Technical challenges for the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

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1 Technical challenges for the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Vaia Papadimitriou Associate Director of Fermilab s Accelerator Division & LBNF Beamline Manager Physics Colloquium, Wichita State University 5 October 2016

2 Outline Neutrinos and their mixing How to make a neutrino beam The Fermilab neutrino program and LBNF/DUNE The Fermilab Accelerator Complex and recent changes and upgrades Overview of the designs of: the Beamline (Near site) the Detectors (Near and Far sites) Conventional Facilities and other infrastructure (Near and Far sites) Associated challenges Timetable Conclusion 2 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

3 The Standard Model and our everyday world Announced in July 2012 Nobel Prize 2013 The Higgs gives Mass to the Quarks & Leptons! 3 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

4 The Flavor Problem up u c charm t top. d down ν e e-neutrino e electron. s strange ν µ µ-neutrino µ muon plus corresponding antiparticles. b bottom ν τ τ-neutrino τtau 4 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University

5 Physics questions we are trying to answer The wide range of quark masses is puzzling The top quark discovery in 1995 was an exclamation mark on that The ultra-tiny neutrino mass doesn t fit the standard model In fact we do not understand neutrino s mass..other than they have mass. Do they get it from Higgs field? The Higgs discovery has brought flavor and mass issues to the forefront Much light can be shed on these puzzles by better understanding neutrinos their mass ordering the origin of their masses why they are so small their interactions (CP Violation) relationship to matter-antimatter asymmetry in universe (leptogenesis) and structure of the universe 5 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

6 What is a neutrino? The Little Neutral One The existence of the neutrino (ν) was postulated in 1930 by W. Pauli (Nobel Prize in 1945) as an explanation for the apparent non-conservation of energy in the process of radioactive decays ( I have done a terrible thing, I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected ). Soon E. Fermi (Nobel Prize in 1938) was able to demonstrate an elegant theory of weak particle interactions that included the neutrino. The neutrino is an elementary particle which holds no electric charge, travels at nearly the speed of light, and passes through ordinary matter with virtually no interaction. This tiny particle has revolutionized Particle Physics and Cosmology. 6 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

7 1 st detection of neutrinos -1950s Savannah River Nuclear Reactor & a well shielded scintillator detector 7 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University

8 Discovery of a second neutrino 1960s At Brookhaven Laboratory the first accelerator ν experiment 8 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

9 Discovery of the Third Neutrino at Fermilab DONUT experiment 9 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Detecting neutrinos from sun--1970 s: a shortage

10 Detecting neutrinos from sun s: a shortage Dry-cleaning fluid Homestake Mine South Dakota 30% to 50% of what theoretically predicted 10 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Neutrinos: The loners of the Universe and the chameleons of space The Sun produces only ν e s But, if they would be transformed to ν µ s or ν τ s on their way to Earth, that would

11 Neutrinos: The loners of the Universe and the chameleons of space The Sun produces only ν e s But, if they would be transformed to ν µ s or ν τ s on their way to Earth, that would make the deficit of the captured ν e s understandable Identity thieves who are torn between identities: ν τ or ν e or ν µ? 11 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Nobel Prize in Physics - 2015 12 Physics

12 Nobel Prize in Physics Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Meanwhile a new era for neutrino physics

Cherenkov light emitted by produced charged muons

13 Meanwhile a new era for neutrino physics Super-Kamiokande discovers neutrinos mix (1998) 50,000 ton water detector in the Kamiokande mine in Japan. Cherenkov light emitted by produced charged muons and electrons. 13 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University ~ 14,000 photo detectors 10/05/2016

SNO Discovers Solar Neutrinos Mix (2001) SNO experiment in Sudbury Canada 1,000 tonnes of heavy water 2 km below the Earth s surface and 9,500 light detectors.

14 SNO Discovers Solar Neutrinos Mix (2001) SNO experiment in Sudbury Canada 1,000 tonnes of heavy water 2 km below the Earth s surface and 9,500 light detectors. New Questions: Are neutrinos their own antiparticle? What is their absolute mass? Do neutrinos violate CP? New Tools are needed! 14 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

15 Quark mixing leads to matter-antimatter Oscillations Quark mixing also implies that some of the neutral mesons, namely the K 0, B 0 d, and B 0 s, are also quantum mechanical mixtures of flavor This can be interpreted as the neutral meson oscillating in time between itself and its antiparticle 15 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

16 Matter-antimatter Oscillations.CDF & D0 discovery The oscillation of B 0 s mesons was discovered at Fermilab in 2006, and measured to occur at a rate of 3 trillion times per second 16 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University

17 Neutrinos are different Neutrinos are difficult to study because they interact with ordinary matter only through the weak interactions easily travel through a light year of lead they have their own mixing, which may or may not have the same origins as quark mixing (Higgs?) neutrinos oscillate a billion times slower than neutral mesons oscillate Over 100 trillion neutrinos per sec passing through our bodies; only a few though will interact with our bodies over our entire lifetime. Neutrinos created about 1 second after the Big Bang remain all around us today: 150 per cubic centimeter More neutrinos than any other matter particle 17 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

18 Bathed in Neutrinos 40 K radioactive decay 18 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

19 Bathed in neutrinos - making a neutrino beam Billions of neutrinos from natural sources, including the Sun, zip through every square centimeter of the Earth each second. Yet we cannot easily determine their initial type or exactly how far they traveled before reaching a detector. To study neutrinos more effectively we produce (since ~ 1960) high-intensity neutrino beams using proton accelerators. Only a few Laboratories in the world are manufacturing at this point such neutrino beams: J-PARC in Japan, CERN in Europe and Fermilab in the United States. Neutrinos interact so little ; Need high intensity neutrino beams to start with, and massive detectors to detect them. 19 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

20 How to make a neutrino beam proton meson Artwork by Sandbox Studio 20 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

How to make a neutrino beam Beam Absorber Start with batches of protons from a bottle of hydrogen gas and accelerate to nearly the speed of light.

21 How to make a neutrino beam Beam Absorber Start with batches of protons from a bottle of hydrogen gas and accelerate to nearly the speed of light. The high energy protons hit a target (graphite, beryllium, ). Unstable pion and kaon charged particles are produced. The pions and kaons are focused by a magnetic field to go in the desired direction (e.g. magnetic horns). The pions and kaons decay into muons and muon type neutrinos. Blocks of Al, steel and concrete stop and absorb all particles except neutrinos. The direction of the magnetic field determines whether neutrinos or antineutrinos are generated. 21 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

22 Neutrino Program at Fermilab Online since 2014 (designed for 700 kw) NOvA (far) MINOS (far) Operated 2005 June 2016 MINOS (near) ν MINERvA MicroBooNE New Neutrino Beam at Fermilab and a precision Near Detector LBNF scope: Near and Far Site Facility Infrastructure DUNE scope: Near and Far Site Detectors NOvA (near) MicroBooNE (LAr TPC) Online since 2015 SBN program under further development (SBND, ICARUS)

23 What is DUNE? What is LBNF? The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment will be a game-changing experiment for neutrino science, potentially transforming our understanding of why the universe exists as it does. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility is the infrastructure necessary to send a powerful, broad band beam of neutrinos produced at Fermilab 800 miles through the earth, and measure them deep (~ 1mile) underground at South Dakota s Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The DUNE/LBNF project will be the first internationally conceived, constructed, and operated mega-science project hosted by the Department of Energy in the United States. LBNF and DUNE: two sub-projects with a single DOE Federal Project Director - LBNF: DOE project with support from non-doe partners - DUNE: U.S. as partner in an international project 23 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Facility and Experiment LBNF: Near site: Fermilab, Batavia, IL facilities and infrastructure to: create a broad band, sign selected neutrino beam host the near DUNE detector Far site: Sanford

24 Facility and Experiment LBNF: Near site: Fermilab, Batavia, IL facilities and infrastructure to: create a broad band, sign selected neutrino beam host the near DUNE detector Far site: Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, SD facilities to support the far DUNE detectors (4850 L) DUNE: Near site detector and Far site detectors ν µ ν µ & ν e FD ND 24 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

In a single experiment LBNF/DUNE Science Goals LBNF/DUNE is a comprehensive program to: Measure neutrino oscillations Direct determination of CP violation in the leptonic sector Measurement of the CP

25 In a single experiment LBNF/DUNE Science Goals LBNF/DUNE is a comprehensive program to: Measure neutrino oscillations Direct determination of CP violation in the leptonic sector Measurement of the CP phase δ Determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy Determination of the θ 23 octant and other precision measurements Testing the 3-flavor mixing paradigm Precision measurements of neutrino interactions with matter Searching for new physics Start data taking ~ Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

) Measurement of neutrinos from galactic core collapse supernovae (peer inside newly-formed neutron stars and potentially witness the

26 LBNF/DUNE Science Goals LBNF/DUNE is a comprehensive program to: Study other fundamental physics enabled by a massive, underground detector Search for nucleon decays (reveal a relation between the stability of matter and the Grand Unification of forces?) Measurement of neutrinos from galactic core collapse supernovae (peer inside newly-formed neutron stars and potentially witness the birth of a black hole?) Measurements with atmospheric neutrinos Start data taking ~ Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

27 951 Collaborators 30 Nations 161 Institutions U.S.A U.K. Collaboration has come together faster than even the optimistic schedule considered by P5 an indication of strong interest in this science and the perception that the U.S. is prepared to host an ambitious world-class neutrino facility. 27 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Fermilab Accelerator Complex LBNF proton beam extracted from

kw on the NuMI/NOvA target in one supercycle on June 13, 2016!

2016 expect to run at ~ 700 kw on a continuous basis PIP-II ~

28 Fermilab Accelerator Complex LBNF proton beam extracted from MI-10 straight section 800 MeV SBN 20 Hz 400 MeV MINOS, NOvA 701 kw on the NuMI/NOvA target in one supercycle on June 13, 2016!! Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) After Nov expect to run at ~ 700 kw on a continuous basis PIP-II ~ GeV MeV 28 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

29 Flexible Platform for the Future Opportunities for expansion include full energy (8 GeV) Linac or RCS GeV 3-8 GeV I 29 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

LBNF Beam Operating Parameters Linac option Summary of key Beamline design parameters for 1.2 MW and 2.4 MW operation (1.1 1.

30 LBNF Beam Operating Parameters Linac option Summary of key Beamline design parameters for 1.2 MW and 2.4 MW operation ( )x10 21 POT/yr Pulse duration: 10 µs Assume ~5 years at 1.2 MW and ~15 years at 2.4 MW 30 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

4 MW 60-120 GeV proton beam 31 Jim Strait LBNF

31 LBNF Beamline ~ 21,000 m 2 Designed to run at 1.2 MW beam power (PIP-II) and upgradable to 2.4 MW GeV proton beam 31 Jim Strait LBNF Neutrino Beam Tunneled excavation Constructed in Open Cut 14 Aug 2015

Primary Beamline Primary beam designed to transport high intensity protons in the energy range of 60-120 GeV to the LBNF target, with repetition rate of 0.7-1.

32 Primary Beamline Primary beam designed to transport high intensity protons in the energy range of GeV to the LBNF target, with repetition rate of sec, and 10 µs pulse duration Embankment Beam size at target tunable between mm The beam lattice points to: 25 dipoles 21 quadrupoles 23 correctors 6 kickers 3 Lambertsons 1 C magnet Protons/cycle: 1.2 MW era: 7.5x MW era: ( )x10 14 MI Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Target Hall and Decay Pipe Layout ~ 40% of beam power in target shield pile ~ 30% of beam power

panels DECAY PIPE SNOUT Decay Pipe: 194 m long, 4 m in diameter, double wall carbon steel,

6 m Air 33 Main alternatives for Chase gas atmosphere: N 2 or He Target Chase: 2.2 m/2.

33 Target Hall and Decay Pipe Layout ~ 40% of beam power in target shield pile ~ 30% of beam power in decay pipe DECAY PIPE UPSTREAM WINDOW 50 TON CRANE WORK CELL Support modules Water cooling panels DECAY PIPE SNOUT Decay Pipe: 194 m long, 4 m in diameter, double wall carbon steel, helium filled, air-cooled. He 5.6 m Air 33 Main alternatives for Chase gas atmosphere: N 2 or He Target Chase: 2.2 m/2.0 m wide, 34.3 m long airfilled and air & water-cooled (cooling panels). Sufficiently big to fit in alternative target/horns. Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

34 Air in the target chase Corrosion challenge Ozone, Nitric Acid production, NuMI measurements and comparisons with MARS, extrapolation to LBNF). We should expect ppm of Ozone at 2.4 MW operation for LBNF with only minimal amounts of nitric acid generation (control of humidity). Discussions with University and Lab corrosion experts to identify the best method to evaluate the impact of our predicted environment upon the corrosion rate for materials of interest. (Wichita State University, Louisiana State University, PNNL, SWRI, Battelle, ESI). Restricting the study to life-of-facility materials (30 years) which are currently expected to be A36 carbon steel and the heat-affected zone of 304L stainless steel to A36 carbon steel welded material. We know stainless steel will be good. We have defined the scope of the work and preparing to go for a bid. (air-releases) Determine the maximum corrosion rates for above materials with bare-metal initial conditions I Determine the relationship between RH and corrosion rate for A36 carbon steel Re-evaluate the 2 previous objectives considering an oxidized initial material surface condition 34 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Nitrogen in the target chase Hatch Cover Assembly under development Changing to inert gas cooling medium like N 2

air) Adding a leak-tight barrier between concrete pit walls and shield pile.

clarity) Chase Target Hall Wa ter-cooled Pa nels Replaceable Beam Window Remova ble Ha tch Cover Shielding Decay

35 Nitrogen in the target chase Hatch Cover Assembly under development Changing to inert gas cooling medium like N 2 will require a much better sealed system with minimal leak rates (6 cfm or about 2 orders magnitude less than for air) Adding a leak-tight barrier between concrete pit walls and shield pile. 10 Hatch Covers Hatch cover removed (~40 tons each) Baffle/ Ta rget Horns Support Modules (Shielding removed for clarity) Chase Target Hall Wa ter-cooled Pa nels Replaceable Beam Window Remova ble Ha tch Cover Shielding Decay Snout T-Bl ock Shielding Deca y Pipe BEAM Hatch Cover Seams with supporting (removable) cross beams underneath 35 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

2 mm apart, 10 mm in width NuMI-like (low energy), with modest modifications Inner Conductor of NuMI Horn Two

36 Reference design for target and horns - Viable for 1.2 MW 47 graphite target segments, each 2 cm long and spaced 0.2 mm apart, 10 mm in width NuMI-like (low energy), with modest modifications Inner Conductor of NuMI Horn Two interaction lengths, 95 cm Target cross section Strong target R&D program in place (graphite, Be, etc.) Operated at 230 ka for LBNF mm New Horn power supply needed to reduce the pulse width to 0.8 ms /05/2016

Mechanical model for optimized horns and

300 ka 2m long NuMI style target for first

and spherical targets under R&D as well.

37 Mechanical model for optimized horns and target 2.8 m long 35 mm neck radius C 3.2 m long 191 mm neck radius A B 2.8 m long 398 mm neck radius Max current 300 ka 2m long NuMI style target for first iteration of MARS simulations; cylindrical and spherical targets under R&D as well. 37 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

38 Beamline Requirements and LBNF/DUNE neutrino beam spectra Normal mass hierarchy CP effects 1 st & 2 nd max Mass hierarchy 1 st max 2.4 GeV 0.8 GeV Need a wide band beam to cover the 1 st and 2 nd oscillation maxima 3 horns 3.5 yr ν µ yr ν µ 40 kt detector, PIP-II beam power( MW) 38 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

target Be or graphite 36 kw in target at 2 MW mean

39 Target developments Can we build a target lasting over a year? Helium-cooled graphite rod Helium-cooled spherical array target Be or graphite 36 kw in target at 2 MW mean temperature ~700 C 39 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Hadron Absorber Absorber Hall and Service Building Gas

2.4 MW ~ 30% of beam power in Absorber: 515 kw in central

water-cooled Shielding: forced air-cooled Ionization

Muon Shielding (steel) Sculpted Al (9) Core blocks

40 Hadron Absorber Absorber Hall and Service Building Gas Cherenkov Stopped µ counters The Absorber is designed for 2.4 MW ~ 30% of beam power in Absorber: 515 kw in central core 225 kw in steel shielding Absorber Cooling Core: water-cooled Shielding: forced air-cooled Ionization detectors Beam Hadron Absorber Muon Alcove Steel shielding Muon Shielding (steel) Sculpted Al (9) Core blocks replaceable (each 1 ft thick) Flexible, modular design 40 Hadron Monitor 10/05/2016

Tracker (reference) High-Pressure Gaseous Argon TPC Lar-TPC Straw Tube

41 Near Detector Hall and Detector Near Neutrino Detector Hall and LBNF 40 Service Building Three types of Near Detector considered: Fine-Grained Tracker (reference) High-Pressure Gaseous Argon TPC Lar-TPC Straw Tube Tracker ~205 ft deep 41 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

42 Safety related challenges Near Site Main ES&H Issues: Radiological (extensive MARS simulations and benchmarking with NuMI) Ground water and surface water Prompt radiation Residual radiation Activated air emissions Shielding shielding & remote handling containment & controlled release Studying air-releases to evaluate if using LBNF target hall and the primary beam area is sufficient to reach the goal of using < 30% of the Laboratory s limit of 100 µrem. NuMI target hall and other NuMI areas may be used for additional decay before release if needed. Inert gas alternative for target chase Installation (geomembrane system, magnets on slope, ) ES&H Construction Safety Specialist during the installation phase Lessons learned from NuMI have been incorporated in the design 42 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

43 Far Site Scope Phases of Work for LBNF 1. Sanford Lab Reliability Projects FY16 18 Ross shaft rehab Hoist motor rebuilds, more 2. Pre-Excavation FY17-18 Rock disposal systems Ross headframe upgrade, more 3. Excavation/ Construction FY18 22 Brow/Caverns/Drifts/Utilities/Surface building 4. Cryostats/Cryogenic Systems FY L 43 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Reliability Projects: Example - Ross Shaft Refurbishment Surface Tramway 300 L 800 L 1250 L 1400 L 1550 L 1700 L 1850 L 2000 L 2150 L 2300 L 2450 L 2600 L 2750 L 2900 L 3050 L 3200 L 3350 L 3500 L

44 Reliability Projects: Example - Ross Shaft Refurbishment Surface Tramway 300 L 800 L 1250 L 1400 L 1550 L 1700 L 1850 L 2000 L 2150 L 2300 L 2450 L 2600 L 2750 L 2900 L 3050 L 3200 L 3350 L 3500 L 3650 L 3800 L 3950 L 4100 L 4250 L 4400 L 4550 L 4700 L 4850 L 5000 L Completed Schedule Q1 CY2014 Q1 CY2015 Q1 CY2016 Q1 CY2017 Mid CY2017 Ross Shaft refurbishment required to support construction of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) Project. Shaft originally build in 1930 s. The Ross Shaft has been refurbished to 3,765 feet from surface (75% completed). On track for a 2017 completion and a transition to LBNF construction. New Shaft Steel Recently Installed 44 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Overview Far Site LBNF/DUNE at Sanford Lab, Lead, SD Conventional Facilities: - Surface and shaft Infrastructure including utilities - Drifts and two caverns for detectors - Central utility cavern

refrigeration system for cooling and re-condensing gaseous Argon - Systems for purification and recirculation of LAr Argon: 70kt LAr (~40kt fiducial mass) DUNE LAr-TPC Detectors Extensive prototyping

45 Overview Far Site LBNF/DUNE at Sanford Lab, Lead, SD Conventional Facilities: - Surface and shaft Infrastructure including utilities - Drifts and two caverns for detectors - Central utility cavern for conventional and cryogenic equipment Cryostats: - Four identical membrane cryostats supported by external steel frames will contain the LAr and Time Projection Chambers Cryogenic Systems: - LN2 refrigeration system for cooling and re-condensing gaseous Argon - Systems for purification and recirculation of LAr Argon: 70kt LAr (~40kt fiducial mass) DUNE LAr-TPC Detectors Extensive prototyping program in progress to scale LAr TPC detector technology to 10kt fiducial volume CD-3a 4850L cavern and drift layout Single cryostat and portion of central utility cavern 45 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

Far Site Free-Standing Steel Cryostat Design Each cryostat is

membrane cryostat or cold vessel Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)

Dimensions 63,600 16,700 15,600 External Dimensions of steel

46 Far Site Free-Standing Steel Cryostat Design Each cryostat is composed of: A free-standing steel outer support or warm vessel A membrane cryostat or cold vessel Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) Membrane Internal Dimensions 62,000 15,100 14,000 SS Plate Internal Dimensions 63,600 16,700 15,600 External Dimensions of steel structure 65,836 18,936 17, Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

47 Single Phase Detectors inside the Cryostats Detectors consist of: - Anode Plane Arrays - Cathode Plane Arrays - Field Cage - Photon detectors - Readout electronics and DAQ How they work: - Neutrinos (occasionally) collide with Argon atom. - Resulting particles cause electrons to be knocked loose from liquid argon atoms, which drift to the APAs 47 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

48 Time Projection Chamber How it works 48 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/5/2016

2018 2021 DUNE Alternative Design WA105:

49 DUNE Far Detector Prototyping and Scaling Prove Constructability Single-Phase design based on ICARUS detector LAr TPC technology initiated by Carlo Rubbia (2 * 300-t) Fermilab and CERN neutrino platform are providing a strong development and prototyping program for the DUNE Far Detectors. Also developing Dual-Phase LAr TPC technology Single-Phase ICARUS DUNE Reference Design Dual-Phase 35-t prototype 2016 DUNE SP CERN 770-t DUNE Alternative Design WA105: 1x1x3 m 3 DUNE DP CERN 49 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

50 Safety related challenges Far Site Big excavations at 4850 L underground. Hiring experienced CM/GC is a key element for success. Bids due November 15, LAr transported to and used at 4850 L underground. Delivering to SURF as liquid, make it gas before transporting through Ross shaft and re-condense underground. Extensive ODH analysis. ODH manageable. Ross shaft ODH Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

DUNE Far Detector Prototyping and Scaling Prove Constructability Single-Phase design based on ICARUS detector LAr TPC technology initiated by Carlo Rubbia Fermilab and CERN neutrino platform are

51 DUNE Far Detector Prototyping and Scaling Prove Constructability Single-Phase design based on ICARUS detector LAr TPC technology initiated by Carlo Rubbia Fermilab and CERN neutrino platform are providing a strong development and prototyping program for the DUNE Far Detectors. Also developing Dual-Phase LAr TPC technology 770-t (2 * 300-t) 51 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

52 LBNF/DUNE Milestones Critical Decision-0 (CD-0) approved, January 8, CD-1 Refresh approved, November 5, 2015 (Conceptual Design) CD-3a approved, September 1, 2016 (far-site pre-excavation and excavation) Complete Sanford Laboratory reliability projects in FY2018 CD-2 for the entire project expected in December 2019 (baselining) Complete first cryostat and cryo systems construction to enable detector installation to begin in 2021 Commission first 10 kton far detector in 2024 Add a second 10 kton far detector and the near detector by 2026 Produce neutrino beam in Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

ODH Class Map at Far Site The argon is transferred as

liquefied back to Lar to fill the cryostats Two

53 ODH Class Map at Far Site The argon is transferred as gas down to the 4850 L where it is purified and liquefied back to Lar to fill the cryostats Two independent exhaust shafts with 2 fans each, powered by site power and backup generator. ODH 0 ODH 0 ODH 0 ODH 0 ODH 0 ODH 1 53 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

54 How LBNF/DUNE works 54 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/5/2016

55 LBNF / DUNE The International mega-science project 55 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/5/2016

56 Conclusion We have fascinating physics ahead of us in the neutrino world that can open completely new windows towards our understanding of the world we live in. We are designing the right tools (accelerators, beamlines and detectors) to study this physics. Fermilab has already achieved a world record of proton beam power on target and looking forward to triple and quadruple it in the years ahead. LBNF/DUNE Project on track and moving ahead aggressively. Ready to begin extensive construction effort at far site to support installation of first DUNE detector in the 2021/2022 timeframe. It takes a lot of effort from students, postdocs, faculty, scientists, engineers, designers, technicians,, several years of work, and significant amount of money to accomplish these goals. The effort has to be international. Looking forward to collaborate with several of you in working through the technical challenges and studying this exciting physics. 56 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

57 Thank you Thank you for your attention! Thanks to several Fermilab colleagues for pictures and material for putting this talk together. 57 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University 10/05/2016

58 Backup 58 Physics Colloquium Wichita State University

59 Fermilab Accelerator Complex 701 kw 06/13/16. ~ 21,000 m 2 Recycler NuMI line Main Injector 59 Main Injector MI tunnel

NuMI/NOνA Timeline slip-stacking while Main Injector is accelerating 15 Hz Booster sets fundamental clock ( tick ) The installation of a direct injection line from

60 NuMI/NOνA Timeline slip-stacking while Main Injector is accelerating 15 Hz Booster sets fundamental clock ( tick ) The installation of a direct injection line from the Booster to the Recycler to eliminate Main Injector loading time was the key component of the improvement campaign for NOνA (400 kw->700 kw). 1.33s cycle time. 60

61 Fermilab Accelerator Complex Following the LHC turn-on, FNAL has transitioned to an intensity based program (high beam power). Ion Source Radiofrequency quad: 750 kev H - Linac: 400 MeV, Conventional Booster: 15 Hz, 8 GeV, h=84 Recycler: 8 GeV storage ring, formerly for pbar storage; now proton staging area where beam is slip stacked, to form more intense beam. <10-10 torr. Main Injector: 120 GeV (150 GeV), h=588 (7*84) The Booster is the chief limit to intensities ~45 years old! 61

62 Protons per hour, peak power to NuMI target for one hour After the installation of collimators during the 3 month accelerator shutdown (Aug.-Nov. 2016) expect to run at ~ 700 kw on a continuous basis. 62

Higher energy + painting = more beam in Booster Increase Booster rate to

63 PIP-II Key elements: Replace existing 400 MeV linac with an 800 MeV linac capable of CW operation. Higher energy + painting = more beam in Booster Increase Booster rate to 20 Hz Modest improvements to Recycler and MI Goals: GeV MeV Thanks to cryoplant from India 63

64 PIP/PIP-II Performance Goals Performance Parameter PIP PIP-II Linac Beam Energy MeV Linac Beam Current 25 2 ma Linac Beam Pulse Length msec Linac Pulse Repetition Rate Hz LinacBeam Power to Booster 4 13 kw Linac Beam Power Capability (@>10% Duty Factor) 4 ~200 kw Mu2e Upgrade Potential (800 MeV) NA >100 kw Booster Protons per Pulse Booster Pulse Repetition Rate Hz Booster Beam 8 GeV kw Beam Power to 8 GeV Program (max) kw Main Injector Protons per Pulse Main Injector Cycle 120 GeV sec LBNF Beam 120 GeV MW LBNF Upgrade GeV NA >2 MW 64

65 Beamline for the new Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility A design for a new Beamline at Fermilab is under development, which will support the new Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility. Directed towards the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, 1300 km from Fermilab. The primary beam designed to transport high intensity protons in the energy range of GeV to the LBNF target. A broad band, sign selected neutrino beam with its spectrum to fully cover the energy range of the 1 st oscillation node (peaking at 2.4 GeV) and to provide as high as reasonably achievable neutrino flux within the energy range of the 2 nd oscillation node. (Attempting to cover 0.5 ~ 5.0 GeV) All systems designed for 1.2 MW initial proton beam power (PIP-II, ~2024). Facility is upgradeable up to 2.4 MW proton beam power (PIP-III). We are currently assuming 20 year operation of the Beamline, where for the first 5 years we operate at 1.2 MW and for another 15 years at 2.4 MW. The lifetime of the Beamline Facility including the shielding is assumed to be 30 years. 65

Beryllium R&D Be Strength Model Testing and

complete Strength model development on track to be

HiRadMat BeGrid results HiRadMat (CERN) BeGrid

completed Preliminary results indicate less

strength model One Be grade (S200FH) shows

Repeated pulses resulted in plastic strain

66 Beryllium R&D Be Strength Model Testing and Development at Southwest Research Institute Testing complete Strength model development on track to be complete in June Will be used to benchmark with HiRadMat BeGrid results HiRadMat (CERN) BeGrid Experiment PIE Profilometry of all exposed samples completed Preliminary results indicate less deformation than predicted with extrapolated strength model One Be grade (S200FH) shows consistently less deformation than the others Repeated pulses resulted in plastic strain ratcheting Array 1 2 mm Array 3 2 mm Array 4 2 mm Array mm Array mm Array mm Major axis 66

Graphite R&D NuMI Target (NT-02) graphite PIE at PNNL preliminary

$of impurities on fracture surface indicates cracking occurred during$ beam Currently examining area near beam center via TEM Will use these

67 Graphite R&D NuMI Target (NT-02) graphite PIE at PNNL preliminary results: Evidence of swelling in highly irradiated areas (2-5%) Nature of impurities on fracture surface indicates cracking occurred during operation Not much evidence of displacement damage in area away from beam Currently examining area near beam center via TEM Will use these results to bench-mark with other irradiations (lower energy, higher current)

LBNF Neutrino Beam. James Strait Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL , USA. on behalf of the LBNF/DUNE Team

LBNF Neutrino Beam. James Strait Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL , USA. on behalf of the LBNF/DUNE Team FERMILAB-CONF-15-620-ND LBNF Neutrino Beam James Strait Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510-0500, USA on behalf of the LBNF/DUNE Team (Dated: March 22, 2016) Operated