NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX
|
|
- Annabel Hensley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2005/3 PAGES RECEIVED ACCEPTED M. J. SULEWSKA NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX Maria Jolanta Sulewska Ph.D. Maria Sulewska, Bialystok Technical University, 45E Wiejska St., Białystok, Poland. Phone: , Fax: , sulewska@pb.bialystok.pl Research field: soil mechanics ABSTRACT KEY WORDS Compaction quality of built-in layers in ground or embankments is most frequently determined on the basis of a density index. The paper presents a theoretical basis and evaluation of the total standard of laboratory measurement of a density index according to new international regulations. laboratory tests, density index, of laboratory measurement 1. INTRODUCTION In the present global market, there is a necessity to unify methods of expressing measurement results in order to create a basis for international comparisons. An international procedure for the characterization of the quality of measurement results has been agreed, and in 1993, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [1]. This document introduced a new method for the evaluation of in measurement. In this study the new method of evaluation was applied to measurement of the compaction degree of non-cohesive soils [2]. 2. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE NEW CLASSIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT Measurement can be defined as the parametric identification of a model [3]. Measurement is always inaccurate the measured value differs from the true value because of the imperfection of a researcher, the device, the testing method and the variability of the test conditions. Uncertainty in measurement (u) is a value which allows for the determination of the limits of an interval containing (with an assumed probability) the unknown true value of the measured quantity. The of a measurement result (u) is composed of many components, which can be divided into two categories, depending on the method of calculating their values: type A uncertainties (u A ) determined using statistical methods, they correspond to uncertainties caused by accidental effects, type B uncertainties (u B ) determined using other methods, they correspond to uncertainties caused by systematical effects introduced by measurement devices. Both types of should be treated in the same way as random uncertainties, and the basis for their evaluation is the evaluation of standard deviations σ. The following values are calculated in order to evaluate the total in measurement: a) particular standard uncertainties: u i = σ i (1) 2005 SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 39 sulewska_01.indd :30:01
2 b) the total standard, which is the sum of many component standard uncertainties: c) the total : u c = k α u = k α σ (3) (2) Y = f(x j ) for j = 1, 2,..., N (8) For each directly measured variable X j, a series of n measurements is conducted, and the average values and standard uncertainties u Aj are determined. Then the following calculations are made: a) the average value of the directly measured variable: where the multiplier k α is the value of the standardized variable, depending on the assumed level of confidence α; for normal distribution, it equals k α =2 or k α =3, which corresponds to α=0.95 or α=0.99. The result of the measurement is given in the following form: for α =... (4) b) the standard total for : (9) (10) 3. MEASUREMENTS BURDENED BY DOMINATING TYPE A STANDARD UNCERTAINTY The type A standard manifests itself in the statistical spread of results in a series of repeated tests made under the same conditions. The estimator of the standard deviation of the average value is a measure of type A standard. In order to obtain the value of type A, it is necessary to make the following calculations: a) the average (expected) value of measured variable X: b) the experimental variance of the average value, which is a measure of the in the measurement of a series of n results: c) the experimental standard deviation of the average value, which is a measure of the accidental of the average deviation value: In indirect measurements, value Y is a function of j quantities of particular, directly measured variables X j : (5) (6) (7) 4. MEASUREMENTS BURDENED BY DOMINATING TYPE B STANDARD UNCERTAINTY Imperfections of measuring devices are most often the source of type B standard uncertainties. The limit value of error g, which is determined by a class index or the accuracy of reading from a scale, informs about a measuring device error. Assuming that device errors have a monotonous distribution (i.e., these errors assume the values from the interval ± g with equal probability), the standard deviation of a monotonous distribution is the type B standard. It can be calculated in succession [1,3]: a) variance: b) type B standard : (11) (12) In the case of indirect measurements there is the necessity to consider more than one type B standard while evaluating the total. It is calculated in succession: a) the value of the quantity indirectly measured according to the equation (9), b) total standard deviation for Y value: 40 NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX sulewska_01.indd :30:02
3 (13) [-] (18) 5. MEASUREMENTS BURDENED BY TYPE AB STANDARD UNCERTAINTY Uncertainties of type A (random) and type B (device errors) may occur in direct measurements. Standard total is calculated according to the equation: (14) In the case of indirect measurements for the function Y=f(X j ), where j=1,2,, N, it is necessary to calculate: a) the value measured directly according to the equation (9), b) total standard for j particular quantities directly measured according to the equation (14): c) total standard for the average value : (15) [-] (19) where ρ s - density of solid particles [g/cm 3 ], ρ d min - dry density of solid particles in the loosest state [g/cm 3 ], ρ d max - dry density of solid particles in the densest state [g/cm 3 ], ρ d - dry density of solid particles in an embankment or subsoil [g/cm 3 ]. Density of solid particles - in practice it is accepted for noncohesive mineral soils ρ s =2,65 g/cm 3. It has been assumed that soil density had been measured with the required accuracy [2]: g/cm 3. The dry density of solid particles in the loosest state is calculated in the following way: [g/cm 3 ] (20) The dry density of solid particles in the densest state is calculated according to the following equations: [g/cm 3 ] (21) m s = m st m t [g] (22) 6. DEGREE OF COMPACTION OF SOIL The degree of compaction of non-cohesive soil is calculated according to the following equation: [-] (16) where: e max maximum void ratio, which is obtained by the most loose arrangement of dry soil in a cylinder [-], e min minimum void ratio, which is obtained by the compaction of soil in a cylinder using vibration forks [-], e void ratio of soil in an embankment or in subsoil [-]. Void ratios are defined by the following equations: [-] (17) v c1 = v c v c [cm 3 ] (23) [cm 3 ] (24) [cm 3 ] (25) h c = g t h [cm] (26) The dry density of solid particles in an embankment or subsoil is calculated according to the equation: [g/cm 3 ] (27) where ρ - bulk density of soil in an embankment or subsoil [g/cm 3 ], NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX 41 sulewska_01.indd :30:04
4 w - water content of soil in an embankment or subsoil [%]. The water content of soil is most frequently measured using the drying method [2], and it is calculated in the following way: [%] (28) m w = m mt1 m st1 [g] (29) m s1 = m st1 m t1 [g] (30) The bulk density of soil is determined directly in the subsoil or an embankment, using, for example, the sand-cone method [4] (fig. 1): (31) (32) Calibration of the volume density of calibrated sand ρ pk in a measuring cylinder: Mass calibration of calibrated sand filling a cone: (33) (34) (35) The measurement of the degree of compaction of non-cohesive soil I D using the sand-cone method is an indirect measurement, which is a function of several direct measurements: (36) Notations in the equations (16) (36): m s mass of soil in a cylinder [g], m st mass of the cylinder containing soil (dry, loose arrangement) [g], m t mass of an empty cylinder [g], V c cylinder volume [cm 3 ], d c inner diameter of a cylinder [cm], h c inner height of a cylinder [cm], V c1 soil volume after vibrations [cm 3 ], V c decrease of soil volume in a cylinder after vibrations [cm 3 ], h c decrease of soil height in a cylinder after vibrations [cm], g t thickness of a plunger [cm], h distance between the top edge of the cylinder and the top surface of a plunger [cm], m w mass of water in a soil specimen taken from the subsoil or an embankment [g], m s1 mass of soil in a sample [g], m mt1 mass of evaporating dish with wet soil [g], m st1 mass of evaporating dish with dried soil [g], m t1 mass of an empty evaporating dish [g], V 1 volume of a measuring cylinder used for sand calibration [cm 3 ], D 1 diameter of a measuring cylinder used for sand calibration [cm], h 1 height of a measuring cylinder used for sand calibration, mass of a container with calibrated sand before cone calibration [g], - mass of a container with calibrated sand left after cone calibration [g], - mass of a container with calibrated sand before sand calibration [g], - mass of a container with calibrated sand left after sand calibration [g], M 1 mass of a container with calibrated Fig. 1. Sand-cone: a) diagram of soil volume density test in situ, b) diagram of the calibration of the volume density of calibrated sand, c) diagram of the mass calibration of calibrated sand filling a sand-cone 42 NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX sulewska_01.indd :30:06
5 Table 1. The direct test results, variances and type B standard uncertainties of particular direct measurements Variables x x j i Limit device Average (j = 1,...,18) i = 1 i = 2 i = 3 i = 4 i = 5 error gj j = 1,...,18 u Bj 1 m st [g] m t [g] d c [cm] h c [cm] g t [cm] h [cm] m mt1 [g] m st1 [g] m t1 [g] D 1 [cm] h 1 [cm] M 1 [g] M 2 [g] M 1 [g] M 2 [g] M 1 [g] M 2 [g] M [g] sand before examining the hole [g], M 2 mass of a container with calibrated sand left after examining the hole [g], M mass of soil taken from the hole [g], V d hole volume [cm 3 ]. 7. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMINATIONS The examinations of the degree of compaction were conducted in a laboratory on one subsoil model of a thickness of 0.60 cm prepared in a box of the dimensions of 1.30 x 1.30 x 1.05 m from medium sand of a low humidity, uniformly grained and compacted. All the direct measurements were repeated five times. The distances between the points in which the bulk density was measured using the sand-cone method were in a range of m. 8. EXPERIMENTAL AND CALCULATION RESULTS The experimental results x i (where i = 1,...,5) of variables X j (where: j = 1,...18), limit device errors gj and average values are given in Table 1. The variances and standard uncertainties of B type were calculated. The standard uncertainties of A type were not calculated because some of the direct measurements were not repeated (m mt1, m st1, m t1, M 2, M). For particular indirect measurements, the following values were calculated: a) the average values of particular indirect measurements according to equations (35) (16), taking into account the average values of the direct measurements, b) variances of particular indirect measurements c) experimental variances of the average values according to equation (6) for all the variables (except those which were not repeated: V d, m s1, m w ), d) total variances according to the following equation: (37) NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX 43 sulewska_01.indd :30:08
6 Tab. 2. Summary of particular types of uncertainties of the geotechnical parameters tested Relative Relative Relative Parameter Total Type B Type A Total Average standard u B u A u u c % % AB % ρ [g/cm 3 ] w [%] ρ d [g/cm 3 ] ρ dmax [g/cm 3 ] ρ dmin [g/cm 3 ] e [-] e min [-] e max [-] I D [-] e) total standard uncertainties according to equation (14), f) total u cj according to equation (3). Table 2 gives a summary of the calculations of the total uncertainties (absolute and relative) of particular geotechnical parameters related to the degree of compaction of the non-cohesive soils. The result of the measurement of the degree of compaction can be written in the following manner: I D = 0.678±0.231 at α = 0.05, which means that the experimental results are in the range of to with a probability of 95%. 9. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a calculation procedure for the total in the measurement of geotechnical parameters related to examinations of a non-cohesive soil state on the basis of the degree of compaction. Measurements of geotechnical parameters are burdened by type A and type B uncertainties. For most direct measurements, type A is much higher than type B. The measurement of the degree of compaction is burdened by a considerably high total (about 34%); random uncertainties in the measurements of e min and e max make a large contribution. The measurement of the degree of compaction using a laboratory method seems to be imprecise and ambiguous in the light of calculations. Acknowledgements The paper is the result of research work financially supported by the Ministry of Scientific Research and Information Technology. REFERENCES [1] Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. ISO [2] PN-88/B Building soils. Laboratory tests. (in Polish: Grunty budowlane. Badania próbek gruntu) [3] TURZENIECKA D.: Evaluation of uncertainties of measurement results. (in Polish: Ocena niepewności wyniku pomiarów), Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań [4] BN-77/ Determination of degree of soil compaction (in Polish: Oznaczanie wskaźnika zagęszczenia gruntu). 44 NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF A DENSITY INDEX sulewska_01.indd :30:09
Soil Mechanics III. SOIL COMPOSITION WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
Soil Mechanics III. SOIL COMPOSITION WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS Soil Basic Terminology Basic Terminology Porosity. Porosity of a soil mass is the ratio of the volume of voids
More informationGeology and Soil Mechanics Prof. P. Ghosh Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture - 13 Soil Compaction- C
Geology and Soil Mechanics Prof. P. Ghosh Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture - 13 Soil Compaction- C Keywords: Soil compaction, In-situ density, Sand cone method,
More informationModule 1 GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND OF REINFORCED SOIL (Lectures 1 to 4)
Module 1 GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND OF REINFORCED SOIL (Lectures 1 to 4) Topics 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION Sieve Analysis Hydrometer Analysis 1.3 SIZE LIMITS FOR SOILS 1.4 WEIGHT-VOLUME
More informationNew light-weight device for measuring degree of compaction and dynamic load bearing capacity
New light-weight device for measuring degree of compaction and dynamic load bearing capacity Zoltán TOMPAI assistant lecturer Department of Highway and Railway Engineering Budapest University of Technology
More informationSchedule of Accreditation issued by United Kingdom Accreditation Service 2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK
Unit 4 Heol Aur Dafen Industrial Estate Dafen Carmarthenshire SA14 8QN Contact: Mr P Evans Tel: +44 (0)1554 784040 Fax: +44 (0)1554 784041 E-Mail: pevans@gstl.co.uk Website: www.gstl.co.uk locations: Testing
More informationA. V T = 1 B. Ms = 1 C. Vs = 1 D. Vv = 1
Geology and Soil Mechanics 55401 /1A (2002-2003) Mark the best answer on the multiple choice answer sheet. 1. Soil mechanics is the application of hydraulics, geology and mechanics to problems relating
More informationGeology and Soil Mechanics /1A ( ) Mark the best answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.
Geology and Soil Mechanics 55401 /1A (2003-2004) Mark the best answer on the multiple choice answer sheet. 1. Soil mechanics is the application of hydraulics, geology and mechanics to problems relating
More informationSpecific Accreditation Guidance. Infrastructure and Asset Integrity. Measurement Uncertainty in Geotechnical Testing
Specific Accreditation Guidance Infrastructure and Asset Integrity Measurement Uncertainty in Geotechnical Testing January 2018 Copyright National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia 2018 This
More informationCHAPTER VI. Deep Compaction Techniques
CHAPTER VI Deep Compaction Techniques Densification of deep soil deposits is achieved by the following techniques: a. Precompression b. Explosion c. Heavy tamping d. Vibration e. Compaction grouting 1
More informationSuitability of the SDMT method to assess geotechnical parameters of post-flotation sediments.
Suitability of the SDMT method to assess geotechnical parameters of post-flotation sediments. Zbigniew Młynarek, Sławomir Gogolik August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań, Poland Diego Marchetti
More informationSTRENGTH EVALUATION OF ROCKFILL MATERIALS CONSIDERING CONFINING PRESSURE DEPENDENCY
STRENGTH EVALUATION OF ROCKFILL MATERIALS CONSIDERING CONFINING PRESSURE DEPENDENCY Yoshikazu YAMAGUCHI 1, Hiroyuki SATOH 2, Naoyoshi HAYASHI 3, Hisayuki YOSHINAGA 4 1, Dam Structures Research Team(DSRT),
More informationGranulometric composition study of mineral resources using opto-electronic devices and Elsieve software system
Granulometric composition study of mineral resources using opto-electronic devices and Elsieve software system Stanislaw Kaminski 1, Piotr Kaminski 1, Dorota Kaminska 1, and Jerzy Trzcinski 2,a 1 Kamika
More information12 th ICSGE Dec Cairo - Egypt
12 th ICSGE 10-12 Dec. 2007 Cairo - Egypt Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering Department of Structural Engineering Twelfth International Colloquium on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering CORRELATIONS
More informationNEW DOWN-HOLE PENETROMETER (DHP-CIGMAT) FOR CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS
NEW DOWN-HOLE PENETROMETER (DHP-CIGMAT) FOR CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS 1 2 C. Vipulanandan 1, Ph.D., M. ASCE and Omer F. Usluogullari 2 Chairman, Professor, Director of Center for Innovative Grouting Materials
More informationTheory of Shear Strength
SKAA 1713 SOIL MECHANICS Theory of Shear Strength Prepared by, Dr. Hetty 1 SOIL STRENGTH DEFINITION Shear strength of a soil is the maximum internal resistance to applied shearing forces The maximum or
More informationChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the Problem Engineering properties of geomaterials are very important for civil engineers because almost everything we build - tunnels, bridges, dams and others
More informationANALYSES OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION BASED ON VERTICAL LOAD TESTS OF DISPLACEMENT PILES
Technical Sciences 18(4), 2015, 261 270 ANALYSES OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION BASED ON VERTICAL LOAD TESTS OF DISPLACEMENT PILES Department of Geotechnical engineering Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
More informationEffect of cyclic loading on shear modulus of peat
6 th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering 1-4 November 2015 Christchurch, New Zealand Effect of cyclic loading on shear modulus of peat Masahiko Yamaki 1, Takahiro Yamanashi
More informationINTERFACE SHEARING BEHAVIOR BETWEEN DRY SAND AND METAL STRIP WITH DIFFERENT APERTURE SIZES
INTERFACE SHEARING BEHAVIOR BETWEEN DRY SAND AND METAL STRIP WITH DIFFERENT APERTURE SIZES by SIT KUN CHEONG Final Year Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Bachelor
More informationCE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 5.2. Permeability III (Das, Ch. 6) Summary Soil Index Properties (Das, Ch. 2-6)
CE 40 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 5. Permeability III (Das, Ch. 6) Summary Soil Index Properties (Das, Ch. -6) Outline of this Lecture 1. Getting the in situ hydraulic conductivity 1.1 pumping
More informationUNIVERSITY OF BOLTON WESTERN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FZE. BEng (HONS) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING SEMESTER ONE EXAMINATION 2016/2017 GROUND AND WATER STUDIES 1
OCD59 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON WESTERN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FZE BEng (HONS) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING SEMESTER ONE EXAMINATION 2016/2017 GROUND AND WATER STUDIES 1 MODULE NO: CIE4009 Date: Saturday 14 January
More informationSoil Mechanics Course Contents
/ Soil Mechanics Course Contents Instructor: Asst. Prof. Mahdi O. Karkush (Ph.D., CE, MISSMGE)) E-mail: mahdi_karkush@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq Tel.: Prerequisite: Solid Mechanics, Engineering Mechanics and
More informationPermeability of Sandy Soil CIVE 2341 Section 2 Soil Mechanics Laboratory Experiment #5, Laboratory #6 SPRING 2015 Group #3
Permeability of Sandy Soil CIVE 2341 Section 2 Soil Mechanics Laboratory Experiment #5, Laboratory #6 SPRING 2015 Group #3 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the coefficient of permeability
More information2. MASS AND VOLUME MEASUREMENTS Mass measurement Analytical and standard laboratory balances Pre-lab Exercises
Name:. Date: Objectives 2. MASS AND VOLUME MEASUREMENTS To overview the metric and SI units of mass and volume measurements. To introduce the laboratory equipment used for mass and volume measurements.
More informationSHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
Soil Failure Criteria SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL Knowledge about the shear strength of soil important for the analysis of: Bearing capacity of foundations, Slope stability, Lateral pressure on retaining structures,
More informationASSESSMENT OF SHEAR STRENGTH IN SILTY SOILS
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2015 DOI: 10.1515/sgem-2015-0020 ASSESSMENT OF SHEAR STRENGTH IN SILTY SOILS KATARZYNA STEFANIAK Poznań University if Life Sciences, Institute of Construction
More informationCorrelations between soil parameters and penetration testing results
1 A 1 6 Correlations between soil parameters and penetration testing results Corrélation entre paramètres du sol et résultats de sondage J. FORMAZIN, Director, VEB SBK Wasserbau, KB Baugrund Berlin, Berlin,
More informationOn Compaction Characteristics and Particle Breakage of Soil-aggregate Mixture
International Conference on Information Sciences, Machinery, Materials and Energy (ICISMME 205) On Compaction Characteristics and Particle Breakage of Soil-aggregate Mixture Xi Chang XU, a, Shan Xiong
More informationInfluence of a cyclic and dynamic loading history on dynamic properties of dry sand, part I: cyclic and dynamic torsional prestraining
Influence of a cyclic and dynamic loading history on dynamic properties of dry sand, part I: cyclic and dynamic torsional ing T. Wichtmann i), Th. Triantafyllidis Institute of Soil Mechanics and Foundation
More informationChapter I Basic Characteristics of Soils
Chapter I Basic Characteristics of Soils Outline 1. The Nature of Soils (section 1.1 Craig) 2. Soil Texture (section 1.1 Craig) 3. Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution (section 1.2 Craig) 4. Particle
More informationSet-up in Heavy Tamping Compaction of Sands
Set-up in Heavy Tamping Compaction of Sands Norbert Kurek Menard Polska sp. z o.o.,warsaw, Poland. E-mail:nkurek@menard.pl) Lech Bałachowski Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland, e-mail: abal@pg.gda.pl
More informationEvaluation of liquefaction resistance of non-plastic silt from mini-cone calibration chamber tests
Evaluation of liquefaction resistance of non-plastic silt from mini-cone calibration chamber tests C.D.P. Baxter, M.S. Ravi Sharma, N.V. Seher, & M. Jander University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, USA
More informationJ. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A.
J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. Paul Guyer is a registered mechanical engineer, civil engineer, fire protection engineer and architect with over 35 years experience in the design of buildings and related infrastructure.
More informationProf. Dr.-Ing. Martin Achmus Institute of Soil Mechanics, Foundation Engineering and Waterpower Engineering. Offshore subsoil investigations
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Achmus Institute of Soil Mechanics, Foundation Engineering and Waterpower Engineering Offshore subsoil investigations Addis Ababa, September 2010 Offshore subsoil investigations Presentation
More information1.5 Permeability Tests
1-17 1.5 Permeability Tests 1.5.1 General - To determine the coefficient of permeability(or coefficient of hydraulic conductivity) k - General method for determining k directly. 1) Constant-head method
More informationTheory of Shear Strength
MAJ 1013 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS Theory of Shear Strength Prepared by, Dr. Hetty 1 Strength of different materials Steel Concrete Soil Tensile strength Compressive strength Shear strength Complex behavior
More informationA look into Gassmann s Equation
A look into Gassmann s Equation Nawras Al-Khateb, CHORUS Heavy Oil Consortium, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary nawras.alkhateb@ucalgary.ca Summary By describing the influence of the pore
More informationWhy does my soil moisture sensor read negative? Improving accuracy of dielectric soil moisture sensors
Why does my soil moisture sensor read negative? Improving accuracy of dielectric soil moisture sensors Douglas R. Cobos, Ph.D. Decagon Devices and Washington State University Outline Introduction VWC definition
More informationWACEL AGGREGATE LABORATORY TESTING TECHNICIAN
STUDY GUIDE WACEL AGGREGATE LABORATORY TESTING TECHNICIAN August 2016 Study Guide Aggregate Laboratory Testing General: An aggregate laboratory technician shall have sufficient training, education, and
More informationChanges in soil deformation and shear strength by internal erosion
Changes in soil deformation and shear strength by internal erosion C. Chen & L. M. Zhang The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China D. S. Chang AECOM Asia Company Ltd., Hong Kong,
More informationCyclic Triaxial Behavior of an Unsaturated Silty Soil Subjected to Suction Changes
6 th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering 1-4 November 215 Christchurch, New Zealand Cyclic Triaxial Behavior of an Unsaturated Silty Soil Subjected to Suction Changes T. Nishimura
More informationDetermination of water and salt transport parameters of porous materials using methods of inverse modelling
Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIII 349 Determination of water and salt transport parameters of porous materials using methods of inverse modelling L. Fiala, Z. Pavlík, M. Pavlíková
More informationBeneficial use of marine dredged sand and sediments in road construction
Beneficial use of marine dredged sand and sediments in road construction Kamali Siham *, Bernard Fabrice, Dubois Vincent, Abriak Nor Edine Civil Engineering Department of Ecole des Mines de Douai 941,
More informationLecture 2: Soil Properties and Groundwater Flow
ENGI 7718 Environmental Geotechniques ENGI 9621 Soil Remediation Engineering Lecture 2: Soil Properties and Groundwater Flow Spring 2011 Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science 1 2.1 Soil properties 2.1.1
More informationSHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL Necessity of studying Shear Strength of soils : Soil failure usually occurs in the form of shearing along internal surface within the soil. Shear Strength: Thus, structural strength
More informationNew Criterion For The Liquefaction Resistance Under Strain-Controlled Multi-Directional Cyclic Shear
New Criterion For The Liquefaction Resistance Under Strain-Controlled Multi-Directional Cyclic Shear H. Matsuda, T.T. Nhan, R. Ishikura & T. Inazawa Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan P.H. Andre Brawijaya
More informationGuide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)- An Overview
Estimation of Uncertainties in Chemical Measurement Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)- An Overview Angelique Botha Method of evaluation: Analytical measurement Step 1: Specification
More informationThe theories to estimate lateral earth pressure due to a strip surcharge loading will
Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW The theories to estimate lateral earth pressure due to a strip surcharge loading will be introduced in this chapter. Commonly geotechnical engineers apply the equations suggested
More informationSOIL SHEAR STRENGTH. Prepared by: Dr. Hetty Muhammad Azril Fauziah Kassim Norafida
SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH Prepared by: Dr. Hetty Muhammad Azril Fauziah Kassim Norafida What is shear strength Shear strength of a soil is the maximum internal resistance to applied shearing forces Why it is
More informationEFFECTS OF PARALLEL GRADATION ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BALLAST MATERIALS. Domenica Cambio 1, and Louis Ge 2
EFFECTS OF PARALLEL GRADATION ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BALLAST MATERIALS Domenica Cambio 1, and Louis Ge 2 1 University of Naples Federico II, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Via Claudio, 21 8125,
More informationThe Effects of Different Surcharge Pressures on 3-D Consolidation of Soil
The Effects of Different Surcharge Pressures on 3-D Consolidation of Soil Arpan Laskar *1 and Sujit Kumar Pal 2 *1 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura, India.
More information5th Pan American Conference for NDT 2-6 October 2011, Cancun, Mexico. Determination of thermal technical properties of ceramics masonry components
Determination of thermal technical properties of ceramics masonry components Jiri ZACH 1, Jiri BROZOVSKY 1, Jitka HROUDOVA 1 1 Institute of Building Materials and Components, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
More informationTESTING of AGGREGATES for CONCRETE
TESTING of AGGREGATES for CONCRETE The properties of the aggregates affect both the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It is crucial to know the properties of the aggregates to be used in the making
More informationSECTION AGGREGATE OR GRANULAR SUBBASE
SECTION 02230 AGGREGATE OR GRANULAR SUBBASE PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 SECTION INCLUDES A. Aggregate or granular subbase as shown on the drawings. 1.02 RELATED SECTIONS A. Section 01400 Quality Requirements.
More informationThe CPT in unsaturated soils
The CPT in unsaturated soils Associate Professor Adrian Russell (UNSW) Mr David Reid (Golder Associates) Prof Nasser Khalili (UNSW) Dr Mohammad Pournaghiazar (UNSW) Dr Hongwei Yang (Uni of Hong Kong) Outline
More informationTHE DETERMINATION OF SHEAR MODULUS IN OVERCONSOLIDATED COHESIVE SOILS
F O U N D A T I O N S O F C I V I L A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L E N G I N E E R I N G No. 12 2008 Katarzyna MARKOWSKA-LECH * Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Poland THE DETERMINATION OF SHEAR
More informationADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES
ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES ISSN: 1995-0772 Published BY AENSI Publication EISSN: 1998-1090 http://www.aensiweb.com/anas 2016 Special10(7): pages 386-391 Open Access Journal Shear Modulus
More informationProf. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
06 Index properties Review Clay particle-water interaction Identification of clay minerals Sedimentation analysis Hydrometer analysis 0.995 20-40 Hydrometer is a device which is used to measure the specific
More informationThe more common classification systems are enlisted below:
A number of systems of classification have been evolved for categorizing various types of soil. Some of these have been developed specifically in connection with ascertaining the suitability of soil for
More informationEVALUATION OF DYNAMIC METHODS FOR EARTHWORK ASSESSMENT
Vol. 11, Issue 1/, 38-44 DOI:./cee--000 EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC METHODS FOR EARTHWORK ASSESSMENT Jozef VLČEK 1,*, Dominika ĎUREKOVÁ 2, Katarína ZGÚTOVÁ 2 1 Department of Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
More informationExperimental Device for Measuring Sandy Soil Sinkage Parameters
Bull. Fac. Agr., Saga Univ. No Experimental Device for Measuring Sandy Soil Sinkage Parameters Nang Nguyen Van, Takaaki MATSUO, Tatsuya KOUMOTO * and Shigeki INABA ** (Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery,
More informationQUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT: CIVIL SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE 2251 / SOIL MECHANICS SEMESTER: IV UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION PART - A (2 marks) 1. Distinguish between Residual and Transported soil. (AUC May/June 2012)
More informationPRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Fourth Edition BRAJA M. DAS California State University, Sacramento I(T)P Boston Albany Bonn Cincinnati London Madrid Melbourne Mexico City New York Paris San Francisco
More informationIntroduction to Soil Mechanics Geotechnical Engineering-II
Introduction to Soil Mechanics Geotechnical Engineering-II ground SIVA Dr. Attaullah Shah 1 Soil Formation Soil derives from Latin word Solum having same meanings as our modern world. From Geologist point
More informationEFFECT OF PARTICLE SHAPE ON SAND-GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACES
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-issn: 2395-56 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Apr -217 www.irjet.net p-issn: 2395-72 EFFECT OF PARTICLE SHAPE ON SAND-GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACES Krupa
More informationFHWA/IN/JTRP-2008/5. Final Report. Dongwook Kim Rodrigo Salgado
FHWA/IN/JTRP-2008/5 Final Report LIMIT STATES AND LOAD AND RESISTANCE DESIGN OF SLOPES AND RETAINING STRUCTURES Dongwook Kim Rodrigo Salgado January 2009 INDOT Research TECHNICAL Summary Technology Transfer
More informationPrediction of torsion shear tests based on results from triaxial compression tests
Prediction of torsion shear tests based on results from triaxial compression tests P.L. Smith 1 and N. Jones *2 1 Catholic University of America, Washington, USA 2 Geo, Lyngby, Denmark * Corresponding
More informationDr. L. I. N. de Silva. Student Name Registration Number: Assessed By: Lecturers Remarks
Module - CE 2042 Soil Mechanics and Geology-1 Assignment Tests for Particle Size Distribution Analysis Marks 10% Learning Ability to conduct particle size distribution analysis of soils Outcome Ability
More informationPart 01 - Notes: Identifying Significant Figures
Part 01 - Notes: Identifying Significant Figures Objectives: Identify the number of significant figures in a measurement. Compare relative uncertainties of different measurements. Relate measurement precision
More informationJournal of Asian Scientific Research
Journal of Asian Scientific Research 2(11):587-592 Journal of Asian Scientific Research journal homepage: http://aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=53 EFFECT OF NANOMATERIAL TREATMENT ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES
More informationFUNDAMENTALS SOIL MECHANICS. Isao Ishibashi Hemanta Hazarika. >C\ CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Group. Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
SOIL MECHANICS FUNDAMENTALS Isao Ishibashi Hemanta Hazarika >C\ CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
More informationSOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE AMRC April, 2006 AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM AMRC 2011 SOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY April, 2006 WPC #28013 07/09 2009 by British Columbia Institute of Technology
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 1, No 4, 2011
Undrained response of mining sand with fines contents Thian S. Y, Lee C.Y Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia siawyin_thian@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This
More informationCharacterization of Sand Formation from a Crude Oilfield
This work by IJARBEST is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Available at https://www.ijarbest.com Characterization of Sand Formation from a Crude Oilfield 1 A. Sivasakthi,
More informationEvaluation of Pore Water Pressure Characteristics in Embankment Model.
Evaluation of Pore Water Pressure Characteristics in Embankment Model. Abdoullah Namdar and Mehdi Khodashenas Pelkoo Mysore University, Mysore, India. 76. Amirkabir University, Department of Mining Engineering,
More informationWhy does my soil moisture sensor read negative? Improving accuracy of dielectric soil moisture sensors
Why does my soil moisture sensor read negative? Improving accuracy of dielectric soil moisture sensors Douglas R. Cobos, Ph.D. Decagon Devices and Washington State University Outline Introduction VWC Direct
More informationEssentials of expressing measurement uncertainty
Essentials of expressing measurement uncertainty This is a brief summary of the method of evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement adopted widely by U.S. industry, companies in other countries,
More informationFINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN ANALYSIS OF PROPAGATION OF VIBRATIONS WAVE IN THE SOIL
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 18, No. 3 2011 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN ANALYSIS OF PROPAGATION OF VIBRATIONS WAVE IN THE SOIL Jaros aw Bednarz, Jan Targosz AGH University of Science and
More informationSoil Mechanics/Geotechnical Engineering I Prof. Dilip Kumar Baidya Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Soil Mechanics/Geotechnical Engineering I Prof. Dilip Kumar Baidya Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 01 Rock Cycle Good morning. I welcome you to this
More informationSoil type identification and fines content estimation using the Screw Driving Sounding (SDS) data
Mirjafari, S.Y. & Orense, R.P. & Suemasa, N. () Proc. th NZGS Geotechnical Symposium. Eds. GJ Alexander & CY Chin, Napier Soil type identification and fines content estimation using the Screw Driving Sounding
More informationThe Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research & Development Executive Summary Report
The Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research & Development Executive Summary Report Shear Strength of Clay and Silt Embankments Start Date: January 1, 2007 Duration: 2 Years- 10 Months Completion
More informationWhat is measurement uncertainty?
What is measurement uncertainty? What is measurement uncertainty? Introduction Whenever a measurement is made, the result obtained is only an estimate of the true value of the property being measured.
More informationImprecise probability in engineering a case study
Imprecise probability in engineering a case study Tutorial, ISIPTA 11 Innsbruck, July 25 28, 2011 Michael Oberguggenberger Unit of Engineering Mathematics University of Innsbruck, Austria http://techmath.uibk.ac.at
More informationCollapsible Soils Definitions
Collapsible Soils Definitions Collapsible soils are also known as metastable soils. They are unsaturated soils that undergo a large volume change upon saturation. The sudden and usually large volume change
More informationpcf REQUIRED: Determine the shear strength parameters for use in a preliminary shallow foundation design. SOLUTION:
14.330 SOIL MECHANICS Assignment #8: Shear Strength Solution. PROBLEM #1: GIVEN: A regional residential building contractor is planning on building a custom 4,100 ft² home on Martha s Vineyard, MA. The
More informationMinnesota Department of Transportation Geotechnical Section Cone Penetration Test Index Sheet 1.0 (CPT 1.0)
This Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Sounding follows ASTM D 778 and was made by ordinary and conventional methods and with care deemed adequate for the Department's design purposes. Since this sounding was
More information4. Soil Consistency (Plasticity) (Das, chapter 4)
4. Soil Consistency (Plasticity) (Das, chapter 4) 1 What is Consistency? Consistency is a term used to describe the degree of firmness of fine-grained soils (silt and clay). The consistency of fine grained
More informationTable of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials 1.3 Scope of This Book 1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical
More informationKnow Your Uncertainty
April 2000 METROLOGY Know Your Uncertainty Understanding and documenting measurement uncertainty is key to gage calibration. By Henrik S. Nielsen, Ph.D. The process of developing uncertainty budgets requires
More informationName Date CUMULATIVE TEST FOR LESSON CLUSTERS 1-4
Cumulative Test 1 Name Date CUMULATIVE TEST FOR LESSON CLUSTERS 1-4 1. Why can you change ice into water but not into glass? 2. Why can't you see air? 3. Describe the ways in which ice, liquid water, and
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 136 (2016 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 136 (2016 ) 275 279 The 20 th International Conference: Machine Modeling and Simulations, MMS 2015 Investigation of internal
More informationSoil Behaviour in Earthquake Geotechnics
Soil Behaviour in Earthquake Geotechnics KENJI ISHIHARA Department of Civil Engineering Science University of Tokyo This publication was supported by a generous donation from the Daido Life Foundation
More informationP16 Gravity Effects of Deformation Zones Induced by Tunnelling in Soft and Stiff Clays
P16 Gravity Effects of Deformation Zones Induced by Tunnelling in Soft and Stiff Clays V. Blecha* (Charles University) & D. Mašín (Charles University) SUMMARY We calculated gravity response of geotechnical
More informationWhy, What, Who, When, Where, and How
www.osram.com Basics of Uncertainty Estimation Why, What, Who, When, Where, and How Light is OSRAM Why 1. To provide users of data with a quantification of expected variation. Regulation requirements 3.
More informationLandslide stability analysis using the sliding block method
Landslide stability analysis using the sliding block method E. Lino, R. Norabuena, M. Villanueva & O. Felix SRK Consulting (Peru) S.A., Lima, Peru A. Lizcano SRK Consulting (Vancouver) S.A., British Columbia,
More informationLIQUEFACTION ASSESSMENT BY THE ENERGY METHOD THROUGH CENTRIFUGE MODELING
LIQUEFACTION ASSESSMENT BY THE ENERGY METHOD THROUGH CENTRIFUGE MODELING Hesham M. Dief, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt J. Ludwig Figueroa, Professor
More informationIMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF KENNEY AND LAU METHOD IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE INTERNAL STABILITY OF GRANULAR SOILS
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 528-535. Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_054 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=10&itype=04
More informationLiquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading Misko Cubrinovski University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
US New Zealand Japan International Workshop Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects UC Berkeley, California, 2 4 November 2016 Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading Misko Cubrinovski University
More informationThis document downloaded from vulcanhammer.net vulcanhammer.info Chet Aero Marine
This document downloaded from vulcanhammer.net vulcanhammer.info Chet Aero Marine Don t forget to visit our companion site http://www.vulcanhammer.org Use subject to the terms and conditions of the respective
More informationINFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION AND RELATIVE DENSITY ON SHEAR PARAMETERS FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL
INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION AND RELATIVE DENSITY ON SHEAR PARAMETERS FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL Prof. P.J.Mehta 1, Akshay Gandhi 2 1 Associate Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, L.D.College of
More information