6. Laser Doppler Anemometry. Introduction to principles and applications
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1 6. Laser Doppler Anemometry Introduction to principles and applications
2 Characteristics of LDA Invented by Yeh and Cummins in 1964 Velocity measurements in Fluid Dynamics (gas, liquid) Up to 3 velocity components Non-intrusive measurements (optical technique) Absolute measurement technique (no calibration required) Very high accuracy Very high spatial resolution due to small measurement volume Tracer particles are required
3 Applications of LDA Laminar and turbulent flows Investigations on aerodynamics Supersonic flows Turbines, automotive etc. Liquid flows Surface velocity and vibration measurement Hot environments (Flames, Plasma etc.) Velocity of particles... etc, etc, etc.
4 LDA - Fringe Model Focused Laser beams intersect and form the measurement volume Plane wave fronts: beam waist in the plane of intersection Interference in the plane of intersection Pattern of bright and dark stripes/planes
5 Velocity = distance/time Flow with particles Signal Processor d (known) t (measured) Detector Time Bragg Cell Laser measuring volume backscattered light
6 The fringe model assumes as a way of visualization that the two intersecting beams form a fringe pattern of high and low intensity. When the particle traverses this fringe pattern the scattered light fluctuates in intensity with a frequency equal to the velocity of the particle divided by the fringe spacing. LDA - Fringe Model
7 Laser Principle of LDA Transmitting Optics Flow Receiving Optics with Detector HeNe Ar-Ion Nd:Yag Diode Beamsplitter (Freq. Shift) Achrom. Lens Gas Liquid Particle Achrom. Lens Spatial Filter Photomultiplier Photodiode PC Signal Processing Spectrum analyzer Correlator Counter, Tracker Signal conditioner Amplifier Filter
8 Laser, Characteristics and Requirements Monochrome Coherent Linearly polarized Low divergence (collimator) Laser L-Diode collimator Gaussian intensity distribution Laser
9 Transmitting Optics Basic modules: Beam splitter Achromatic lens Options: Frequency shift (Bragg cell) low velocities flow direction Beam expanders reduce measurement volume increase power density D Laser D L Ε BS D E F Bragg Cell ϑ Lens
10 Receiving Systems Receiving Optics Receiving optics Multimode fibre acting as spatial filtre Interference filtre Detector Photomultiplier Photodiode Lenses Multimode fibre Photomultiplier Interference filtre
11 System Configurations Forward scatter and side scatter (off-axis) Difficult to align, vibration sensitive Transmitting Optics Flow Receiving Optics with Detector Receiving Optics with Detector Backscatter Easy to align User friendly Detector Bragg Cell Transmitting and Receiving Optics Laser Flow
12 LDA Fibre Optical System
13 60 mm and 85 mm FiberFlow probes
14 The small integrated 3D FiberFlow probe
15 3-D LDA Applications Measurements of boundary layer separation in wind tunnels Turbulent mixing and flame investigations in combustors Studies of boundary layer-wake interactions and instabilities in turbines Investigations of flow structure, heat transfer, and instabilities in heat exchangers Studies of convection and forced cooling in nuclear reactor models Measurements around ship models in towing tanks
16 Seeding: ability to follow flow ParticleFrequencyResponse d dt U ν Up U f p = 18 d 2 ρ / ρ p Particle Fluid Diameter (μm) f = 1 khz f = 10 khz Silicone oil atmospheric air TiO2 atmospheric air MgO methane-air flame (1800 K) TiO2 oxygen plasma (2800 K) p f
17 Seeding: scattered light intensity d p 0.2λ d p 1.0λ d p 10λ Polar plot of scattered light intensity versus scattering angle The intensity is shown on a logarithmic scale
18 Measurement of air flow around a helicopter rotor model in a wind tunnel Photo courtesy of University of Bristol, UK
19 Measurement of water flow inside a pump model Photo courtesy of Grundfos A/S, DK
20 Measurement of velocity profiles in a water pipe
21 Velocity profile, fully developed turbulent pipe flow
22 Measurement of flow field around a 1:5 scale car model in a wind tunnel Photo courtesy of Mercedes-Benz, Germany
23 Measurement of wake flow around a ship model in a towing tank Photo courtesy of Marin, the Netherlands
24 Measurement of air flow field around a ship model in a wind tunnel Photo courtesy of University of Bristol, UK
25 Measurement of flow around a ship propeller in a cavitation tank
26 Comparison of EFD and CFD results
Laser Doppler Anemometry. Introduction to principles and applications
Laser Doppler Anemometry Introduction to principles and applications Characteristics of LDA Invented by Yeh and Cummins in 1964 Velocity measurements in Fluid Dynamics (gas, liquid) Up to 3 velocity components
6. Laser Doppler Anemometry. Introduction to principles and applications
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