Summation of certain infinite Fibonacci related series

Transcription

1 arxiv: v (30 Dec 205) Summation of certain infinite Fibonacci related series Bakir Farhi Laboratoire de Mathématiques appliquées Faculté des Sciences Exactes Université de Bejaia Bejaia Algeria Abstract In this paper we find the closed sums of certain type of Fibonacci related convergent series. In particular we generalize some results already obtained by Brousseau Popov Rabinowitz and others. MSC 200: B39 97I30. Keywords: Fibonacci numbers convergent series. Introduction Throughout this paper we let N denote the set N \ {0} of positive integers. We denote by Φ the golden ration (Φ : + 5) and by Φ its conjugate in the 2 quadratic field Q( 5); that is Φ : 5. 2 Φ The Fibonacci sequence (F n ) n N is defined by: F 0 0 F and for all n N: F n+2 F n + F n+ (.) This sequence can be extended to the negative index n by rewriting the recurrence relation (.) as: F n F n+2 F n+. By induction we easily show that for all n Z we have: F n ( ) n+ F n (.2) A closed formula of F n (n Z) in terms of n is given by: F n 5 ( Φ n Φ n ) (.3)

2 Formula (.3) is called the Binet Formula (see e.g. [5 Chapter 8]). Another sequence ultimately related to the Fibonacci sequence is the Lucas sequence (L n ) n Z which is defined by: L 0 2 L and for all n Z: L n+2 L n + L n+ (.4) The connections and likenesses between the Fibonacci and the Lucas sequences are numerous; among them we just cite the followings: L n F n + F n+ (.5) L n Φ n + Φ n (.6) F 2n F n L n (.7) which hold for any n Z. Using only the Binet formula (.3) several properties and formulas related to the Fibonacci sequence can be found. We show for example that for all (n m r) Z 3 we have: F r F n m ( ) m (F n F m+r F m F n+r ) (.8) We call Formula (.8) the generalized subtraction formula where the subtraction formula is that which is obtained by taking r in (.8). Note that Formula (.8) plays a vital role in Section 2. Using Binet s formula we also show that for all n r Z we have: Φ n F r Φ r F n + ( ) r+ F n r (.9) Φ n F r Φ r F n + ( ) r+ F n r (.0) These two last formulas will be used in Section 3. Fibonacci s sequence plays a very important role in theoretical and applied mathematics. Particularly the summation of series related to the Fibonacci numbers is a fascinating and fertile topic that has many investigations during the last half-century. For example Good [3] showed the following remarkable formula: 7 5 (.) F 2 n 2 n0 solving a problem proposed by Millin [8]. Hoggatt and Bicknell [4] obtained a closed formula for the more general infinite series + n0 (k F k2 n N ) which can be simplified as: F n0 k2 n + + (.2) F k F 2k F 2k Φ 2k 2

3 On the other hand we have the following well-known formulas: F n F n+2 F 2n F 2n+ ( ) n 5 F n F n F 2n F 2n+2 2 ( ) n F n F n (.3) In this paper we investigate two types of infinite Fibonacci related series. The first one consists of the series of the form: ( ) ε n F u n+k u n F un F un+k where k is a positive integer (u n ) n is a sequence of positive integers tending to infinity with n and (ε n ) n is a sequence of integers depending on (u n ) n. The obtained results concerning this type of series generalize in particular Formulas (.2) and (.3). The second type of series which we consider consists of the series of the form: ( ) ε n F un Φ u n where (u n ) n is an increasing sequence of positive integers and (ε n ) n is a sequence of integers depending on (u n ) n. We show in particular that some of such series can be transformed on series with rational terms. 2 The first type of series In this section we deal with series of the form n ( )ε n F u n+k un F u nf un+k where k is a positive integer (u n ) n is a sequence of positive integers tending to infinity with n and (ε n ) n is a sequence of integers depending on (u n ) n. We begin with the following general result. Theorem 2.. Let (u n ) n be a sequence of positive integers tending to infinity with n and let k be a positive integer. Then for any t Z we have: ( ) F ( ) un u n+k u n F un +t kφ t (2.) F un F un+k F t F un To prove this theorem we need the following lemma. 3

4 Lemma 2.2. Let (x n ) n be a convergent real sequence and let x R be its limit. Then for all k N we have: (x n+k x n ) kx x n. Proof. Let k N be fixed. For any positive integer N we have: N (x n+k x n ) N (x n+i x n+i ) i i N (x n+i x n+i ) (x N+i x i ) i x N+i i i x i. The formula of the lemma immediately follows by tending N to infinity. Proof of Theorem 2.. Let t Z be fixed. By applying the generalized subtraction formula (.8) for the triplet (u n+k + t u n + t t) we obtain: F t F un+k u n ( ) u n+t ( F un+k +tf un F un +tf un+k ). Then by dividing the two sides of this last equality by ( ) u n F t F un F un+k we obtain (since F t ( ) t+ F t according to (.2)): ( ) u F n u n+k u n ( Fun+k +t F ) u n +t. F un F un+k F t F un+k F un By taking the sum from n to infinity on the two sides of this last equality and then by applying Lemma 2.2 for x n F un+t F un which tends to Φ t as n tends to infinity (according to the Binet Formula (.3)) we conclude that: ( ) u F ( ) n u n+k u n F un+t kφ t F un F un+k F t F un as required. Theorem 2. is proved. 4

5 Remark. As we will see below the (non-vanishing) integer parameter t appearing in the right-hand side of Formula (2.) plays an important role in the applications. Indeed in each situation we must choose it properly in order to obtain the simplest possible formula. From Theorem 2. we deduce the following result which is already pointed out by Hu et al. [6] in the more general case of the generalized Fibonacci sequences. Corollary 2.3. Let (u n ) n be a sequence of positive integers tending to infinity with n. Then we have: ( ) u n F u n+ u n F un F un+ ( )u F u Φ u (2.2) Proof. It suffices to take in Formula (2.) of Theorem 2.: k and t u (recall also that F u ( ) u + F u according to Formula (.2)). If (u n ) n is an arithmetic sequence of positive integers Theorem 2. gives the following result constituting a generalization of the both results by Brousseau [2] (corresponding to u n n) and by Popov [9] (corresponding to k and r even). Corollary 2.4. Let (u n ) n be an increasing arithmetic sequence of positive integers and let r be its common difference. Then for any positive integer k we have: ( ) ( ) r(n ) ( )u F un + kφ (2.3) F un F un+k F kr F un In particular we have: ( ) r(n ) F un F un+ F r F u Φ u (2.4) Proof. To obtain Formula (2.3) it suffices to take t in Formula (2.) of Theorem 2. and use that u n r(n ) + u ( n ). To obtain Formula (2.4) we simply set k in formula (2.3) and use that F u + ΦF u Φ u ( ) u (according to the Binet Formula (.3)). This completes the Φ proof. Some numerical examples All the formulas of (.3) apart from the first one constitute special cases of Formula (2.3) of Corollary

6 Let k be a positive integer and a 2 be an integer. By taking in Formula (2.2) of Corollary 2.3: u n ka n ( n ) we obtain the following formula: F (a )ka n (2.5) F ka nf ka n+ F ka Φ ka which can be considered as a generalization of Formula (.2) (we obtain (.2) by taking a 2 in (2.5)). From Formula (.2) we deduce that + n0 Q( F k2 5) (for any n positive integer k). But except the geometric sequences with common ration 2 we don t know any other regular sequence (u n ) n N of positive integers satisfying the property that + n0 F u Q( 5). More n precisely we propose the following open question: Open question. Is there any linear recurrence sequence (u n ) n N of positive integers which is not a geometric sequence with common ratio 2 and which satisfies the property that n0 F un Q( 5)? Next by taking a 3 in Formula (2.5) we deduce (according to Formula (.7)) the following: L k3 n F k3 n+ F 3k Φ 3k (2.6) By taking k in Formula (2.6) we deduce (after some calculations) the formula: L 3 n 5 (2.7) F 3 n+ 2 n0 By taking in Formula (2.) of Theorem 2.: u n F n k 2 and t we obtain the following: F Fn+ ( ) F n 5 (2.8) F Fn F Fn+2 Next by taking in Formula (2.) of Theorem 2.: u n F n k and t we obtain the following: F ( ) Fn Fn 5 (2.9) F Fn F Fn+ 2 6

7 In what follows we will discover that for the sequences (u n ) n of positive integers for which any term u n have the same parity with n it is even possible to determine the sum of the series F un+k un n F un F un+k (where k is a fixed even positive integer). We have the following: Theorem 2.5. Let (u n ) n be a sequence of positive integers tending to infinity with n and let k be a positive integer. Then we have: ( ) u n n F u n+2k u n F un F un+2k ( ) u 2n + F u 2n u 2n F u2n F u2n (2.0) In particular if u n have the same parity with n (for any positive integer n) then we have: F un+2k u n F u2n u 2n (2.) F un F un+2k F u2n F u2n Proof. By applying Formula (2.) of Theorem 2. for the sequence (u 2n ) n and for t we obtain: ( ) u 2n F u 2n+2k u 2n F u2n F u2n+2k F u2n + F u2n kφ (2.2) Next by applying Formula (2.) of Theorem 2. for the sequence (u 2n ) n and for t we obtain: ( ) u 2n F u 2n+2k u 2n F u2n F u2n+2k Now by subtracting (2.3) from (2.2) we get: F u2n + F u2n kφ (2.3) ( ( ) u 2n F u 2n+2k u 2n F u2n F u2n+2k ( ) u F u 2n 2n+2k u 2n F u2n F u2n+2k ) ( Fu2n + F u2n F ) u 2n + F u2n which we can write as: ( ) u n n F u n+2k u n F un F un+2k F u2n +F u2n F u2n F u2n + F u2n F u2n. 7

8 Finally since F u2n +F u2n F u2n F u2n + ( ) u2n + F u2n u 2n (according to Formula (.8) applied for the triplet (u 2n + u 2n + )) we conclude that: ( ) un n F u n+2k u n F un F un+2k ( ) u 2n + F u 2n u 2n F u2n F u2n which is the first formula of the theorem. The second formula of the theorem is an immediate consequence of the previous one. The proof is achieved. If (u n ) n is an arithmetic sequence of positive integers then Theorem 2.5 reduces to the following corollary constituting a generalization of a result by Brousseau [2] (which actually corresponds to the case u n n). Corollary 2.6. Let (u n ) n be an increasing arithmetic sequence of positive integers and let r be its common difference. Then for any positive integer k we have: In particular we have: ( ) (r )(n ) F un F un+2k F r F 2kr ( ) (r )(n ) F un F un+2 F u2n F u2n (2.4) F u F u2 L r (2.5) Proof. To establish Formula (2.4) it suffices to apply Theorem 2.5 together with the formula u n r(n ) + u ( n ). To establish Formula (2.5) we take k in (2.4) and we use in addition Formula (.7). Remark. Let (u n ) n N be an increasing arithmetic sequence of natural numbers and let r be its common difference. By Corollary 2.4 we know a closed form of the sum + (k N ) and by Corollary 2.6 we know a ( ) r(n ) F u n F u n+k closed form of the sum + ( ) (r )(n ) F u nf un+k (k an even positive integer). But if k is an odd positive integer the closed form of the sum + ( ) (r )(n ) F u n F un+k is still unknown even in the particular case u n n. However we shall prove in what follows that if u 0 0 there is a relationship between the sums + ( ) (r )(n ) F u nf un+k have the following: Theorem 2.7. Let where k lies in the set of the odd positive integers. We S rk : ( ) (r )(n ) F rn F r(n+k) ( r k N ). 8

9 Then for any positive integer r and any odd positive integer k we have: S rk F (k )/2 r S r + ( ) r (2.6) F rk F 2nr F (2n+)r Proof. Let r and k be positive integers and suppose that k is odd. Because the formula of the theorem is trivial for k we can assume that k 3. We have: S r F rk F r S rk ( ) (r )(n ) F rn F r(n+) F rk F r ( ) (r )(n ) F rn F r(n+k) ( ) (r )(n ) F rf r(n+k) F rk F r(n+) F r F rn F r(n+) F r(n+k). But according to Formula (.8) (applied for the triplet (r rk rn)) we have: F r F r(n+k) F rk F r(n+) ( ) rk F rn F r( k) Using this it follows that: ( ) rk F rn ( ) r(k )+ F r(k ) (by (.2)) ( ) r+ F rn F r(k ). S r F rk F r S rk ( ) r+ F r(k ) F r ( ) r+ F r(k ) F r ( ) (r )(n ) F r(n+) F r(n+k) ( ) (r )(n ) F un F un+k where we have put u n : r(n + ) ( n ). Next because (k ) is even (since k is supposed odd) it follows by Corollary 2.6 that: S r F rk S rk ( ) r+ F r(k ) F (k )/2 r F r F r F (k )r (k )/2 ( ) r+ The formula of the theorem follows. F 2nr F (2n+)r. F u2n F u2n 9

10 Remarks.. The particular case of Formula (2.6) corresponding to r is already established by Rabinowitz [0]. 2. If r is an odd positive integer Jeannin [] established an expression of S r in terms of the values of the Lambert series. 3 The second type of series In this section we deal with series of the form ( ) εn n F un Φ u n where (u n ) n is an increasing sequence of positive integers and (ε n ) n is a sequence of integers depending on (u n ) n. By grouping terms we show that it is possible to transform some such series to series with rational terms. As we will precise later some results of this section can be deduced from the results of the previous one by tending the parameter k to infinity. We begin with the following: Theorem 3.. Let (u n ) n be an increasing sequence of positive integers. Then we have: ( ) u n n F un Φ u n ( ) u 2n + F u 2n u 2n F u2n F u2n (3.) In particular if u n have the same parity with n (for any positive integer n) then we have: F un Φ + F u2n u 2n (3.2) un F u2n F u2n Proof. The increase of (u n ) n ensures the convergence of the two series in (3.). By grouping terms we have: ( ) un n F un Φ u n ( ( ) u 2n 2n F u2n Φ u 2n ) + ( )u 2n (2n ) F u2n Φ u 2n ( ) u 2n + Φu 2n u 2n F u2n + ( ) u 2n u 2n + F u2n F u2n F u2n Φ u 2n ( ) u 2n + Φu 2n F u2n u 2n F u2n F u2n Φ u 2n ( ) u 2n + F u 2n u 2n F u2n F u2n 0 (according to Formula (.9))

11 which confirms the first formula of the theorem. The second formula of the theorem is an immediate consequence of the first one. The proof is complete. Remark. We can also prove Theorem 3. by tending k to infinity in Formulas (2.0) and (2.) of Theorem 2.5. To do so we must previously remark that for any positive integer n we have: F un+2k u lim n k + F un+2k Φ u n (according to the Binet Formula (.3)) and that the series of functions + ( )un n F u n+2k un F un F un+2k (from N to R) converges uniformly on N. According to the closed formulas of F n and L n (see Formulas (.3) and L (.6)) it is immediate that lim n n + F n 5. So the approximations 5 L n F n (n ) are increasingly better when n increases. From Theorem 3. we derive a curious formula in which the sum of the errors of the all approximations 5 L n F n (n ) is transformed to a series with rational terms. We have the following: Corollary 3.2. We have: F n L + 5 n 2 F n F n Φ 2 + n F 2n F 2n (3.3) Proof. According to Formulas (.3) and (.6) we have for any positive integer n: L 5 n 5Fn L n ( Φ n Φ n ) ( Φ n + Φ n ) n 2Φ F n F n So it follows that: + L n 5 2 F n Φ n F n F n 2 F n Φ n (since Φ Φ ). which is the first equality of (3.3). The second equality of (3.3) follows from Theorem 3. by taking u n n ( n ). The proof is complete.

12 Further it is known that for any positive integer n the n th convergent of the regular continued fraction expansion of the number 5 is equal to the irreducible rational fraction r n : L 3n/2. F 3n So by repeating the proof /2 of Corollary 3.2 replacing the index n by 3n we immediately obtain the following: Corollary 3.3. We have: 5 r 2 r Λ F 3n Φ 4 + (3.4) 3n F 6n F 6n 3 where Λ denotes the set of the regular continued fraction convergents of the number 5. Some other numerical applications By taking successively in Theorem 3.: u n 2n u n 2n and then u n 2n + we respectively obtain the three following formulas: ( ) n+ F 2n Φ 2n + F 4n F 4n 2 ( ) n+ F 2n Φ + 2n ( ) n+ F 2n+ Φ + 2n+ F 4n F 4n 3 F 4n+ F 4n (3.5) Remark that the addition (side to side) of the two last formulas of (3.5) gives the second formula of (.3). Now by applying another technique of grouping terms we are going to show that some other series of the form n F u nφ u n (in which u n have not always the same parity with n) can be also transformed to series with rational terms; precisely to series of reciprocals of Fibonacci numbers. We have the following: Theorem 3.4. For any integer r 2 we have: n0 F 2 r n+2 r Φ2r n+2 r F 2 r n (3.6) Proof. Let r 2 be an integer. From the trivial equality of sets: { 2 r n + 2 r n N } { 2 r n n N } \ {2 r n n N } 2

13 we have: n0 F 2 r n+2 r Φ2r n+2 r F 2 r nφ + 2r n ( F 2 r nφ 2r n F 2 r nφ 2r n L 2 r nφ 2r n F 2 r nφ 2r n F 2 r nφ 2r n ) (since F 2 r n F 2 r nl 2 r n according to (.7)). But since L 2 r nφ 2r n (Φ 2r n +Φ 2r n )Φ 2 r n Φ 2rn +(ΦΦ) 2r n Φ 2rn (according to (.6) and to that Φ ) we conclude that: Φ n0 as required. The theorem is proved. F 2 r n+2 r Φ2r n+2 r F 2 r n Remark. Taking r 2 in Formula (3.6) of Theorem 3.4 gives the following: n0 F 4n+2 Φ + (3.7) 4n+2 F 4n Note that this last formula was already pointed out by Melham and Shannon [7] who proved it by summing both sides of Formula (.2) over k lying in the set of the odd positive integers. References [] R. André-Jeannin. Lambert Series and the Summation of Reciprocals in Certain Fibonacci-Lucas-Type Sequences The Fibonacci Quarterly 28.3 (990) p [2] B. A. Brousseau. Summation of Infinite Fibonacci Series The Fibonacci Quarterly 7.2 (969) p [3] I. J. Good. A Reciprocal Series of Fibonacci Numbers The Fibonacci Quarterly 2.4 (974) p

14 [4] V. E. Hoggatt Jr. & Marjorie Bicknell. A Reciprocal Series of Fibonacci Numbers with subscripts 2 n k The Fibonacci Quarterly 4.5 (976) p [5] R. Honsberger. Mathematical Gems III Math. Assoc. America Washington DC 985. [6] H. Hu Z-W. Sun & J-X. Liu. Reciprocal sums of second-order recurrent sequences The Fibonacci Quarterly 39.3 (200) p [7] R. S. Melham & A. G. Shannon. On reciprocal sums of Chebyshev related sequences The Fibonacci Quarterly 33.3 (995) p [8] D. A. Millin. Problem H-237 The Fibonacci Quarterly 2.3 (974) p [9] B. Popov. On Certain Series of Reciprocals of Fibonacci Numbers The Fibonacci Quarterly 20.3 (982) p [0] S. Rabinowitz. Algorithmic summation of reciprocals of products of Fibonacci numbers The Fibonacci Quarterly 37.2 (999) p