Trajectory Design For A Visible Geosynchronous Earth Imager
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1 Trajectr Design Fr A Visible Gesnchrnus Earth Imager Edmund M. C. Kng SSL Graduate Research Assistant Prf David W. Miller Directr, MIT Space Sstems Lab Dr. Ramnd J. Sedwick Pstdctral Assciate, MIT Space Sstems Lab AIAA Space Technlg Cnference & Expsitin Albuquerque, New Mexic 3 September, 999
2 Intrductin Objective : T cmpare the different imaging cnfiguratins fr a Separated Spacecraft Interfermeter perating frm an Earth s rbit Outline : Interfermetric requirements & Orbit Selectin Equatins f Mtins (Hill s Equatins Steered Planar Arra Prpellant Free Arra: Cllectr S/C Results Summar Space Sstems Labratr
3 Interfermetric Requirements & Orbit Selectin Interfermetric Requirements: Reqt. Equal science light pathlength fr visible imaging Reqt. Axi-smmetric angular reslutin abut LOS x Far-field assumptin Arra sees planar wavefrnts frm targets Orbit Selectin: Gesnchrnus Higher altitude, lwer perturbative effects (eg. J Space Sstems Labratr
4 Equatins f Mtins Assumptin : First rder perturbatin abut natural circular Keplerian rbit Hill s Equatins : a a a x && x 3n && + nx& && + n x n& Ttal Spacecraft Velcit Increment : (enith-nadir x (velcit vectr (crss-range N V T life ax + a + a Example : V required t hld a spacecraft statinar at (x,, dt S Spacecraft instantaneus acceleratin : V required : a x 3n x a a n V n T life 9x + Space Sstems Labratr
5 DSS Architecture Cnstraint cllectr spacecraft t a lcal hrintal circular trajectr with cmbiner spacecraft at the center (Reqts. & V Requirement N V fr statinar cmbiner spacecraft at (,, V fr cllectr spacecraft x cs φ sin φ cs ψ sin φ sin ψ sin φ sin ψ cs ψ Hill x φ x' LOS ψ x, a x ± R sin R cs ( nt + α ( nt + α b ' c, ' Average cllectr s/c V at GEO altitude : V / n R T.55 life Space Sstems Labratr
6 DSS Architecture Cnstraint the prjectin f the cllectr spacecraft s trajectr t circular (Reqt. Prpellant free trajectries - (Prject x ellipse in velcit plane x Cllectr ± ( R cs nt m R nt sin R cs nt Var R : (-, Zenith (x/r Crss Axis (/R.5.5 R R -.5 Velcit Vectr (/R Intersectin between a plane and a circular parablid results in an ellipse Placed cmbiner spacecraft placed at fcus fr equal pathlength (Reqt. fr R R x Fcus ( 6R 3p ( 6 p ± p 4 ψ (degrees R 5 (R -R [R -.87R ] R -R R (R - - (R (R R LEO (R R [R.87R ] GEO R R φ (degrees Space Sstems Labratr
7 DSS Architecture (cnt. A famil f parablids can fit nt the free elliptical trajectries Lcus f fci maps ut a hperbla fr R R x R ± 4 3 Hperbla (Fci V/n R T lif e x/r (Zenith Nadir Circular Parablid Optimal Fcus (p/r.76 Ellipse Prjected Circle /R /R (velcit vectr (Crss axis (.76, p/r Optimum fcus : p. 76R V.564nR T life V requirement: N V required fr cllectr spacecraft Onl need V t hld cmbiner spacecraft at parablid s fcus Space Sstems Labratr
8 Steering with ptical dela lines Optical Dela Lines Cllectr s/c fllw R R elliptical trajectr frm Architecture Dela lines t image ff-nadir targets (Reqt. Cllectr-Cmbiner s/c distance: (cs nt D cs R + Pn nt Pn P P n n Cllectr s/c trajectr in prpagatin vectr s (x frame: x csψ sinψ sinψ csψ csφ sinφ x sinφ sinφ Hill.6 x " Elliptical Trajectr Imaginar Parablid ψ (degrees 9 LEO.3 Zenith (x/r -.3 D Cmbiner (Fcus d target x " Dela/R D - D φ, ψ Crss Range (/R D 8 8 At GEO 9 φ (degrees 9 GEO 3 4 Dela/R Maximum dela length frm GEO (x,d.3r Minimum semi-minr axis prjectin (,.94R 8 Space Sstems Labratr
9 Missin Parameters Cmpnents Steered Planar ODL Cmbiner S/C 8. kg 8. kg Cmbiner Prpellant - V/(n R T life.56 Cllectr S/C 87. kg 87. kg Cllectr Dela Lines -.34R Cllectr Prpellant V/(n R T life.55 - Spacecraft Mass estimates frm initial Deep Space 3 (DS3 design T life 5 ears R 5 m (DS3 - m baseline Place ODL n Cllectr S/C Ease f peratin Lwer verall dr mass and therefre, lwer sstem mass Fr each spacecraft Determine V Prpellant mass frm Rcket equatin m m p d V exp I spg m p - Prpellant Mass (kg m d - Spacecraft Dr Mass (kg I sp - Specific impulse (sec g - Earth s gravit (9.8 m/sec Space Sstems Labratr
10 General Observatins Relativel insensitive t the number f cllectr s/c (> 4 cllectr Trading between prpellant and ODL mass R 5 m Break even pint I sp 5 s (DLC. kg/m Arch : m cmb 8., m cll 4. Arch : m cmb.4, m cll 4. R 5 m Break even pint I sp s (DLC. kg/m Arch : m cmb 8., m cll 89.7 Arch : m cmb 84., m cll 88.8 Impact f ODL Dela Length Cnversin (kg/m DLC mcll (exp( V / Ispg.34R R 5 m R 5 m Specific Impulse (secs Space Sstems Labratr
11 Interfermetric Requirements x Summar ( Equatins f Mtins Hill s Equatins V Calculatin DSS Architecture V fr cllectr spacecraft nl Space Sstems Labratr
12 DSS Architecture Summar ( Free V trajectries fr cllectr spacecraft Minimum V cmbiner spacecraft lcatin Explitatin f cnic sectins ψ (degrees R (R -R [R -.87R ] R -R R - (R (R (R R (R - R LEO x/r (Zenith Nadir Hperbla (Fci Circular Parablid Optimal Fcus (p/r.76 Ellipse Optical Dela Lines Dela lines t steer arra s LOS.6 5 [R.87R ] GEO R R φ (degrees Prjected Circle /R (Crss axis /R (velcit vectr x " D Elliptical Trajectr Imaginar Parablid Results Dela Length vs Specific Impulse crss.4 ver pint R 5 m.35 R 5 m Zenith (x/r -.3 Cmbiner (Fcus d target x " Dela/R D - D φ, ψ Crss Range (/R D Dela Length Cnversin (kg/m Specific Impulse (secs Space Sstems Labratr
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