse waves that travel with the same speed in vacuum and state the magnitude of this speed Describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum 43 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES State examples of use of following components o Radiowaves o Microwaves o Infrared o Light o Ultraviolet o Xrays o Gamma rays 44 EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ON CELLS AND TISSUE State examples of use of following components o Radiowaves o Microwaves o Infrared o Light o Ultraviolet o Xrays o Gamma rays Describe effects of absorbing electromagnetic waves, e.g. heating, ionisation and damage to living cells and tissue 12

13 45 SOUND WAVES SOUND WAVES Describe production of sound by vibrating sources Describe production of sound by vibrating sources Describe longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of processes of compression and rarefaction 46 SPEED OF SOUND Describe longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of processes of compression and rarefaction SPEED OF SOUND Explain that medium is required to transmit sound waves and speed of sound differs in air, liquids and solids Explain that medium is required to transmit sound waves and speed of sound differs in air, liquids and solids Describe a direct method to determine speed of sound in air and make necessary calculation Relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency 47 ECHO Relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency ECHO Describe how reflection of sound may produce an echo, and how this may be used for measuring distances 48 ULTRASOUND Describe how reflection of sound may produce an echo, and how this may be used for measuring distances Define ultrasound and describe one use of ultrasound, e.g. quality control and prenatal screening 49 LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS Understand that electrostatic charging by rubbing involves transfer of electrons Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction 13

14 50 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROSTATICS PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROSTATICS State that there are positive and negative charges, measured in coulombs State that there are positive and negative charges, measured in coulombs State that unlike charges attract and like charges repel 51 ELECTRIC FIELD State that unlike charges attract and like charges repel ELECTRIC FIELD Describe electric field as region in which an electric charge experiences a force Describe electric field as region in which an electric charge experiences a force Draw electric field of an isolated point charge and recall that direction of field lines gives direction of force acting on positive test charge Draw electric field of an isolated point charge and recall that direction of field lines gives direction of force acting on positive test charge Draw electric field pattern between two isolated point charges 52 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSTATICS Draw electric field pattern between two isolated point charges Describe examples where electrostatic charging may be a potential hazard Describe use of electrostatic charging in photocopier, and apply to new situations 53 CONVECTIONAL CURRENT AND ELECTRON FLOW CONVECTIONAL CURRENT AND ELECTRON FLOW State that current is a rate of flow of charge measured in amperes State that current is a rate of flow of charge measured in amperes Distinguish between convectional current and electron flow Distinguish between convectional current and electron flow Recall and apply relationship between charge, current and time Recall and apply relationship between charge, current and time 14

15 54 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as work done by source in driving unit charge around a complete circuit Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as work done by source in driving unit charge around a complete circuit Calculate total e.m.f. where several sources are arranged in series 55 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE State that e.m.f. of a source and potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts State that e.m.f. of a source and potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts Define p.d. across a circuit component as work done to drive unit charge through the component Define p.d. across a circuit component as work done to drive unit charge through the component 15

16 56 RESISTANCE RESISTANCE State the definition of resistance State the definition of resistance Apply the relationship between resistance, p.d. and current Apply the relationship between resistance, p.d. and current Describe an experiment to determine resistance of metallic conduction using a voltmeter and an ammeter, and make necessary calculation Describe an experiment to determine resistance of metallic conduction using a voltmeter and an ammeter, and make necessary calculation Recall and apply formulae for effective resistance of a number of resistors in series and in parallel Recall and apply formulae for effective resistance of a number of resistors in series and in parallel Recall and apply relationship of proportionality between resistance and length and crosssectional area of wire Recall and apply relationship of proportionality between resistance and length and crosssectional area of wire State Ohm s Law Describe effect of temperature increase on resistance of metallic conductor Sketch and interpret I/V characteristic graphs for metallic conductor at constant temperature, for filament lamp and semiconductor diode 16

17 57 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN CIRCUITS Draw circuit diagrams with power source (cell, battery, d.c. supply or a.c. supply), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed and variable), variable potential divider (potentiometer), fuses, ammeters and voltmeters, bells, lightdependent resistors, thermistors and lightemitting diodes State and apply that current at every point in series circuit is the same State and apply that sum of potential differences in a series circuit is equal to potential difference across whole circuit State and apply that current from source is sum of currents in separate branches of a parallel circuit State and apply that potential difference across separate branches of a parallel circuit is the same 58 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN CIRCUITS Draw circuit diagrams with power source (cell or battery), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed and variable), fuses, ammeters and voltmeters State and apply that current at every point in series circuit is the same State and apply that sum of potential differences in a series circuit is equal to potential difference across whole circuit State and apply that current from source is sum of currents in separate branches of a parallel circuit State and apply that potential difference across separate branches of a parallel circuit is the same SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS Recall and apply relationships of resistance, current, potential differences and resistors in series and in parallel circuits, in calculation involving a whole circuit 59 POTENTIAL DIVIDER CIRCUIT Recall and apply relationships of resistance, current, potential differences and resistors in series and in parallel circuits, in calculation involving a whole circuit Describe action of variable potential divider (potentiometer) 60 THERMISTOR AND LIGHTDEPENDENT RESISTOR Describe action of thermistors and lightdependent resistors and explain use as input transducers in potential dividers Solve simple circuit problems involving thermistors and lightdependent resistors 17

18 61 ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY Describe use of heating effect of electricity in appliances like electric kettles, ovens and heaters Describe use of heating effect of electricity in appliances like electric kettles, ovens and heaters Recall and apply relationships P = VI and E = VIt Recall and apply relationships P = VI and E = VIt Calculate cost of using electrical appliances where energy unit is in kwh Calculate cost of using electrical appliances where energy unit is in kwh Compare use of nonrenewable and renewable energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy and hydroelectric generation to generate electricity in terms of energy conversion efficiency, cost per kwh produced and environmental impact 62 DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY State hazards of using electricity in the following situations o Damaged insulation o Overheating of cables o Damp conditions State hazards of using electricity in the following situations o Damaged insulation o Overheating of cables o Damp conditions 18

19 63 SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME Explain use of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical circuits and of fuse ratings Explain use of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical circuits and of fuse ratings Explain need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation Explain need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation State meaning of live, neutral and earth State meaning of live, neutral and earth Describe the wiring in a mains plug Describe the wiring in a mains plug Explain why switches, fuses and circuit breakers are wired into live conductor 64 LAWS OF MAGNETISM State properties of magnets 65 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER Explain why switches, fuses and circuit breakers are wired into live conductor LAWS OF MAGNETISM State properties of magnets MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER Describe induced magnetism Describe induced magnetism Describe electrical methods of magnetisation or demagnetisation Describe electrical methods of magnetisation or demagnetisation Distinguish between properties and uses of temporary magnetics (e.g. iron) and permanent magnets (e.g. steel) 66 MAGNETIC FIELD Distinguish between properties and uses of temporary magnetics (e.g. iron) and permanent magnets (e.g. steel) MAGNETIC FIELD Draw magnetic field pattern around a bar magnetic and between poles of two bar magnets Draw magnetic field pattern around a bar magnetic and between poles of two bar magnets Describe plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass Describe plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass 19

20 67 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT Draw pattern of magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids and state effect on magnetic field of changing the magnitude and/or direction of current 68 APPLICATIONS OF THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT Describe application of magnetic effect of current in circuit breaker 69 FORCE ON A CURRENTCARRYING CONDUCTOR MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT Draw pattern of magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids and state effect on magnetic field of changing the magnitude and/or direction of current APPLICATIONS OF THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT Describe application of magnetic effect of current in circuit breaker FORCE ON A CURRENTCARRYING CONDUCTOR Describe experiments to show force on currentcarrying conductor, and on a beam of charged particles, in magnetic field, including effect of reversing current and direction of field Describe experiments to show force on currentcarrying conductor, and on a beam of charged particles, in magnetic field, including effect of reversing current and direction of field Deduce relative direction of force, field and current when any two of these quantities are at right angles to each other by Fleming s lefthand rule Deduce relative direction of force, field and current when any two of these quantities are at right angles to each other by Fleming s lefthand rule Describe field patterns between currents in parallel conductors and relate these forces which exist between conductors (excluding Earth s field) Explain how currentcarrying coil in magnetic field experiences a turning effect Explain how currentcarrying coil in magnetic field experiences a turning effect and that effect is increased by increasing number of turns on the coil and current 70 THE D.C. MOTOR Discuss how this turning effect is used in action of an electric motor Describe action of splitring commutator in twopole, singlecoil motor and effect of winding coil on to a softiron cylinder 20

21 71 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Deduce from Faraday s experiment on electromagnetic induction or other appropriate experiments o Changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit o Direction of induced e.m.f. opposes change producing it o Factors affecting magnitude of induced e.m.f. 72 THE A.C. GENERATOR Describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or rotating magnet) and use of split rings (where needed) Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator 73 USE OF CATHODERAY OSCILLOSCOPE Describe use of cathoderay oscilloscope (c.r.o.) to display waveforms and to measure potential differences and short intervals of time Interpret c.r.o. displays of waveforms, potential differences and time intervals 21

22 74 THE TRANSFORMER Describe structure and principle of operation of a simple ironcored transformer as used for voltage transformation Recall and apply relationships between voltage, number of turns and current in primary and secondary coils (for an ideal transformer) Describe energy loss in cables and deduce advantages of high voltage transmission END 22