The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon

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1 The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon Vladimir Tishchenko Brookhaven National Laboratory ISU Colloquium 18 April, 2016

2 Outline Magnetic moment History of the magnetic moments Future muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

3 Magnetic Moment is a vector quantity characterizing magnetic interaction of an object with a magnetic field the torque spinning ball of charge orbiting charged particle current loop S spin angular momentum (depends on mass distribution) γ - gyromagnetic ratio L orbital angular momentum if charge distribution is not the same as the mass distribution, introduce g factor, V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

4 Some History 1896 Zeeman effect splitting of spectral lines into several components in presence of a magnetic field 1922 Stern-Gerlach experiment 1924 Pauli postulated a fourth quantum number to explain the anomalous Zeeman effect 1925 R. Kronig (20): concept of spinning electron. Unpublished G. E. Uhlenbeck (25) and S. A. Goudsmit (23): hypothesis of electron spin, with possible quantum numbers of either + ½ or -½. Sent for publication by Ehrenfest: "Well, that is a nice idea, though it may be wrong. But you don't yet have a reputation, so you have nothing to lose". V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

5 Solution of the electron g problem 1928 P. Dirac (25) 1933 O. Stern and I. Estermann: g-factor of the proton Pauli: Don't you know the Dirac theory? It is obvious that g p =2. measured value: g p 5.6 μ p turned out to be a harbinger of new physics! Was finally explained, along with the g value of the neutron, g n =-3.8 om the 1960 by the quark model. proton substructure! V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April, BNL

6 Nature abhors a vacuum At least for the electron, things finally in good shape with Dirac's new theory until s Oppenheimer and others tried to calculate correction to g e =2. Result: infinity P. Kusch and H.M. Foley: 1948 J. Schwinger QED Feynman diagrams s weak interactions unified with QED V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

7 anomalous magnetic moment V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

8 2008 G. Gabrielse, Harvard Present status: electron PRL 100 (2008) Take α from external measurements to test QED PRA 73 (2006) Or, assume ge and calculate α PRL 106 (2011) PRL 100 (2008) μ e gives the most precise determination of the fine structure constant! V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

9 Theory QED now calculated ae to 5 th order in (12672 diagrams). Schwinger 1948 Kinoshita & collaborator., 2008, 2012 Karplus & Kroll 1950; Petermann, Sommerfield 1957 Elend 1966 Lautrup, Peterman, de Rafael 1974; Laporta, Remiddi 1996; Kinoshita 1995 Samuel & Li, 1991 Fujikawa, Lee, Sanda 1972; Czarnecki, Krause, Marciano 1996; Knecht, Peris, Perrottet, Rafael, 2002; Czarnecki, Marciano, Vainshtein, 2003; Nomura & Teubner, 2012; Prades, Rafael, Vainshtein, 2009 Samuel & Li, 1991 Samuel & Li, 1991 Kinoshita & collaborator., 1983, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2012 Sensitivity of a e to new physics at a mass scale Λ Berestetskii, 1956 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

10 choice of heavy particles to probe NP Only exist as complicated multi-body objects Too fleeting or no electric charge Neutral (and too light) V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

11 tauon m τ = 1777 MeV (m τ /m e )2 1.2x10 7 τ meson has heightened sensitivity to higher-mass exchanges τ τ ~ 0.29 ps Limits current precision to < a τ <0.013 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

12 muon m μ = 106 MeV (m μ /m e )2 4x10 4 τ τ ~ 2.2 μs convenient for exp. study V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

13 muon 1933 First observed in cosmic rays. Particle of uncertain nature, Paul Kunze, Z. Phys. 83 (1933) Hideki Yukawa: meson theory, Proc. Phys.-Math. Soc. Jap. 17 (1985), Seth Neddermeyer and Carl Anderson: particle in cosmic rays with a mass greater than an electron but smaller than a proton. I. I. Rabi: "Who ordered that?" V.B. Berestetskii, R.P. Feynman, J.S Schwinger: The muon (g 2) experiment was recognized as a very sensitive test of the existence new fields, and potentially a crucial signpost to the μ e problem T.D. Lee, C.N. Yang, C.S. Wu: parity violation 1957 R.L. Garwin, L. Lederman, M. Weinrich - antecedent of the (g-2) measurements V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

14 muon self analyzing polarimeter e+ V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

15 R.L. Garwin, L. Lederman, M. Weinrich, 1957 The magnetizing coil was close wound directly on the graphite to provide a uniform vertical field of 79 gauss per ampere. The various counters defined the event by use of a coincidence-anticoincidence analyzer V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

16 Muon g-2 experiment in a nutshell 1) Take polarized muons (come naturally from pion decay) 2) Inject muons into a uniform magnetic field Momentum precession (cyclotron frequency) Spin precession momentum spin V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

17 1 st CERN muon g-2 experiment m-long 52-cm-wide 14-cm-gap bending magnet, B=1.5 T. 440 turns during τ=2.2 μs. Muon step size from 0.4cm to 11 cm. Time t spent inside the magnet was determined by by coincidence in counters 123 at input, and counters 466'57 at the output. t=2-8 μs depending on the location of the orbit center on the varying gradient field. 150 MeV/c muons V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

18 1 st CERN muon g-2 experiment The first CERN g-2 team: Sens, Charpak, Muller, Farley, Zichichi (CERN/1959) muon behaved so precisely as a structureless point-like QED particle; a heavy twin for the electron V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

19 1 st muon storage ring at CERN, features: weak focusing ring, n=0.13 B=1,.711 T orbit diameter: 5m aperture: 4cm x 8 cm beam: 10.5 GeV protons injection time: 10 ns rotation time: 50 ns stored muons: p=1.28 GeV/c γ = 12, t=27 μs problems: high background low muon polarization V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

20 1 st muon storage ring at CERN, after an error in QED LBL calculations was corrected J. Aldins et al., PRD 1 (1970) 2378 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

21 2 nd muon storage ring at CERN, Motivation to look for departures from standard QED to detect contributions of strong interactions to aμ through hadron loops in the vacuum polarization to search for new interactions of the muon V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

22 2 nd muon storage ring at CERN, features: 40 C-shaped bending magnets pole: 38-cm x 14 cm (width x gap) field in each magnet stabilized with NMR probes electric quadrupoles for vertical focusing pion injection! V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

23 2 nd muon storage ring at CERN, Excellent agreement with theory QED calculations verified up to the sixth order Confirmation of the existence of hadronic vacuum polarization at the level of 5σ. No evidence of special coupling to the muon V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

24 Final stop on the history tour...brookhaven Motivation to measure electroweak contributions to a μ which arise from single loop diagrams with vitural W and Z bosons to search for new interactions of the muon A picture from 1984 showing the attendees of the first collaboration meeting to develop the BNL g-2 experiment. Standing from left: Gordon Danby, John Field, Francis Farley, Emilio Picasso, and Frank Krienen. Kneeling from left: John Bailey, Vernon Hughes and Fred Combley V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

25 SM prediction for a μ QED Weak Hadronic QED: photonic and leptonic (e,τ,μ) loops, Weak: loops involving W ±, Z or Higgs suppressed by at least a factor of, Hadronic: quark and gluon loops. at present not calculable from first principles relies on a dispersion relation approach Total: -- PDG-2013 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

26 Brookhaven storage ring Long list of innovations beyond CERN III Flux in 12 bunches from the AGS Long enough beamline to operate with pion or muon injection Inflector to get muons through the back yoke...allowed muon injection High voltage, fast, non-ferric kickers to shift muon onto orbit in first cycle Thin quadrupoles and scalloped vacuum vessels minimize preshower In situ, field measurements with NMR trolley Continuous NMR monitoring and <0.1 ppm absolute calibration Pb/Scifi calorimeters, hodoscopes, and a traceback wire chambers V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

27 BNL g-2 experiment in a nutshell V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

28 BNL g-2 experiment in a nutshell The spin precession frequency Determining the anomalous magnetic moment requires measuring 2001 data from E821 muon decay is self-analyzing: higher energy positrons are emitted preferentially in direction of muon spin wrapped around modulo 100 μs The magnetic field B ( ) 375 fixed NMR probes 17 NMR trolley probes V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

29 Electric quads to contain the beam vertically +HV -HV -HV +HV E-field contribution vanishes V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

30 Equation of motion (relative to the ideal orbit) ` V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

31 Some numbers for the g-2 storage ring V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

32 Harmonic motion in the g-2 storage ring E989 conditions V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

33 Small perturbation E989 case V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

34 Resonances bad case V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

35 Resonances for BNL ring F.J.M. Farley, W.M. Morse, Y.K. Semertzidis E821 notes # 106, 116, Y.K. Semertzidis et al., NIM A503 (2003) 458 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

36 Muons off-ideal momentum maximum momentum of stored muons for 4.5-cm-radius aperture: V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

37 ... as a function of s Liouville's theorem: if the motion of a particle is determined by a Hamiltonian, then the phase space density will be constant in time. V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

38 BNL quadrupoles V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

39 Refined equations for discrete quads W.M. Morse V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

40 CBO V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

41 How to avoid CBO fill uniformly the phase space! V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

42 positrons from muon decay center of mass frame laboratory frame y~0.58 (E=1.8 GeV) V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

43 Electric field correction E821 C E = 470 ± 50 ppb E989 goal for C E and C p combo: 30 ppb V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

44 Pitch correction F.J.N. Farley, Phys. Lett. 42 (1972) 66 E821 C P = 270 ± 40 ppb E989 goal for C E and C p combo: 30 ppb V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

45 Comparison of Experiment and Theory Theory uncertainty: 0.42 ppm Experimental uncertainty: 0.54 ppm BNL PDG 2013 interesting but not yet conclusive discrepancy new physics signal? A. Czarnecki and W.J. Marciano, PRD 64 (2001) arxiv: [hep-ph] Fermilab E989 goal: 0.14 ppm V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

46 Muon g-2 Collaboration (E989) Domestic Universities Boston Cornell Illinois James Madison Massachusetts Mississippi Kentucky Michigan Michigan State Mississippi Northern Illinois University Northwestern Regis Virginia Washington York College National Labs Argonne Brookhaven Fermilab Consultants Muons, Inc. Italy Frascati Roma Udine Naples Trieste China: Shanghai The Netherlands: Groningen Germany: Dresden Japan: Osaka Russia: Dubna PNPI Novosibirsk England Korea Co-spokespersons: David Hertzog, Lee Roberts Project Manager: Chris Polly University College London Liverpool Oxford Rutherford Lab KAIST V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

47 uncertainties in E821 and E989 goals statistical goal: x20 more muons V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

48 uncertainties in E821 and E989 goals D. Kawall, UMass V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

49 New calorimeters Figure18.2: Front pictureof the7-crystal test array used in theft BF. In this configuration, a SiPM is visible on the center channel, while PMTs are used on the remaining elements. T hese crystals were wrapped in white millipore paper. pileup Compact based on fixed space Non-magnetic to avoid field perturbations Resolution not too critical for dwa D. Hertzog, UW PbF2 crystals Useful for pileup, gain monitoring, shower partitioning and low thresholds Goal <5% DE/E at 2 GeV (a soft requirement) Gain stability depends on electronics and calibration SiPM readout system Figure 18.3: Sample cm3 PbF 2 crystals together with a 16-channel Hamamatsu SiPM mounted to our Mark VII, resistive summing, voltage amplifier board. (Note, these crystals are larger than in the conceptual design.) Goal: Short term < 0.1% DG/G in 600 ms Goal: Longer term < 1% DG/G in 24 h Subdivide calorimeter Use Cherenkov Goal: 2-pulse separation by space: 2 out of 3 Goal: 2-pulse separation by time: Dt > 5 ns T he absorber must be dense to minimize the Molie re radius and radiation length. A short radiation length is critical to minimize the number of positrons enteringr the=1.8cm side X0=0.93cm, M of the calorimeter while maintaining longitudinal shower containme nt. Pileup depends on signal speed and shower separation T he intrinsic signal speed must be very fast with no residual long-term tail, thus minimizing pileup. Crystal Calorimeter 1 Moliere R 2 Moliere R Head on (high E) Platform for Electronics High angle (low E) V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium No lightguides! 18 April,

50 pileup New electronics L. Gibbons, Cornell AMC13 μtca crate MCH controller 800 MSPS sampling rate continuous digitization over each 700-μs-long muon spill μtca crate 10 Gb network for data readout based on AMC13 (designed by CMS) V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

51 pileup + statistics New DAQ T. Gorringe, UKY x24 calo Frontends 8 GB/s samples on 10 GbE mtca x3 tracker Frontends ~1MB/s hits on 1 GbE mtca aux detector Frontends few MB/s hits on VME PCI frontend layer VME mcpu+gpu calo FE mcpu tracker FE mcpu auxiliary FE fragment buffer fragment buffer fragment buffer backend layer event buffer local disk array FNAL storage data storage local rolling copy histograms, trees mcpu Analyzer analysis layer run database using CUDA, MIDAS, ROOT packages V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

52 gain Laser Calibration System G. Venanzoni, Frascati V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

53 beam, EDM New Tracker B. Casey, FNAL Tracker Purpose: measure the muon beam profile at multiple locations around the ring as a function of time throughout the muon fill. Is needed for understanding systematic uncertainties associated with with ω a measurements (calorimeter pileup, calorimeter gain, muon loss, differential decay syst. uncertainty, etc). Will also be used to search for a tilt in the muon precession plane away from the vertical orientation (which would be indicative of an EDM of the muon). 9 independent tracking modules Design: 5-mm-diameter 10-cm-long straw UV doublets at 7.5º. straw walls: 6 μm Mylar sense wires: 25 μm gold-plated tungsten at 1500 V gas: 80:20 Argon:CO 2 readout: ASDQ chips V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

54 CBO New Kicker D. Rubin, Cornell V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

55 CBO New Kicker D. Rubin, Cornell width of pulse is proportional to length of blumlein V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

56 CBO Lost Muons Upgrade of Quadrupoles to higher HV E989 goal E821 E989: 32kV E821 E989: n=0.18 E821 Higher admittance of the (g-2) storage ring Lower CBO systematic error Lower muon loss systematic error V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

57 Lost Muons New beam collimators Baseline plan: Manufacture new collimators Elliptical profiles to match beta-functions of the g-2 storage ring Re-evaluate the thickness of collimators Replace ½-collimators (see picture above) with full-collimators The number of collimators will be reduced due to conflicts with new tracking chambers Install sensors for in-beam/out-of-beam status monitoring V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

58 Muon Campus at Fermilab 8 GeV protons from Booster pion production target Li lens Recycler proton beam 120 ns 10 ms 12 Hz V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

59 Muon Campus at Fermilab 8 GeV protons from Booster g-2 ` protons sent to Recycler Mu2e delivery ring V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

60 MC1 (g-2) building beneficial occupancy May 2014 Hall temperature stability +/- 1ºC Stable floor (reinforced concrete, 84-cm-thick) V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

61 Storage ring at BNL in 2011 (E821) V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

62 September 2012: first yoke piece removed V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

63 30 September 2012 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

64 14 June 2013 The transport fixture and coils are outside Bldg. 919 at BNL. The superconducting coils are attached to the transport fixture. V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

65 22 June 2013 Moving from Bldg. 919 to BNL Lab. gate V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

66 24 June 2013 unloading... Craning onto the barge Leaving Smith Point Marina on Long Island V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

67 journey from NY to IL St. Louis more photos and info: V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

68 20 July 2013 Arriving Lemont, IL V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

69 At Fermilab V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

70 Ring reassembly at Fermilab June 23, Bottom yoke. Reassembly progresses well. Superconducting coils will be moved into the experimental hall end of July 2014 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

71 Yoke assembly completed V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

72 Present Status MC1 building beneficial occupancy in May Ring reassembly started. Diagnosed and repaired E821 He Cold Leak. Magnet successfully cold-power tested to 60% of nominal operating current, June Passed CD2/3 DOE review in June V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

73 In conclusion The very successful muon g-2 program at BNL ended with a statistics-limited >3σ discrepancy in Δa μ (exp-thy) To test the discrepancy the new muon (g-2) experiment at Fermilab will reduce the experimental uncertainty by a factor of about four The experimental setup has been successfully moved from Brookhaven to Fermilab Reassembly of the g-2 storage ring completed, the magnet is power on and the field shimming progresses well. New/upgraded calorimeters, electronics, DAQ, kicker, quadrupoles, collimators, electron trackers, field measurement and instrumentation to reduce systematic uncertainties completed. First beam in 2017! V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

74 backup slides V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

75 The Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment Quantum loop effects: where - anomalous magnetic moment sensitivity to short distance physics: Berestetskii, 1956 => muons ~40000 times more sensitive to new physics than electrons V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

76 beam losses Modify quadrupole Q1 Goal: increase the number of stored muons (muon losses due to scattering in Q1 plate) Baseline plan: Displace Q1 outer plate by ~2cm radially OPERA model Q1 outer V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

77 Inflector V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

78 Most difficult part of theory comes from hadronic sector Theory error dominated by QCD piece Common to divide hadronic loops into 3 categories... a μ (had,lo) = 6923 ± 42 a μ (had,ho) = -98 ± 1 *Courtesy E. De Rafael, arxiv a μ (had,lbl) = 105 ± 26 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

79 Reducing δa μ (had,lo) requires precision e + e - hadrons Experiments have reduced error such that 2π region no longer dominates error Data from Novosibirsk (CMD2 and SND) (from F. Jegerlehner) contribution error 2 For 2π, ratio N(2π)/N(ee), form factor to 1-2% All modes but 2π luminosity measured using Bhabha scattering *Courtesy V. Logashenko, Tau 2008 V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

80 Measuring B-field V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

81 Improvements at FNAL/BNL parameter p / fill / p survive to ring at magic P Net FNAL/BNL Stored Muons / POT V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

82 Summary of CERN and BNL results V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

83 NMR probes V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

84 BNL beam V. Tishchenko Idaho State University, Colloquium 18 April,

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