3. The making and breaking of chemical bonds are not quantum mechanical phenomena.

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1 IM 704 Quantum Biology Course Exam 2011 Dr. Gaetan Chevalier 2011 IQUIM All Rights Reserved 1. Quantum Biology is the best theory to describe biological processes. 2. Classical Physics is inadequate to explain most biological processes. 3. The making and breaking of chemical bonds are not quantum mechanical phenomena. 4. Photosynthesis is a quantum mechanical effect. 5. The conversion of chemical energy into mechanical motion is not a quantum mechanical effect. 6. Single electron transfers through proteins are quantum mechanical effects. 7. Quantization comes from the Latin for particle.

2 8. Quantum Physics is deterministic in nature. 9. Energy has a smallest quantity called a quantum of energy. 10. Quanta of energy, space and time are continuous. 11. The quantum of light is called a photon. 12. The Plank constant, the quantum of action, has the same units of energy as a quantum of time. 13. Solid matter does not have acoustic modes of vibrations. 14. According to Quantum Physics everything is vibration. 15. The wave function in Quantum Physics contains information about the potentiality of existence. 16. The wave function does not contain all the information about a particle.

3 17. An example of quantization is the continuous states of energy that electrons have while rotating around the nucleus. 18. Wave function can be compared to acoustic modes of vibrations in Classical Physics. 19. The angular momentum is never quantized. 20. In Quantum Physics high energies correspond to high frequencies. 21. One of the fundamental principles of Quantum Physics is that everything is deterministic. 22. A principle of Quantum Physics is that one can add two wave functions to give another wave function. 23. In Quantum Physics it is possible to observe the particle and its wave at the same time. 24. In Quantum Physics everything can be determined with infinite precision, at least theoretically.

4 25. The principle of exclusion states that 2 particles can never occupy the same energy state no matter what type of particle. 26. The Schrödinger equation describes only the spatial evolution of a system. 27. The square of the wave function is used to describe exactly the position of a particle. 28. A wave function cannot interfere with itself. 29. The principle of superposition allows for a cat to be alive and dead at the same time. 30. The fact that when the cat is observed and is found dead or alive (but not both), there has been a collapse of the wave function. 31. The principle of complementarity states that it is possible to observe the particle and wave aspect of a phenomenon simultaneously if we design our experiment accordingly. 32. The principle of uncertainty states that you cannot measure simultaneously the energy and the position of a particle with infinite precision.

5 33. Heisenberg always believed that a path is an object that exists independently of anybody observing it. 34. Pauli s Exclusion Principle applies only to particles with integer spin numbers. 35. In an atom it is possible for two electrons to be indistinguishable from one another. 36. The wavelength of a particle is equal to its diameter. 37. Schrödinger was able to derive his famous equation solely on classical concepts. 38. The Schrödinger equation states that the total energy of a system is conserved while its form with time changes. 39. When a particle is confined to a box with infinitely high walls, the modes of vibrations of the wave function resemble the modes of vibration of a string with the two ends attached to a wall. 40. When two particles are entangled, an observation of one particle will determine the result of an observation of the other particle instantaneously, no matter how far the two particles are from each other.

6 41. Quantum entanglement is limited to two particles at a time. 42. Quantum entanglement between two particles means that the 2 particles are described by one wave function, they are in the same quantum state. 43. In his famous experiment, Alain Aspect used an argon source lightened by a krypton laser and a calcium laser. 44. The Bell-Freedman inequality say that Delta <= The Bell-Freedman inequality can be used to determine if two particles are entangled. 46. Quantum teleportation has been determined possible theoretically but has not been proven experimentally yet. 47. Quantum computers will be based on quantum entanglement. 48. A quantum computer is any device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena.

7 49. The qubit, is the fundamental building block of quantum computers. 50. In a quantum computer, a qubit can be in two different states at the same time. 51. Quantum cryptography uses quantum mechanics for secure communications. 52. Using quantum phenomena such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement one can design and implement a communication system which can always detect eavesdropping. 53. Quantum teleportation is a technique that transfers a quantum state to an arbitrarily distant location using a distributed entangled state and the transmission of some classical information. 54. Quantum teleportation does allow communication of information at superluminal speed. 55. In Quantum Physics a particle can be only at one place at one time. 56. In Quantum Physics a particle can never interfere with itself. 57. Thermodynamics is a theory that describes how heat behaves in classical systems.

8 58. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that a system that is not in thermal equilibrium can be described by two temperatures. 59. First Law: a system can generate work by using external energy, in doing so it cools off. The reverse process is impossible. 60. Second Law: Heat flows spontaneously from high temperature to low temperature (reverse not true). 61. Entropy = measure of much order there is in the universe. 62. Second Law restated: Entropy of the universe is stable or decreases. 63. Third Law: It is impossible to lower the temperature of a system to absolute zero Living systems are in thermal equilibrium. 65. Entropy = increase in information = loss of structure.

9 66. Entropy = life 67. Negentropy = information = structure. 68. We eat, drink and breathe to maintain entropy. 69. Quantum Physics allows for the possibility of entropy to exist. 70. Life (biology) is quantic in nature and resists negentropy. 71. Definition of a living system: can metabolize and reproduce. 72. Minimum mass and energy unit that can metabolize but not reproduce = bion. 73. The lower limit, or minimum mass needed to reproduce and metabolize, appears to be half of the Avogadro s number. 74. The higher size limit of 0.01 cm comes from mitogenic radiation experiments.

10 75. The nucleus is linked to cell reproduction. 76. The centriole is linked to the transport of energy and/or matter. 77. Kinetozomes are linked to the transport of energy and/or matter. 78. Microtubules are linked to the transport of energy and/or matter. 79. Microtubules are linked to the structure of the cell. 80. A minimum of 3 vions are needed to form a nucleated cell. 81. A cell without a nucleus cannot be a vion. 82. If a vion evolves to develop a special capacity it will have a tendency to lose others. 83. A molding of the forces of vions results in multi-vionic cells. This allows for the development of large cells but not yet the development of multi-cellular organisms.

11 84. The development of large cells and even multicellular organisms depends on its quantic nature. 85. The 4 ways a vion might interact to form organisms are: Selection of parameters; Epigenesis; Input/output control; Retroversion. 86. Many transformations are happening in living systems under development. These transformations are happening through the interaction of a vion with the internal environment. 87. The selection of quantum parameters allow for the organism to choose those subclasses of transformations that will lead to the emergent properties needed for life: reproduction and catabolism. 88. In biology, epigenesis can mean the development of an organism, and in particular the development of a plant or animal from an egg or spore through a sequence of steps in which cells differentiate and organs form. 89. In biology, epigenesis can mean the theory that plants and animals develop from an egg or spore, in contrast to theories of preformation. 90. We use the term epigenetic specifically to name the emergent living processes of vionic specialization and collective adaptation of function.

12 91. This building of reproduction and metabolism is achieved by increasing information among interacting vions in multivionic cells under conditions that are subjected to the quantum principle of indetermination. 92. Vions may be considered unitary black boxes that are incapable of predictable inputs and outputs. 93. All indeterminate processes involving molecular motion are restricted to vions. 94. The indeterminacy of molecular motion does not extend to the macro-world. 95. A quantum physics description for the emergence of reproductive and metabolic processes will still be valid without the concept of the vion. 96. The concept of input/output control is not useful without the concept of the vion. 97. Retroversion is the term we use to incorporate indeterminate molecular processes when there is interaction between biological subassemblies or vions. 98. Vions cannot control surface tension, diffusion rates, and concentrations of molecules.

13 99. Retroversion allows for the development of secretions, neural/synaptic transfer, intercellular transmission, body movements, language, everything we can be or do with our body Statistical mechanics can completely describe biology There must be some type of disorganized information field that accounts for the various procedures within biology Life is a finely sophisticated system that can control the processes needed for metabolism and reproduction but how? Answer: short-range forces Long range forces are a reaction of certain photon transfers (biophotons), electrostatic, magnetic and electromagnetic fields, and other type of quantum mechanical force field existing only in biology New evidence from physics relates all electrodynamic processes to the photon Physics relates all chemical reactions to electric fields Electric fields can produce a long-range force.

14 107. The electron transport chain of the plant, but not the animal, is a photodynamic process The healing process is dependent upon electric fields DNA, but not RNA, has an ability to not only receive instructions through photons, but also to transmit virtual photons in a precise way Electric fields, but not photons (virtual or physical), appear essential components of living systems The name mitogenic radiation was pronounced in Nancy, France by the Gerwiches after their classic experiment in the 1950 s The Gerwiches found that a radiation emitted from cells in mitosis can induce mitosis in similar cells Dr. Isaacs outlined that mitogenic radiation is coherent and comes from RNA Dr. Popp, in his recent research on biophotons, came to the conclusion that RNA emits light that influences cells.

15 115. Mitogenic light frequency is between 109 to 1011 Hz The size of the smallest cell is 3 x 10-4cm x 10-2cm sets the higher limit on cells size Mitogenic radiation sets the lower and upper limit of cell size Linear equations were found to work well in real life Linear equations are equations with feedback loops built in them Minuscule effects on the smallest scale can produce major effects on the big scale Negative feedback is a necessary condition of stable systems Example of a linear equation: 2x + 3y2 = 12.

16 124. Nonlinear equations and functions are of interest to physicists and mathematicians because most physical systems are inherently nonlinear in nature Linear equations are difficult to solve and give rise to interesting phenomena such as chaos The term fractal was coined by Benoît Mandelbrot in The term fractal was derived from the Latin fractus meaning broken or fractured A fractal, as a geometric object, has a fine structure that is similar at arbitrarily small scales A fractal can easily be described in traditional Euclidean geometric language A fractal has a fractal dimension that is greater than its topological dimension A fractal has a simple and recursive definition Chaos theory describes the behavior of certain linear dynamical systems that under certain conditions exhibit a phenomenon known as chaos.

17 133. A characteristic of chaotic systems is that they must be insensitive to initial conditions An attractor is a set to which the system is attracted to after a long enough time A strange attractor is a complicated attractor with fractal structures Iin 1955, Amit Goswami was the first to assert that consciousness collapses the quantum wave function John Von Newman asserted that paradoxes arise because of misconceptions about consciousness and proposed monistic idealism (consciousness as the ground of being) as the solution Goswami stated that the mechanism for the creation of the material world is self-reference in the brain-mind There is no evidence to support the notion that mind can influence matter directly The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research laboratory (PEAR) worked on Remote Viewing.

18 141. Research on the Perennial Philosophy was supported by the government through SRI Dean Radin worked on parapsychology The determinacy of quantum physics can explain the results of experiments where mind affect matter The human mind can influence the indeterminacy of the cell The Nelson Effect is the term we will use to classify the effect the mind has on the indeterminacy of subspace A restriction on the degrees of freedom of molecules of life occurs in biology through electrical processes A trivector field is imposed by the bio-electric nature of an organism The trivector field is of a quantic nature and is thus not susceptible to the Nelson effect.

19 149. In 1977 Dr. Nelson discovered the Xrroid effect using the indeterminacy of the morphic resonance of the universe Your "biological terrain," or bio-terrain, is the fluid that bathes and nourishes every element inside every cell of the human body The imbalances of the bio-terrain can become an integral part of saliva, lymph and urine formation. These bodily fluids can, therefore, serve as mirrors or indicators of what is happening at the deepest cellular level Saliva gives valuable information about your kidneys and the body's elimination activities The best media to analyze the bio-terrain is urine Values that provide vital information about the condition of the biological terrain include: the ph, redox potential and resistivity The redox measurement provides data regarding the concentration of proteins in the biological fluids The resistivity measurement involves the level of minerals in the fluids.

20 157. There are 2 different types of organization of molecules: Statistical dynamics and Quantum dynamics Studying the functioning of the brain, Penrose concluded that our minds utilize some kind of algorithmic processing similar to computers Objective Reduction (OR) of quantum coherent superposition is Penrose s quantum gravity solution for the problem of the collapse of the wave function Where could quantum coherent superposition and OR occur in the brain? Answer: in the DNA of the cell Tubulin qubits interact/compute by nonlocal entanglement and reduce to classical output states as the solution of the quantum computation Biology substratum is quantum theory Our new quantum biology can explain all phenomena that are not explained in current biology and medicine Our new quantum biology postulates subspace dimensions and a universal mind or consciousness that connect all beings.

21 165. Electrophysiological reactivity and subspace technology are among the most important components of the energetic medicine of the future.