For tests of hypotheses made about population, we consider. only tests having a hypothesis of. Note that under the assumption of
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1 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF p 1 p 2 The confidence interval estimate of the is: where the of is given by Rounding: Round the confidence interval limits to significant digits. HYPOTHESIS TESTS For tests of hypotheses made about population, we consider only tests having a hypothesis of. Note that under the assumption of, the best estimate of the is obtained by samples into, so that is the of the. CAUTION!!! When testing a claim about population proportions, the method and the method are equivalent, but they equivalent to the method!!! If you want to a claim about, use the method or the method; if you want to the between, use a. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 176
2 Example 1: In a 1993 survey of 560 college students, 171 said they used illegal drugs during the previous year. In a recent survey of 720 college students, 263 said that they used illegal drugs during the previous year (based on data from the National Center for Addiction and Substance Abuse at Colombia University). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the proportion of college students using illegal drugs in 1993 was less than it is now. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 177
3 STATISTICS GUIDED NOTEBOOK/FOR USE WITH MARIO TRIOLA S TEXTBOOK ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS, 4TH ED. Example 2: Among 2739 female atom bomb survivors, 1397 developed thyroid diseases. Among 1352 male atom bomb survivors, 436 developed thyroid diseases (based on data from Radiation Dose-Response Relationships for Thyroid Nodules and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors Years After Radiation Exposure, by Imaizumi, et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 295, No. 9). a. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the female survivors and male survivors have different rates of thyroid diseases. b. Construct the confidence interval corresponding to the hypothesis test conducted with a 0.01 significance level. c. What conclusion does the confidence interval suggest? CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 178
4 9.3 INFERENCES ABOUT TWO MEANS: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES Key Concept In this section, we present methods for using from samples to hypotheses made about or to construct estimates of the between population. PART I: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES WITH 1 AND 2 UNKNOWN AND NOT ASSUMED EQUAL DEFINITION Two are independent if the from one population or somehow or with the from the other population. Two are dependent if the sample values are. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 179
5 Inferences about Means of Two Independent Populations, With 1 and 2 Unknown and Not Assumed to be Equal NOTATION Population 1: 1 1 s 1 x n 1 1 The corresponding notations for,,,,and apply to population. REQUIREMENTS 1. and are and it is not that and are. 2. The samples are. 3. Both samples are. 4. Either or both of these conditions are satisfied: The two are both (with and ) or both samples come from populations having. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 180
6 HYPOTHESIS TEST STATISTIC FOR TWO MEANS: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES t Degrees of Freedom: When finding or, use the following for determining the number of degrees of freedom. 1. In this book we use the conservative estimate: df = of and. 2. Statistical software packages typically use the more accurate but more difficult estimate given below: A B s1 s2 A B 2 2 A B n1 n2 df,, n 1 n P-values and critical values: Use Table A-3. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF 1 2 : INDEPENDENT SAMPLES The confidence interval estimate of the difference is and the number of degrees of freedom df is as described above for hypothesis tests. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 181
7 EQUIVALENCE OF METHODS The method of hypothesis testing, the method of hypothesis testing, and all use the same and, so they are in the sense that they result in the. A null hypothesis of or can be tested using the method, the method, or by determining whether the includes. Example 1: Determine whether the samples are independent or dependent. a. To test the effectiveness of Lipitor, cholesterol levels are measured in 250 subjects before and after Lipitor treatments. b. On each of 40 different days, the author measured the voltage supplied to his home and he also measured the voltage produced by his gasoline powered generator. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 182
8 Example 2: Assume that the two samples are independent simple random samples selected from normally distributed populations. Do not assume that the population standard deviations are equal. A simple random sample of 13 four-cylinder cars is obtained, and the braking distances are measured. The mean braking distance is feet and the standard deviation is 5.8 feet. A SRS of 12 six-cylinder cars is obtained and the braking distances have a mean of feet with a standard deviation of 9.7 feet (based on Data Set 16 in Appendix B). a. Construct a 90% CI estimate of the difference between the mean braking distance of fourcylinder cars and six-cylinder cars. b. Does there appear to be a difference between the two means? c. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the mean braking distance of four-cylinder cars is greater than the mean braking distance of six-cylinder cars. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 183
9 PART 2: ALTERNATIVE METHODS Part 1 in this section dealt with situations in which the two are and assumed to be. In Part 2 we address two other situations: (1) The two are both ; (2) the two are but to be. ALTERNATIVE METHOD WHEN 1 AND 2 ARE KNOWN In reality, the population standard deviations are almost, but if they are known, the and are based on the instead of the. Inferences about Means of Two Independent Populations, With 1 and 2 Known REQUIREMENTS 1. The two population standard deviations and are both. 2. The two are. 3. Both samples are. 4. Either or both of these conditions is satisfied: The two sample sizes are both large, with and or both samples come from having. HYPOTHESIS TEST CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 184
10 Test statistic: and : Refer to Table. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF 1 2 ALTERNATIVE METHOD: ASSUME THAT 1 2 AND POOL THE SAMPLE VARIANCES Even when the specific values of and are, if it can be assumed that they have the value, the sample variances and can be to obtain an of the population. The of is denoted and is a of and, which is shown below. Inferences about Means of Two Independent Populations, Assuming that 1 2 REQUIREMENTS 1. The two population standard deviations are, but they are assumed to be. That is,. 2. The two are. 3. Both samples are. 4. Either or both of these conditions is satisfied: The two sample sizes are both large, with and or both samples come from having. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 185
11 HYPOTHESIS TEST Test statistic: where and the number of degrees of freedom is given by. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF 1 2 Confidence interval: where and is as given in the above test statistic and the number of degrees of freedom is. TI-83/84 PLUS CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 186
12 Example 3: Assume that the two samples are independent simple random samples selected from normally distributed populations. Also assume that the population standard deviations are equal. The mean tar content of a simple random sample of 25 unfiltered king size cigarettes is 21.1 mg, with a standard deviation of 3.2 mg. The mean tar content of a SRS of 25 filtered 100 mm cigarettes is 13.2 mg with a standard deviation of 3.7 mg (based on Data Set 4 in Appendix B). a. Construct a 90% CI estimate of the difference between mean tar content of unfiltered king size cigarettes and the mean tar content of filtered 100 mm cigarettes. b. Does the result suggest that 100 mm filtered cigarettes have less tar than unfiltered king size cigarettes? c. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that unfiltered king size cigarettes have a mean tar content greater than that of filtered 100 mm cigarettes. What does the result suggest about the effectiveness of cigarette filters? CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 187
13 9.4 INFERENCES FROM DEPENDENT SAMPLES Key Concept In this section we present methods for testing hypotheses and constructing confidence intervals involving the of the of the of two. With samples, there is some whereby each value in one sample is with a value in the other sample. Here are two typical examples of dependent samples: Each pair of sample values consists of two measurements from the subject Each pair of sample values consists of a. Because the hypothesis test and CI use the same and, they are in the sense that they result in the. Consequently, the hypothesis that the can be tested by determining whether the includes. There are no exact procedures for dealing with samples, but the serves as a reasonably good approximation, so the following methods are commonly used. CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 188
CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 146 STATISTICS GUIDED NOTEBOOK/FOR USE WITH MARIO TRIOLA S TEXTBOOK ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS, 3RD ED.
10.2 CORRELATION A correlation exists between two when the of one variable are somehow with the values of the other variable. EXPLORING THE DATA r = 1.00 r =.85 r = -.54 r = -.94 CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN
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