Hemijska ravnoteža se dostiže kada su: brzina direktne i povratne reakcije jednake i koncentracije reaktanata i proizvoda konstantne

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1 HEMIJSKA RAVNOTEŽA

2 Hemijska ravnoteža se dostiže kada su: brzina direktne i povratne reakcije jednake i koncentracije reaktanata i proizvoda konstantne Mehanička (stabilna, labilna, indiferentna) Statička Dinamička Hidrostatička Termodinamička RAVNOTEŽA Psihička Toplotna Fizičko-hemijska ravnoteža H 2 O(l) H 2 O(g) NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Hemijska ravnoteža N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g)

3 A+ B C + D DINAMIČKA RAVNOTEŽA!!! A+ B C + D C+ D A+ B [ 1 k1 A][ B] [ 2 k2 C][ D] 1[ A][ B] k dir k pov 2[ C][ D] dir pov Stanje ravnoteže ( dir = pov )

4 c k1[ A][ B] k2[ C][ D] K k k 1 2 [ C][ D] [ A][ B] Zakon o dejstvu masa, Guldberg & Waage, Proizvodi Reaktanti Stanje ravnoteže U toku hemijske reakcije, koncentracije reaktanata opadaju, a koncentracije proizvoda rastu. Posle nekog vremena od početka reakcije, nema MERLJIVE promene koncentracije reaktanata ili proizvoda. Takvo stanje jeste RAVNOTEŽNO STANJE SISTEMA - HEMIJSKA RAVNOTEŽA, a koncentracije su RAVNOTEŽNE KONCENTRACIJE. K C+ DA + B Ak2 [ ][ ] CDk [ ][ ] 1B1 1 K1 K 1 K

5 ZNAČAJ RAVNOTEŽE I MALO FILOZOFIJE NEMA REAKCIJE RAVNOTEŽNA REAKCIJA POTPUNA REAKCIJA 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ( praskavi gas!) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) Pt 2000 o C 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g)

6 HEMIJSKA RAVNOTEŽA U HOMOGENIM SISTEMIMA: rastvori ili smeše gasova A A+ B B C C + D D CCv ABv DDAv K c -3 v B mol m za gasove v i g ili aq!!! v i -3 mol dm za rastvore K p Cp( Ap( ) ) CADp( Bp( ) ) D Pa i za gasove i = ( C + D ) - ( A + B ) s i lbpv = nrt p = crt p(a) = c(a)rt p(b) =... K K RT i p c i = 0 K p = K c Termodinamička konstanta ravnoteže: K θ a a θ θ (C) (A) C A a a θ θ (D) (B) D B [1]

7 K Značenje vrednosti K? N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) c 2 NH3 N H K >> K Ravnoteža je pomerena udesno! Favorizovana je direktna reakcija! 2 p (NH3 ) p(n ) p (H p ) K << 1 Ravnoteža je pomerena ulevo! Favorizovana je povratna reakcija! Proizvodi Reaktanti Reaktanti Proizvodi

8 HEMIJSKA RAVNOTEŽA U HETEROGENIM SISTEMIMA CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Kc CO 2 K p p(co 2 ) ČVRSTE SUPSTANCE I TEČNOSTI U POSEBNOJ FAZI NE ULAZE U IZRAZ ZA KONSTANTU RAVNOTEŽE!!!

9 BaCl 2 2H 2 O(s) BaCl 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(g) K c H 2 2 O K 2 p p (H 2 O) Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) AgCl(s) K c [ Ag 1 ][ Cl ] C(s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) K c p K CO2 [ O ] 2 p(co2) p(o ) 2 CH 3 COOH(aq) + H 2 O(l) CH 3 COO - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) K c [ CH3COO ][ H3O [ CH COOH] 3 ] [H 2 O(l)] = const NE ULAZI U IZRAZ ZA K!!!

10 Složene reakcije A + B C + D C + D E + F A + B E + F K c K c K c K c = [C][D] [A][B] K c = [E][F] [A][B] K c = [E][F] [C][D] K c = K c K c Ako ravnotežna reakcija predstavlja zbir dve ili više reakcija, konstanta ravnoteže ukupne reakcije jednaka je proizvodu konstanti ravnoteža pojedinačnih reakcija.

11 Veza između konstante i termodinamike r G ө =-RT lnk ө r G ө < 0 lnk ө > 0 K ө > 1 r G ө = 0 lnk ө = 0 K ө = 1 r G ө > 0 lnk ө < 0 K ө < 1 r G r G ө < 0 proces je spontan r G ө = 0 sistem je u ravnoteži r G ө > 0 proces nije spontan ξ(r)- stepen reagovanja 100 % A + B 100 % C + D

12 LE ŠATELIJEOV PRINCIP (1895.) Ako se na sistem koji je u dinamičkoj ravnoteži izvrši spoljašnji uticaj promenom nekog od faktora ravnoteže (c, p, T,...), doći će do pomeranja ravnoteže u smeru suprostavljanja spoljašnjem uticaju. Muzički predlozi kako se suprostaviti spoljašnjim uticajima i vratiti u ravnotežu: Henri Le Châtelier "Stress, Shift, Change In Concentration" Haber-Bošov proces

13 Vrednost K zavisi od: - Reakcije (sistema) koju posmatramo (određuje je vrednost r G ө ) - Temperature na kojoj se reakcija odigrava. ZAVISNOST K OD TEMPERATURE K = f(t) K A - e r H θ / RT Promena K sa T proporcionalna je r H: d ln K dt r H RT r Hê > 0, T K ravnoteža se pomera u desnu stranu (favorizuje se direktna reakcija!!!) r Hê < 0, T K ( T K) ravnoteža se pomera u levu stranu (favorizuje se suprotna reakcija!!!) 2 θ

14 + E A+ B C + D -E -E A+ B C + D + E r H ө > 0 r H ө < 0 Dakle, zagrevanjem ili hlađenjem menjamo vrednost K i tako pomeramo položaj hemijske ravnoteže! Međutim, položaj hemijske ravnoteže može se pomeriti i na druge načine, ne menjajući vrednost K!

15 Promena temperature Le Šatelijeov princip Promena Povišenje temperature Sniženje temperature Egzotermna reakcija K se smanjuje K se povećava Endotermna reakcija K se povećava K se smanjuje 2NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) mrk bezbojan r H ө = -57 kj/mol r H ө < 0, T K vidimo mrku boju NO 2, ravnoteža se pomera u levu stranu (favorizuje se suprotna reakcija!!!)

16 UTICAJ PROMENE KONCENTRACIJE NA HEMIJSKU RAVNOTEŽU (T = const) A A+ B B C C + D D K c vc vd C D v A A v B B Važi pravilo: dodatkom komponente koja se nalazi na jednoj strani hemijske reakcije, ravnotežu pomeramo na suprotnu stranu. c(a) ili c(b) ravnoteža se pomera u desnu stranu (favorizuje se direktna reakcija!!!) c(c) ili c(d) ravnoteža se pomera u levu stranu (favorizuje se suprotna reakcija!!!) c(a) ili c(b) c(c) ili c(d)

17 Primer sa dodatkom reaktanata: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) r H ө = -51 kj mol -1 K = 710 (25 C) 64 (445 C) 46 (490 C)

18 Promena koncentracije Le Šatelijeov princip A A+ B B C C + D D Promena Povećanje koncentracije proizvoda Smanjenje koncentracije proizvoda Povećanje koncentracije reaktanata Smanjenje koncentracije reaktanata Pomeranje ravnoteže levo desno desno levo

19 UTICAJ PROMENE PRITISKA NA HEMIJSKU RAVNOTEŽU (T = const) A A(g) + B B(g) C C(g) + D D(g) K p Uticaj promene parcijalnih pritisaka? p(c) p(a) v v C A p(d) p(b) v v D B p i = c i RT Uticaj p i isti kao uticaj c i!!! p(a) ili p(b) ravnoteža se pomera u desnu stranu (favorizuje se direktna reakcija!!!) p(c) ili p(d) ravnoteža se pomera u levu stranu (favorizuje se suprotna reakcija!!!)

20 UTICAJ PROMENE PRITISKA NA HEMIJSKU RAVNOTEŽU (T = const) Uticaj ukupnog pritiska u sistemu? Porast ukupnog pritiska pomera ravnotežu u stranu gde nastaje manja količina gasova, tj. gde je manji zbir koeficijenata!!! (VAŽI ZA: i 0) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) i = -2 p = 200 bar Za i = 0, promene ukupnog pritiska ne utiču na ravnotežu!!! H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) i = 0 p nebitan!

21 Le Šatelijeov princip Promene ukupnog pritiska (i zapremine) pv = nrt, tj. p = nrt/v A(g) + B(g) C(g) Promena Povećanje pritiska Smanjenje pritiska Povećanje zapremine Smanjenje zapremine Pomeranje ravnoteže Na stranu gde je manja količina gasova Na stranu gde je veća količina gasova Na stranu gde je veća količina gasova Na stranu gde je manja količina gasova

22 UTICAJ KATALIZATORA E E Bez katalizatora Sa katalizatorom Katalizator smanjuje E a i za direktnu i za povratnu reakciju. Dodatak katalizatora: - ne menja K, - ne dovodi do promene položaja ravnoteže, - sistem brže dostiže stanje ravnoteže.

23 Le Šatelijeov princip REZIME Promena Pomeranje položaja ravnoteže Promena konstante ravnoteže, K Temperatura da da Koncentracija da ne Pritisak da ne Zapremina da ne Katalizator ne ne

24 Reakcija dobijanja sumpor-trioksida spada u ravnotežne reakcije: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) r H ө < 0. Objasniti kakav će uticaj na ravnotežnu količinu sumpor-trioksida imati sledeće promene: a) dodatak kiseonika, b) povećanje temperature, c) smanjenje zapremine reakcionog suda, d) sniženje parcijalnog pritiska kiseonika. (januar 2016.) Napisati izraze za konstante ravnoteže K c i K p reakcije prikazane hemijskom jednačinom: 3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(g) Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g) r H ө = 149,9 kj mol 1. Objasniti kako će sledeće promene uticati na položaj ravnoteže: a) dodatak gvožđa, b) povećanje pritiska u sudu, c) sniženje temperature, d) dodatak katalizatora. (septembar 2016.)

25 U sud zapremine 5,0 dm 3 uneto je po 0,25 mol metana i vode. Na 1000 ºC uspostavila se ravnoteža reakcije: CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + 3H 2 (g). Nakon uspostavljanja ravnoteže pritisak u sudu iznosio je 1,45 MPa. Izračunati formalnu konstantu ravnoteže K c ove reakcije na 1000 ºC. (septembar 2012.) Rešenje: 3,

26 Smeša joda i vodonika koja sadrži 25,5 mol. % joda, zagrejana je na 450 ºC do uspostavljanja ravnoteže reakcije: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g). Formalna konstanta ravnoteže ove reakcije na 450 ºC je K p =49,25. Izračunati sastav smeše u mol. % posle uspostavljanja ravnoteže na temperaturi reakcije. (jun 2013.) Rešenje: x(h 2 )=50,0 mol. %, x(i 2 )=0,980 mol. %, x(hi)=49,0 mol. %.

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