What have we learned about three-nucleon systems at intermediate energies?
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1 What have we learned about three-nucleon systems at intermediate energies? Nasser Kalantar-Nayestanaki Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), Univ. Of Groningen International Symposium on New Facet of Three-Nucleon Force 50 years of Fujita-Miyazawa Three-Nucleon Force 1
2 N-N Potentials Modern phenomenological NN potentials: Nijmegen I Nijmegen II Reid 93 CD-Bonn Argonne V18 Comparison with experimental np&pp database gives: χ 2 /data ~ 1 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 2
3 Beyond phenomenological N-N forces Phenomenological N-N forces fail to describe A>2 systems! How to resolve? Three-Nucleon Force! (3NF) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 3
4 Three-Body Forces in Nuclear Physics...the replacement of field interactions by twobody action-at-a-distance potentials is a poor approximation in nuclear problems. Nasser Kalantar, FM50 4
5 Three-Body Forces in Nuclear Physics Nasser Kalantar, FM50 5
6 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 6 N N N Δ = > = + = j i ij i i v m H h V v m H j i ij i i + + = = > = h Three-Body Forces in Nuclear Physics
7 Three-Body Forces in Nuclear Physics Ggggggg π Δ π π π parametrization of Fuijta-Miyazawa force + 2π rescattering + higher-order interactions Added to 2N potential as correction Tucson-Melbourne, Urbana IX, IL2, Brazil,... Nasser Kalantar, FM50 7
8 Effective-Field Theory Approach Developed by Weinberg Coupling of pions and nucleons in EFT Predicts structure of 3NF Self-consistent approach Only works at energies below pion-mass scale Nasser Kalantar, FM50 8
9 Three-body forces and Wikipedia A three-body force is a force that does not exist in a system of two objects but appears in a system of three objects (three-body system like in Euler's three-body problem) or more. In physics, an intuitive example of a three-body force is the case of charged, metallic spheres: the charge distribution at the surface of two spheres placed close to each other will be modified, and thus the total force felt by a third sphere cannot be described by the sum of the forces from the two other spheres taken individually. The fundamental strong interaction seems to exhibits such behaviours. In particle physics, the interactions between the three quarks that compose baryons can be described in a diquark model which is equivalent to the hypothesis of a three-body force. There is growing evidence in the field of nuclear physics that three-body forces exist among the nucleons inside atomic nuclei (three-nucleon force). As an analogy, if we identify bodies with human beings and forces with emotions, jealousy is a good example of three-body force: it is not felt as long as only two persons are acting, but it can show up as soon as a third person enters into the scene. Retrieved from " Nasser Kalantar, FM50 9
10 Study of Three-Body Force in Nuclear Physics Which reactions (and systems) to study? - Electromagnetic interaction on 3B systems (MEC?) - 3B (and more bodies) Bound states (calculations?) - 3B Elastic scattering in large parts of phase space - 3BBreak-up reaction in different kinematics - 4Bsystems (calculations?) - Many-body systems Nuclear matter (calculations?) N + d N + d N + d N + N + N N + d 3 He( 3 H) + γ ( ) γ ( ) + 3 He( 3 H) N + d γ ( ) + 3 He( 3 H) N + N + N Nasser Kalantar, FM50 10
11 Total nd Cross sections Effect of 3NF small High-precision mandatory nd scattering In addition, look for sensitivity: exclusive channels other observables np scattering Only 2NF High precision data from Los Alamos W.P. Abfalterer et al., PRL 81, 57 (1998) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 11
12 AGOR Facility Nasser Kalantar, FM50 12
13 AGOR Facility Detectors BINA 2004-??? SALAD BBS PB Nasser Kalantar, FM50 13
14 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 14
15 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 15
16 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 16
17 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 17
18 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 18
19 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 19
20 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 20
21 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC68, (2003) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 21
22 Effect of 3NF as a function of Mandelstam t Nasser Kalantar, FM50 22
23 Effect of 3NF as a function of Mandelstam t Nasser Kalantar, FM50 23
24 Effect of 3NF as a function of Mandelstam u Nasser Kalantar, FM50 24
25 Effect of 3NF as a function of Mandelstam u Nasser Kalantar, FM50 25
26 Spin-Transfer Coefficients Nasser Kalantar, FM50 26
27 Spin-Transfer Coefficients H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., PRC 75, (R) 2007 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 27
28 Spin-Transfer Coefficients H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., PRC 75, (R) 2007 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 28
29 Spin-Transfer Coefficients H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., PRC 75, (R) 2007 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 29
30 Spin-Transfer Coefficients H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., PRC 75, (R) 2007 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 30
31 Spin-Transfer Coefficients H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., PRC 75, (R) 2007 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 31
32 Spin-Transfer Coefficients Hanover Approach of dynamical delta H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., PRC 75, (R) 2007 Nasser Kalantar, FM50 32
33 Spin-Transfer Coefficients H.R. Amir-Ahmadi et al., in preparation Nasser Kalantar, FM50 33
34 More analyzing powers 65 MeV/A H. Mardanpour et al., Eur. Phys. J. A31, 383 (2007) 90 MeV/A Nasser Kalantar, FM50 34
35 Break-up channel 5 dimensional phase space (θ 1, θ 2, E 1, E 2, φ 12 ) i.e. much larger than in the elastic channel (θ) Allows detailed road-map for the study of nuclear forces Requires a setup with large coverage Nasser Kalantar, FM50 35
36 Kistryn et al., Phys. Lett. B 641, 23 (2006) Break-up channel at 65 MeV/A r d + p p + p + n Analysis by Polish group See the talk by Kistryn and Stephan S (MeV) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 36
37 The break-up channel Δσ = σ 2NF+3NF σ 2NF σ 2NF+3NF Bochum-Cracow Group (2NF=CDB, 3NF=TM ) p + d p + p + n@190mev Nasser Kalantar, FM50 37
38 The new polarimeter and the 4π detector, BINA KVI beam ~3 meters Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis (BINA) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 38
39 The new polarimeter and the 4π detector, BINA 150 phoswich Scintillators =Target chamber Wire chambers + analyzer Thin scintillators for particle identification Forward scintillators (E-wall) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 39
40 The new Polarimeter and the 4π detector Nasser Kalantar, FM50 40
41 Break-up channel at 190 MeV, Cross sections r p + d p + p + n Nasser Kalantar, FM50 41
42 Break-up channel at 190 MeV, Cross sections Nasser Kalantar, FM50 42
43 Summary Three-body hadronic reactions are the most promosing tool for the study of 3BF effects. Elastic Scattering A systematic study of cross sections and analyzing powers as a function of energy provides a good data-base for these studies. Aside from cross sections, many spin observables have also been studied at various energies. Breakup First experiment for the break-up very successful. New experiments at 50, 135 and 190 MeV/n finished. Lots of results emerging but with small 3NF effects. Nasser Kalantar, FM50 43
44 Outlook The search for 3BF effects at intermediate energies is coming to an end. At KVI, our comprehensive program to study the three-body systems will come to an end in The situation for the three-body systems is like the situation of NN of some 20 years ago! PWA is desperately called for. How about the 4-body system? Nasser Kalantar, FM50 44
45 The A y puzzle at low energies 5 MeV 7 MeV 9 MeV 2+3NF 2NF 10 MeV 12 MeV 16 MeV 18 MeV 22.7 MeV 28 MeV Calculations by Pisa group Nasser Kalantar, FM50 45
46 The A y puzzle at low energies Calculations by Pisa group, data courtesy T. Clegg from TUNL Nasser Kalantar, FM50 46
47 d+d 130 & 180 MeV r d + d d + d r d + d n+ 3 He r d + d p + t r d + d p + n + d r d + d p + n + p + n Nasser Kalantar, FM50 47
48 Acknowledgements H.R. Amir Ahmadi, A.M. van den Berg, R. Bieber, K. Ermisch, M. Elsami-Kalantari, M.N. Harakeh, H. Huisman, M. Kis, H. Mardanpour, A. Mehmandoost, J.G. Messchendorp, M. Mahjour-Shafiei, A. Ramazani, E. Van Garderen, M. Volkerts, S.Y. van der Werf, H. Woertche + Polish Experimental Group (O. Biegun, K. Bodek, St. Kistryn, A. Kozela, A. Magiera, A. Micherdzinska, E. Stephan, R. Sworst, J. Zejma and W. Zipper) + Japanese group (K. Itoh, T. Kawabata, H. Kuboki, Y. Maeda, S. Sakaguchi, H. Sakai, N. Sakalmoto, Y. Sasamoto, M. Sasano, K. Sekiguchi, K. Suda, Y. Takahashi, T. Uesaka, K. Yako + Theoretical support from Bochum-Cracow (Gloeckle, Golak, Kuros-Zolnierczuk, Skibinski and Witala) KIT (Kamada) Hanover (Sauer) Lisbon (Deltuva, Fonseca) Jülich (Epelbaum, Nogga) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 48
49 Break-up channel at 135 MeV, Cross sections r p + d p + p + n Nasser Kalantar, FM50 49
50 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Nasser Kalantar, FM50 50
51 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Nasser Kalantar, FM50 51
52 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Nasser Kalantar, FM50 52
53 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Nasser Kalantar, FM50 53
54 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Nasser Kalantar, FM50 54
55 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy Nasser Kalantar, FM50 55
56 Effect of 3NF as a function of Energy θ=40 ο Nasser Kalantar, FM50 56
57 New Experiment at 135 MeV Nasser Kalantar, FM50 57
58 Overview world data-base for pd pd rich set of spin observables for the elastic channel, allowing a multi-dim. study of 3NF only fraction has been measured accurately and systematically (RIKEN/RCNP/IUCF/KVI) still much to explore! Need for a partial wave analysis Nasser Kalantar, FM50 58
59 p+d vector analyzing powers Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 59
60 p+d vector analyzing powers Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 60
61 p+d vector analyzing powers Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 61
62 p+d vector analyzing powers Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 62
63 p+d vector analyzing powers Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 63
64 p+d vector analyzing powers Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 64
65 p+d vector analyzing powers theory-data Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 65
66 p+d vector analyzing powers theory-data Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 66
67 p+d vector analyzing powers Hanover Approach of dynamical delta theory-data Bieber et al., PRL84, 606 (2000) Ermisch et al., PRL86, 5862 (2001) PRC71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 67
68 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 68
69 pd elastic scattering cross sections K. Ermisch et al., PRC 68, (2003), PRC 71, (2005) Hanover Approach of dynamical delta Nasser Kalantar, FM50 69
70 A look at the Japanese data 70 MeV 135 MeV 250 MeV Nasser Kalantar, FM50 70
71 Nucleon-deuteron Radiative Capture Why study Nd radiative capture? 1) Initial (pd) and final state ( 3 He) show 3NF effects-> radiative capture should also! 2) High-momentum component of 3 He w.f. 3) Sensitive to electro-magnetic currents! Nasser Kalantar, FM50 71
72 Tensor anomaly in pd-radiative capture p+d MeV/nucleon o IUCF, PRC35, 37(87) RCNP (Preliminary) A y (d) A yy A y (N) A xx Bochum-Cracow Faddeev calculation Potentials: AV18 (NN) +UIX (3NF) E.M. current operator: non-rel single nucleon + many-body currents in π and ρ exchange (explicit) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 72
73 Tensor anomaly in pd-radiative capture p+d MeV/nucleon o IUCF, PRC35, 37(87) RCNP (Preliminary) A y (d) A yy A y (N) A xx Hanover Coupled channel Potentials: CD Bonn+ (NN) +virtual Δ E.M. current operator: Siegert form of the current operator + expl. MEC contrs. not accounted for by SGE Nasser Kalantar, FM50 73
74 d+p 3 He+γ ( ) KVI Experiment (2003) γ LH 2-55 mg/cm 2 CH 2-10 mg/cm 2 e + /e - Nasser Kalantar, FM50 74
75 Vector and tensor analyzing powers in d+p-> 3 KVI Data: A. Mehmandoost nucl-ex/ ; PLB 617, 18 (2005) Calc. Hanover group Nasser Kalantar, FM50 75
76 pd radiative capture anomaly KVI and (preliminary) RCNP data are inconsistent! Nasser Kalantar, FM50 76
77 Triton Binding Energy Model χ 2 /data 3 H B.E. [MeV] NIJM I NIJM II Reid Argonne V Nasser Kalantar, FM50 77
78 Triton Binding Energy Model χ 2 /data 3 H B.E. [MeV] NIJM I NIJM II Reid Argonne V EXPERIMENT Modern N-N potentials fail to describe triton B.E. Nasser Kalantar, FM50 78
79 Ab-initio calculations for light nuclei (+3NF) Nasser Kalantar, FM50 79
80 Nd elastic scattering cross sections E n lab = 140 MeV E n lab = 12 MeV 3NF only 2NF only E n lab = 65 MeV E n lab = 200 MeV H. Witala et al. PRL 81, 1183 (1998) Total Nasser Kalantar, FM50 80
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