NEW νe Appearance Results from the. T2K Experiment. Matthew Malek Imperial College London. University of Birmingham HEP Seminar 13 June 2012

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1 NEW νe Appearance Results from the T2K Experiment Matthew Malek Imperial College London University of Birmingham HEP Seminar 13 June 2012

2 Outline Physics motivation: Neutrinos & Oscillations Overview of the T2K experiment Data taking at T2K νe analysis: Selection criteria Expected backgrounds Systematic uncertainty New data set New oscillation results Summary & conclusions 2

3 Neutrino Basics Weakly interacting isospin partners of charged leptons Standard model includes three massless stable neutrinos, but... As early as fifty years ago, discussions of massive neutrinos and oscillations had begun! Maki, Nakagawa, Sakata (June 1962) 3

4 Early Hints of Oscillation Solar Neutrinos Atmospheric Neutrinos SNU Experiments Theory 7 Be pp 0.55±0.08 B 8 CNO 2.56 ±0.23 Cl 37 Homestake Kamioka H2O Kamiokande (1992) 4

5 1998: Neutrino Mass! Neutrinos from above travel 10s of km from point of origin Neutrinos from below travel 1000s of km Super-Kamiokande (1998) ~530 days data-taking ~400 ν events 5

6 Oscillation Basics Neutrinos have mass! Flavour eigenstates: νe, νµ, ντ Mass eigenstates: ν1, ν2, ν3 Produced and interact as flavour eigenstates; propagate as mass eigenstates: where: 6

7 Oscillations Probability Parameterization of the PMNS matrix Uli : Contains a CP violating phase (δ) Oscillation probability depends on energy (E), distance travelled (L), the mixing matrix (U), and the difference in the squares of the neutrino masses ( m2 ) 7

8 Experimental Probes Parameterization of the PMNS matrix Uli : Probed with atmospheric neutrinos, long baseline accelerator neutrinos (1998 onwards) Probed with solar neutrinos, long baseline reactor neutrinos (2001 onwards) Probed with: long baseline accelerator neutrinos, short baseline reactor neutrinos (unknown at start of last year!) 8

2010 2012: Race For θ13 Two types of experiments: 1) Long baseline accelerator expts: Look for νe appearance in a

9 : Race For θ13 Two types of experiments: 1) Long baseline accelerator expts: Look for νe appearance in a νµ beam MINOS, T2K, NOνA 2) Short baseline reactor expts: Look for νe disappearance Double Chooz, Daya Bay, RENO 9

10 Measuring θ13 Long baseline accelerator: Sensitive to θ13, δ, mass hierarchy CP violating (flips sign for anti-ν) where: Cij = cos(θij) Sij = sin(θij) Solar Matter ij = mij (L/4E) Short baseline reactor: Sensitive only to θ13 10

11 Long baseline accelerator: Sensitive to θ13, δ, mass hierarchy νe νµ ντ 11

12 Long baseline accelerator: Sensitive to θ13, δ, mass hierarchy νe νµ ντ MINOS T2K 12

13 Daya Bay, RENO Double Chooz Observed by KamLAND 13

14 θ13 Results: Accelerators One year ago today: T2K announces first indications of θ13 June 13th 2011 Six electron neutrino events are observed, with 1.5 ± 0.3 background events expected P-value (assuming no oscillations) is 0.007, or 2.5σ. 14

15 θ13 Results: Accelerators One week later: MINOS sees 62 evts w/ 49.5 ± 2.8 (sys) ± 7.0 (stat) BG (1.7σ excess) 15

16 θ13 Results: Reactors March 2012: Daya Bay first to see θ13 via disappearance channel sin2(2θ13) = ± (stat) ± (sys) (θ13 = 0 excluded at 5.2σ) Similar results followed one month later from RENO 16

17 Oscillation Parameters Standard parameterization for Dirac neutrinos has: 3 mixing angles, 2 mass square differences, 1 CP phase What do we know? sin2(2θ12) = 0.87 ± 0.03 m212 = 7.59 ± 0.20 x 10-5 ev2 SK, SNO, KamLAND sin2(2θ23) > 0.92 (90% C.L.) m232 = 2.43 ± 0.13 x 10-3 ev2 SK, K2K, MINOS T2K, MINOS, Daya Bay, RENO sin2(2θ13) = ±

18 Open Questions Q: What do we still need to know? A: Two big questions in front of us now: 1) What is the CP violating phase δ? 2) What is the mass hierarchy? Electron neutrino appearance can help answer both questions! 18

19 Outline Physics motivation: Neutrinos & Oscillations Overview of the T2K experiment Data taking at T2K νe analysis: Selection criteria Expected backgrounds Systematic uncertainty New data set New oscillation results Summary & conclusions 19

20 Tokai to Kamioka (T2K) Experimental goals: Search for νe appearance Precision νµ disappearance Other (ν cross sections, sterile ν searches, etc.) Focus of this talk 20

21 The T2K Collaboration 21

22 Experimental Overview 22

23 J-PARC Neutrino Beamline 23

24 INGRID (on-axis detector) 24

25 ND280 (off-axis near detector) 25

26 Super-Kamiokande (far) ν 50,000 tonne water Chereknov detector 22.5 kton fiducial mass Inner Detector (ID) has 11,129 inward facing 50cm PMTs for ~40% coverage Outer Detector (OD) has cm PMTs; OD used as passive shielding and active veto Stable operation for many years Good reconstruction in energy range of T2K beam 26

27 Outline Physics motivation: Neutrinos & Oscillations Overview of the T2K experiment Data taking at T2K νe analysis: Selection criteria Expected backgrounds Systematic uncertainty New data set New oscillation results Summary & conclusions 27

28 T2K: We're Back! After taking data from January 2010, T2K was shut down by the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Disaster on March 11th On Dec.9, 2011, J-PARC LINAC operation restarted!!! On Dec.24, 2011, Neutrino events observed at T2K-ND280!! On Mar.9, 2012, physics quality data-taking resumed! (Run 3) 28

29 Instantaneous Luminosity March 11, 2011 Earthquake RUN-1 RUN-2 RUN-3 Achieved 190 kw of continuous running in Run 3 Compared to 145 kw in Run 2 and 50 kw in Run 1 Increased pulse repetition rate, bunches per pulse, protons per bunch protons per pulse (world record) 29

30 Integrated Luminosity March 11, 2011 Earthquake RUN-1 RUN-2 RUN-3 Run 1 3 data sets = 2.56 x P.O.T. for SK analysis Run 1: 0.32 x P.O.T. (2010) Run 2: 1.11 x P.O.T. ( ) Run 3: 1.12 x P.O.T. (to May 15th 2012) Thus far, ~4% of the total data has been collected (assuming design goal) 30

31 Beam Stability: Rate & Direction 0 mrad Beam dir. stability < 1mrad Beam is quite stable in space (1 mrad tolerance) and time (within 1%) 31

32 Outline Physics motivation: Neutrinos & Oscillations Overview of the T2K experiment Data taking at T2K νe analysis: Selection criteria Expected backgrounds Systematic uncertainty New data set New oscillation results Summary & conclusions 32

33 Reconstructing ν Energy Only final state lepton is reconstructed Neutrino energy can be determined with certain assumptions: Neutrino direction is known (beam direction) Recoil nucleon mass is known (use neutron mass) Target nucleon is at rest (not quite true; introduces smearing) 33

Neutrino Interactions In the region of interest for T2K, large contribution from charge current quasi-elastic scattering: Also significant CC

34 Neutrino Interactions In the region of interest for T2K, large contribution from charge current quasi-elastic scattering: Also significant CC contribution with pion in final state NCπ0 is a major background mode from electron appearance: Photons from π0 can fake electron signal T2K beam peak energy 34

35 νe Signal & BG (at SK) Oscillation signal: Beam νe background: Beam background has harder energy spectrum Neutral current π0 background: Can be removed by identifying second photon ring 35

36 SK νe Event Selection 36

37 SK νe Event Selection 37

38 SK νe Event Selection 38

39 SK νe Event Selection 39

40 Modelling Neutrino Flux 40

41 Neutrino Flux Predictions 41

42 ND280 Inclusive νµ Sample Measurements using Run 1+2 data (1.08 x 1020 P.O.T.): CCQE sample Data MC w/o tuning --- MC after FIT CCnQE sample Data MC w/o tuning --- MC after FIT CCQE sample CCQE CC1π+ CC1π0 CCcoh CCother NC bkgd outside CCnQE sample CCQE CC1π+ CC1π0 CCcoh CCother NC bkgd outside ND280 events are used to constrain the flux and ν cross sections. ND280 event selection: Good negative track in fiducial volume Upstream TPC hit Muon ID by TPC (for CCQE events) 1 FGD-TPC track No decay-e in FGD For CCQE selection: 40% efficiency 72% purity 42

43 SK Expectation Predicted # of Events Systematic Err. Large improvement from 2011 analysis: ~18% for sin2(2θ13) = 0.1 ~23% for sin2(2θ13) =

44 SK Data Sample: Timing SK synchronized to beam timing w/ GPS SK events fully contained in ID show clear beam time structure Non-beam BG estimated from timing sidebands; event rate is negligible (~0.04 events in current data set) 209 FC events In total, there are 209 events in the current data sample that are in time with the beam and fully contained within the SK inner detector (Step 1 of the data reduction) KS probability = 49.2% 44

45 SK Data: Spatial Distrib. Vertex distributions shown in horizontal (XY) and vertical (Z vs. R2) planes Beam direction marked by arrow No anomalous behaviour in distribution After fiducial volume cut applied, 151 events remain in the data 151 events 45

SK νe Data Reduction Step 3: Single e-like ring 151 19 Events Step 4:

46 SK νe Data Reduction Step 3: Single e-like ring Events Step 4: Visible energy cut Events Step 5: Decay electron cut Events 46

47 SK νe Candidate Sample Step 6: π0 mass cut Events After νe selection is applied Step 7: Reconstructed energy cut Events 10 candidate events remain! (Recall, background expectation is 2.73 ± 0.37 events) 47

Evidence of appearance! 0.08% The p-value to observe 10 or more events with 2.73 ± 0.37 BG is 0.

48 Evidence of appearance! 0.08% The p-value to observe 10 or more events with 2.73 ± 0.37 BG is (equivalent to 3.2σ) This confirms the T2K 2011 result [PRL 107, (2011)] We now have first evidence of νe appearance! 48

49 Allowed Regions: θ13 and δ For sin2(2θ13) = 0, probability to observe 10 events = Assuming sin2(2θ23) = 1.0 and m232 = 2.4 x 10-3 ev2 At δcp = 0, best fits are: sin2(2θ13) = sin2(2θ13) =

50 Outline Physics motivation: Neutrinos & Oscillations Overview of the T2K experiment Data taking at T2K νe analysis: Selection criteria Expected backgrounds Systematic uncertainty New data set New oscillation results Summary & conclusions 50

51 Future Plans Short term: Results from data collected up to summer shutdown ready soon Update on νµ disappearance results coming shortly Increased precision on θ23 necessary to probe CP violation Precision measurements of neutrino cross sections Medium term: Continue running at higher beam power: ~8e20 POT (2013) ~1.2e21 POT (2014) Sterile neutrino searches More precise measurements of νe appearance to evaluate sub-leading ~1.8e21 POT (2015) effects, such as CP violation and the mass hierarchy! Long term: Anti-neutrino running? Hyper-Kamiokande? 51

52 Summary & Conclusions In 2011, 6 electron neutrino appearance candidate events were observed (p-value = 0.007), which indicated θ13 0 This year, J-PARC resumed operation after recovering from the Great East Japan Earthquake of March T2K resumed taking physics data with a beam power of ~190 kw Based on 2.56 x 1020 POT collected at SK by May 2012, a total of 10 electron neutrino appearance candidate events were observed: p-value = (3.2σ) sin2(2θ13) = The systematic uncertainty is greatly reduced! (~10%) (for normal hierarchy assumption) First evidence for electron neutrino appearance! This result opens the possibility of probing CP violation in the lepton sector, as well as determining the neutrino mass hierarchy 52

53 Back Up Slides 53

54 SK Particle Identification Reliable PID particularly crucial to electron appearance analysis PID well-established at KEK beam test (1kton tank) in 1990s 54

55 A Typical νe Candidate 55

56 Vertex Distributions 56

57 2011 and 2012 Results The current result is consistent with the 2011 result, and improved The result with only 2012 data is also consistent with the 2011 result 57

Results from T2K. Alex Finch Lancaster University ND280 T2K

Results from T2K. Alex Finch Lancaster University ND280 T2K Results from T2K Alex Finch Lancaster University ND280 T2K 1 Contents T2K Overview Tokai Kamioka Neutrino Oscillations Results Muon neutrino disappearance Electron neutrino appearance Charged Current inclusive