福田努 ( 名古屋大学高等研究院 ) u.ac.jp. 24th ICEPP シンポジウム, 18th Feb. 岳美山荘

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1 NINJA 実験の現況現況と展望福田努 ( 名古屋大学高等研究院 ) tfukuda@flab.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp u.ac.jp 10μm 24th ICEPP シンポジウム, 18th Feb. 岳美山荘

2 2 Nuclear Emulsion( ( 原子核乾板 ) 5 分 NINJA Experiment 5 分 Experimental activities with Nuclear Emulsion 5 分

3 3 Nuclear Emulsion 提供 :HiggsTan,

4 What is Nuclear Emulsion? 飛跡 4 素粒子など素粒子など荷電粒子など荷電粒子に荷電粒子に感度がある特殊がある特殊な特殊な写真フィルム写真フィルムフィルム 100μ μm = 0.1mm サブミクロンの精度を持つ超精密３次元飛跡検出器

5 Photographic Film technology 5 Nuclear Emulsion is a special photographic film. Signal is amplified by chemical process. Microscopic image Intrinsic resolution of 0.3 μm Recorded as silver grains along the particle passing through line. 50 μm Merit Film camera Digital camera High resolution Real time

6 Largest Digital Camera ATLAS detector (~1.6 x 10 8 image sensors) 6 human Largest Film Camera OPERA detector (~10 20 AgBr crystals) 9000,000 emulsion films human

Contribution for fundamental physics 1947 μ 1896 1971 1896 (A. H.

7 Contribution for fundamental physics 1947 μ (A. H. Becquerel ) Discovery of Radioactivity 1947 (C. F. Powell et al.) Discovery of π 1971 (K.Niu et al.) Discovery of charm particle in cosmic-ray 7 π π μ decay decay 2001 (K.Niwa et al.) Direct observation of ν τ 2015 (OPERA) Direct observation of ν τ Appearance 2001 OPERA 1st ν τ event (2010) Flight Length:280um ν τ τ 1mm Iron DONUT ν τ event

8 Nuclear Emulsion Detector 3D reconstruction Reconstruction of track data Scalability 8 OPERA Detector (1.25 kton) Analysis on an event by event basis 4π detection Momentum, de/dx measurement Good γ/π 0 separation 150 μm Low BG from ν µ NC π 0 production

9 素粒子実験応用研究 9 原子核乳剤製造 AgNO3 AgNO 3 KBr/NaBr KBr/NaBr 9000cm 2 /h 2000 m 2 /year AgBr crystals [AgNO3 + KBr AgBr+ NO 3- + K + ] 原子核乾板自動読み取り装置 Scanning Speed T.Nakano N.Naganawa

10 10 NINJA Experiment

11 NINJA Experiment 11 Neutrino Interaction research with Nuclear emulsion and J-PARC Accelerator A neutrino interaction in 10μm A collaborative project with some member of OPERA and T2K OPERA T2K

12 NINJA Collaboration 12 (*Spokesperson Spokesperson) Nihon University: S. Mikado, Y. Hanaoka Nagoya University:T. Fukuda *, H. Kawahara, N. Kitagawa, R. Komatani, M.Komatsu, M. Komiyama, K. Morishima, M. Mirishita, M. Nakamura, Y. Nakamura, N. Naganawa, T. Nakano, A. Nishio, H. Rokujo, O. Sato, T. Shiraishi, K. Sugimura, Y. Suzuki, T. Takao Toho University:T. Matsuo, Y. Morimoto, S. Ogawa, H. Oshima, H. Shibuya Kobe University:S. Aoki, K. Kuretsubo, T. Marushima, S. Takahashi Yokohama National University: A. Minamino, D. Yamaguchi Kyoto University:T. Hayashino, A. Hiramoto, A. K. Ichikawa, K. Nakamura, T. Nakaya, I. Sanjana, K. Yasutome University of Tokyo:N. Chikuma, T. Koga, R. Tamura, M. Yokoyama ICRR, University of Tokyo: Y. Hayato

13 Physics motivationm 13 Neutrino interaction ~ Major source of uncertainty in oscillation analysis Total error of 1 ring µ-like sample ~ 5 % Uncertainty from neutrino interaction and flux ~ 3 % ( constrained by the near detector data ) Total error of 1 ring e-like sample ( CCQE-like ) ~ 6 % Uncertainty from neutrino interaction and flux ~ 3 % ( constrained by the near detector data ) Cross-section ratio ( ν µ to ν e ) 2 ~ 3 % Need to understand the neutrino-nucleus nucleus interaction. This will reduce the errors from neutrino-nucleus nucleus interactions and also, improve the accuracy of the flux measurements with the near detectors.

Current issues Cross-section section of CCQE-like events Measured value is much larger than the simple model predictions Due to the problem in the parameters measured in the old experiments?

14 Current issues Cross-section section of CCQE-like events Measured value is much larger than the simple model predictions Due to the problem in the parameters measured in the old experiments? Insufficient to consider single nucleon scattering with impulse approximation? l - p n p p Particle data book (2016) 14 Interestingly, large suppression is observed in the forward ( small q 2 ) region.

Taken from Measurement of the electron neutrino charged-current interaction rate on water with the T2K ND280 π0 detector, K. Abe et al. (T2K Collaboration), Phys. Rev.

15 Taken from Measurement of the electron neutrino charged-current interaction rate on water with the T2K ND280 π0 detector, K. Abe et al. (T2K Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 91, Current issues 15 Difficulty in measuring ν e cross-section section ~ rejection of π 0 contamination Existing near detector always suffer from contamination from π 0 It is important to measure low energy electron cross-sections. sections.

16 Our approach 16 Precise neutrino-nucleus interaction measurement is important to reduce the systematic uncertainty in future neutrino oscillation experiments. We started a new experiment at J-PARC to study low energy neutrino interactions by introducing nuclear emulsion technique. The emulsion technique can measure all the final state particles with low energy threshold for a variety of targets (H 2 O, Fe, C, ). Furthermore its ultimate position resolution allow to measure ν e cross section and to explore a sterile neutrino. NINJA T2K MiniBooNE

Conceptual design of the detector 17 Emulsion Cloud

Precise Tracker is placed between ECC and INGRID to

17 Conceptual design of the detector 17 Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) is a sandwich structure of emulsion films and materials. ECC is placed in front of T2K near detector, INGRID. Precise Tracker is placed between ECC and INGRID to give a timing information to emulsion tracks. Muon ID is possible by combined analysis with INGRID.

18 NINJA Roadmap 18 In 2014, plan was proposed and the collaboration started to be established. Pilot RUN Feasibility study at J-PARC J-PARC T60/T66/T68 experiment Detector RUN Physics RUN Ⅰ This proposal (P71) Physics RUN Ⅱ Detector performance check Target mass: 1-60kg Neutrino-nucleus interaction study Search for sterile neutrino Target mass: kg Target mass: 1-3ton Target mass: 6-10ton The aim of T60/T66/T68 is a feasibility study and detector performance check. In this time, we propose the physics run to study neutrino-nucleus interactions.

19 νexposure status of NINJA 19 We have demonstrated the basic experimental concept at J-PARC site. Detector performance run was started from Jan kg Iron Feasibility study (A few kg Iron & water) 60kg Iron target emulsion detector Analysis is now on progress Frame type plastic spacer ( 2mm thickness) Vacuum packed emulsion film νevent detection Hybrid analysis with T2K Water target emulsion detector

20 νexposure status of NINJA 20 We have demonstrated the basic experimental concept at J-PARC site. In , Water target detector run is in progress. Detector installation:2017 Oct. Water target ECC Exposure: Run1: 2017 Oct.-Dec. Run2: 2018 Mar.-May May SFT

21 Analysis status (Iron Target ECC) 21 Blackness of Track = de/dx proton Proton ID πand μ Momentum pβ (GeV/c) Muon ID Event topology is matched with timing info. Expected range for each tracks is consistent with INGRID hits. Track multiplicity (CC like) Emission angle Transverse momentum

22 Physics run Proposal (P71) We proposed a new experiment (Physics Run) at last J-PARC PAC meeting to study neutrino-water interactions with large statistics.

22 22 Physics run Proposal (P71) We proposed a new experiment (Physics Run) at last J-PARC PAC meeting to study neutrino-water interactions with large statistics. Goal: - Validation of the existence of 2p2h reaction - Cross-section measurement of 2p2h with accuracy of 10% - Exclusive ν μ and ν e cross-section measurement

23 23 Physics run Proposal (P71) CCQE 2p2h CC1π 1.0 off-axis Expected # of neutrino events (@200kg water, 1x10 21 POT) > 1,000 2p2h events@100% eff. - model dependent - need to estimate the det. eff.

24 24 Experimental activities with Nuclear Emulsion

The OPERAExperiment Experiment (ν μ ν τ ) 25 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 CNGS RUN Approval End of civil engineering Commissioning Electronic det.

25 The OPERAExperiment Experiment (ν μ ν τ ) CNGS RUN Approval End of civil engineering Commissioning Electronic det. and CSd test 60,000 bricks 150,000 bricks CERN L=732km Gram Sasso CNGS RUN 1 st ντ τ h 2 nd ντ τ 3h 3 rd ν τ τ μ 4 th ντ τ h 5 th ντ τ h

ν τ analysis result 26 Expected signal and background events for the analyzed data sample 5 observed events with 0.25 background Probability to be explained by background: 1.

26 ν τ analysis result 26 Expected signal and background events for the analyzed data sample 5 observed events with 0.25 background Probability to be explained by background: 1.1x10-7 (Fisher, Profile likelihood) Corresponding to 5.1 σ exclusion of the background-only hypothesis Discovery of ν τ appearance Estimation of Δm 2 23 (90% C.L.) [2.0, 5.0] x 10-3 ev 2 (assuming full mixing) the scalar sum of the momenta of all particles measured in ECC consistent with the expected distribution

27 Improvement of Δm 2 measurement 27 Golden + Silver selection 5 events found (BG:2.0)! Preliminary

28 done

29 29 ν OPERA ν μ DM μ ν,n,μ DONUT ν γ 年前世界中で原子核乾板実験を展開!

30 GRAINE 計画気球搭載型エマルションガンマエマルションガンマ線望遠鏡 30 コンバーター Emulsion フィルムタイムスタンパー多段シフター γ e - e + 気球による長時間フライトを繰り返すカロリーメーター Emulsion フィルム + 金属板 10m 2, ~2t 姿勢モニタースターカメラ * 10m 2 ε trans ε conv ε det Fermi LAT GRAINE 100MeV 6.0 度 1.0 度 1GeV 0.90 度 0.1 度偏光に対する感度 - Yes 100MeV 0.25m 2 2.1m 2 * 1GeV 0.88m 2 2.8m 2 * 6 倍 9 倍 8 倍 3 倍最高角度分解能偏光有感最大口径

31 Proposal submitted to Gran Sassolab., Italy Directional dark matter search with scalability super-high resolution nuclear emulsion 31 Dark matter wind ( from Cygnus ) Tracking Nanoscale track detection!! NanoImaging Tracker NEWS: Nuclear Emulsion for WIMPsSearch cygnus Capability of detecting nanoscale particle tracks WIMP

32 32 宇宙線ラジオグラフィ宇宙線ミューオンの高い透過性を用いた大型構造物の内部イメージング昭和新山 (2007) 火山断層氷河地下資源プラント地球科学インフラ点検対象原子炉溶鉱炉考古学ピラミッド古墳地下遺跡地下空洞調査ダムの老朽化調査鉄筋コンクリート

33 ν τ Physics 33 SHiP Project DsTau Project

34 34 Hadronproduction p π + μ + ν μ ニュートリノフラックスの系統誤差の低減 J-PARC Neutrino flux measurement Hadron production study Chiba, Fermilab,, ICRR, KEK, Kobe, Nagoya, Toho, TRIUMF

35 Summary 35 Precise neutrino-water interactions is important for future neutrino oscillation analysis. (Especially, 2p2h and ν e ) We are performinga neutrino experiments at J-PARC to study low energy neutrino - nucleus interactions by introducing nuclear emulsion(ninja Experiment). We havecarriedout a test experiment at J-PARC (T60/T66/T68) to check the feasibility and detector performance. We successfully demonstrated the detector performance and the analysis in the emulsion based detector (Iron, Water ECC). we proposed a new neutrino experiment to measure neutrinowater cross-section precisely (Physics Run) to J-PARC PAC.

36 Back up 36

NINJAExperiment: NINJA. Tsutomu Fukuda(IAR, Nagoya University) on behalf of NINJA collaboration

NINJAExperiment: NINJA. Tsutomu Fukuda(IAR, Nagoya University) on behalf of NINJA collaboration NINJA NINJAExperiment: A Neutrino Experiment with Nuclear Emulsion at J-PARC for revealing the matter-dominated universe Tsutomu Fukuda(IAR, Nagoya University) on behalf of NINJA collaboration ICMaSS2017,