MATH CALCULUS I 2.1: Derivatives and Rates of Change
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1 MATH CALCULUS I 2.1: Derivatives and Rates of Cange Professor Donald L. Wite Department of Matematical Sciences Kent State University D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 1 / 1
2 Introduction Our main goal in tis section is to define and determine te relationsips between several quantities: Velocity (average and instantaneous) Slope (of secant lines and tangent lines) Rate of Cange (average and instantaneous) Derivative of a Function We will see tat velocity is actually a special case of a rate of cange, so we will concentrate on te last tree concepts. D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 2 / 1
3 Velocity Recall tat as an introduction to limits, we considered average velocity on an interval and defined instantaneous velocity at a specific time as a limit of average velocities on smaller and smaller time intervals. More precisely, suppose an object is moving along a straigt line so tat its position at time t is given by s(t). Te average velocity on te interval t a to t a + is given by v avg s t s(a + ) s(a) (a + ) a s(a + ) s(a). Te instantaneous velocity at time t a is ten s(a + ) s(a) v(a) lim v avg lim. 0 0 Te instantaneous velocity v(a) is a measure of ow fast te position is canging wit respect to time at te time t a. In oter words, it is te rate of cange of position wit respect to time. D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 3 / 1
4 Rates of Cange More generally, we make te following definition: Definition Let y f (x) be a function and let a be a number in te domain of f. Te average rate of cange of y wit respect to x on te interval x a to x a + is R avg y x f (a + ) f (a). Te instantaneous rate of cange of y wit respect to x at te point x a is defined to be f (a + ) f (a) R inst lim R avg lim. 0 0 D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 4 / 1
5 Rates of Cange Notes: Average or instantaneous velocity is te average or instantaneous rate of cange of position wit respect to time. Te units of te rate of cange of y wit respect to x are y-units per x-unit. Notice tat te slope of te line passing troug te points P(a, f (a)) and Q(a +, f (a + )) on te grap of f is m y x f (a + ) f (a) (a + ) a f (a + ) f (a) R avg. Tus average rate of cange on an interval is te slope of te line passing troug te points on te grap at te endpoints of te interval. D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 5 / 1
6 Tangent Lines Let y f (x) be a function and let a be a number in te domain of f. A line passing troug two points on te grap is called a secant line. For example, te following figure illustrates te secant line troug te points P(a, f (a)) and Q(a +, f (a + )) on te grap of f : 2.1 Figure 6 Notice tat te rise ( y) is f (a + ) f (a) and te run ( x) is, f (a + ) f (a) and so te slope of te secant line is, wic is te average rate of cange of y wit respect to x on te interval [a, a + ]. D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 6 / 1
7 Tangent Lines Now instantaneous rate of cange of y wit respect to x is found by taking te limit as 0 of te average rate of cange on [a, a + ]. Tis is also te limit as 0 of te slope of te secant line troug P(a, f (a)) and Q(a +, f (a + )). Wat is te grapical meaning of tis limit? As 0, te point Q moves along te grap toward te point P, as sown in te following figure: 2.1 Figure 5 In te limit, we tink of Q moving all te way to P and te secant line becomes a tangent line at te point P(a, f (a)) (line t in te figure). D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 7 / 1
8 Tangent Lines Definition Let y f (x) be a function and let a be a number in te domain of f. Te tangent line to te grap of f at x a is te line passing troug te point (a, f (a)) wit slope f (a + ) f (a) m lim. 0 Notes: f (a+) f (a) Te tangent line exists only if lim 0 exists. By te Point-Slope formula, te equation of te tangent line is y f (a) m(x a). Tis says tat te instantaneous rate of cange of y wit respect to x at x a is equal to te slope of te tangent line to te grap of f at x a. D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 8 / 1
9 Tangent Lines Slope of Secant Line Troug (a, f (a)) and (a +, f (a +)) f (a + ) f (a) Average Rate of Cange on [a, a + ] Slope of Tangent Line at x a lim 0 f (a + ) f (a) Instantaneous Rate of Cange at x a D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 9 / 1
10 Te Derivative Te expression lim f (a+) f (a) 0 as come up in enoug different situations (instantaneous velocity, instantaneous rate of cange, slope of a tangent line) tat we want to give it its own name. Definition Let y f (x) be a function and let a be a number in te domain of f. Te derivative of f evaluated at x a is if tis limit exists. f f (a + ) f (a) (a) lim, 0 We can now add f (a) to our cart of related quantities: D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 10 / 1
11 Te Derivative Slope of Secant Line Troug (a, f (a)) and (a +, f (a +)) f (a + ) f (a) Average Rate of Cange on [a, a + ] Slope of Tangent Line at x a f (a) lim 0 f (a+) f (a) Instantaneous Rate of Cange at x a D.L. Wite (Kent State University) 11 / 1
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