The DELPHI experiment at the LEP accelerator at the CERN laboratory
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1 The DELPHI experiment at the LEP accelerator at the CERN laboratory Part 1. The LEP accelerator Part 2. The DELPHI experiment Part 3. Particle physics research at LEP
2 The LEP accelerator The study of collisions between electrons and positrons. LEP 1 : The collision energy = 91 GeV = Z LEP 2: The collision energy = 209 GeV > 2W 2
3 The largest accelerators in the world e - LEP (CERN) 46 GeV 104 GeV hadrons Z 0 hadrons Length: 27 km (4184 magnets) Experiments: DELPHI, OPAL, ALEPH, L3 - e + 46 GeV 104 GeV HERA (DESY) e+ 30 GeV hadrons e + γ Length: 6 km (1650 magnets) Experiments: H1, ZEUS e g g g 920 GeV p p 1000 GeV TEVATRON (FERMILAB) e g g g hadrons g hadrons Length: 6 km (990 magnets) Experiments: CDF, D0 e g g g 1000 GeV p 3
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10 LEP 1 LEP 2 In order to increase the collision energy one had to build 240 superconducting radio-freuency cavities. Accelerating gradient = 6 MV / m Freuency = 352 MHz The energy lost due to synchrotron radiation is 2.3 GeV / turn Radio-freuency accelerating voltage has to be 2.3 GV / turn Year: Collision energy: (GeV) 10
11 11
12 The collision energy At LEP the collision energy could be determined with a very high accuracy: GeV with an error of GeV Things which affected the energy of LEP: 1. The level of the water in the lake! 2. The moon! 3. The trains to Paris! 12
13 Geological shifts E (MeV) 0 Energy calibrations Horizontal Orbit (X ARC ) Lake level fit During 1993 the LEP energy was observed to change with time. Days Part of the change was due to the water level in lake Geneva which caused small geological shifts of the accelerator. Rainfalls and the water table in the Jura mountains also affected the LEP energy. 13
14 Tides E [MeV] 5 0 November 11 th, 1992 Earth tides caused by the moon will produce small distortions of the earth s crust :00 3:00 7:00 11:00 15:00 19:00 23:00 3:00 This can affect the accelerator so that the electrons orbit change. E [MeV] 5 August 29 th, 1993 October 11 th, 1993 An orbit change of 1 mm will change the energy with about 10 MeV :00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 Daytime 14
15 Beampipe current The trains from Geneva to France caused parasitic currents on the LEP beampipe. These currents (1 A) affected the magnetic field in the LEP magnets and this changed the energy. Vacuum Chamber Current Correlation LEP IP3 IP2 CERN Bellegarde IP4 LEP IP1 IP5 SPS IP8 Meyrin Zimeysa Trains 1 km IP6 IP7 airport River La Versoix Cornavin Geneva Lausanne Lac de Geneve Lake Voltage on rails [V] Voltage on beampipe [V] Bending B field [Gauss] RAIL LEP beam pipe LEP NMR Geneve TGV 16:50 16:55 Meyrin Zimeysa Time 15
16 The DELPHI experiment Forward Chamber A Forward RICH Forward Chamber B Forward EM Calorimeter Forward Hadron Calorimeter Forward Hodoscope Forward Muon Chambers Surround Muon Chambers Barrel Muon Chambers Barrel Hadron Calorimeter Scintillators Superconducting Coil High Density Projection Chamber Outer Detector Barrel RICH Small Angle Tile Calorimeter Quadrupole Very Small Angle Tagger DELPHI STIC Tracking detector Hadronic calorimeter Electromagnetic calorimeter Inner Detector Vertex Detector Time Projection Chamber Muon detector Beam Pipe 16
17 17
18 Crosssection e + e- e - Z o e+ Collision energy e + µ - e - Z o µ + e + τ - e - Z o τ + 18
19 e + e- e - Z o e+ DELPHI Interactive Analysis Beam: 45.6 GeV Proc: 1-Oct-1991 Run: Evt: 2958 DAS : 25-Aug :46:38 Scan: 4-Dec-1992 Act Deact TD TE TS TK TV ST PA ( 37) ( 35) ( 0) ( 4) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 1) ( 0) ( 3) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) Hadronic calorimeter Muon spectrometer Magnet Electromag. calorimeter Cherenkov TPC Y Z X 19
20 e + µ - e - Z o µ + DELPHI Interactive Analysis Beam: 45.6 GeV Proc: 1-Oct-1991 Run: Evt: 1417 DAS : 25-Aug :36:22 Scan: 19-Feb-1992 Act Deact TD TE TS TK TV ST PA ( 28) ( 29) ( 0) ( 2) ( 3) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 2) ( 0) ( 2) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) Magnet Hadronic calorimeter Electromag. calorimeter Cherenkov TPC Muon spectrometer Y Z X 20
21 e + τ - e - Z o τ + DELPHI Interactive Analysis Beam: 45.6 GeV Proc: 8-Mar-1992 Run: Evt: 581 DAS : 18-Jun :22:19 Scan: 29-Apr-1992 Act Deact TD TE TS TK TV ST PA ( 44) ( 48) ( 0) ( 9) ( 9) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 4) ( 0) ( 6) ( 5) ( 0) ( 0) Hadronic calorimeter Magnet Electromag. calorimeter Cherenkov Muon spectrometer TPC Y Z X 21
22 e + e - Z o DELPHI Interactive Analysis Beam: 45.6 GeV Proc: 1-Oct-1991 Run: Evt: 3018 DAS : 25-Aug :47:02 Scan: 19-Feb-1992 Act Deact TD TE TS TK TV ST PA ( 93) (133) ( 0) ( 23) ( 18) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 13) ( 0) ( 23) ( 12) ( 0) ( 0) Hadronic calorimeter Magnet Electromag. calorimeter Cherenkov Muon spectrometer TPC Y Z X 22
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