6. How Functions Work and Are Accessed. Topics: Modules and Functions More on Importing Call Frames
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1 6. How Functions Work and Are Accessed Topics: Modules and Functions More on Importing Call Frames
2 Let s Talk About Modules
3 What Are They? M1.py A module is a.py file that contains Python code The name of the module is the name of the file. This is the module M1.py We draw a module as a folder with a black outline.
4 Inside a Module Kepler.py : : r = 1 E = sqrt(6)*r : : A module may contain a single script. A script will be shown as a rectangle with a red border.
5 Inside a Module simplemath.py sqrt cos sin A module may contain one or more function definitions. Functions will be shown as rectangles with green borders.
6 Inside a Module simplegraphics.py RED = [1.,0.,0.] BLUE = [0.,0.,1.] CYAN = [0.,1.,1.] A module may contain one or more data items. These are referred to as global variables. They should be treated as constants whose values are never changed. Data items will be shown as rectangles with blue borders.
7 Inside a Module simplegraphics.py RED = [1.,0.,0.] CYAN = [0.,1.,1.] MakeWindow(n) A module may contain one or more data items and one or more functions. DrawRect()
8 Inside a Module M.py A module may contain one or more data items and one or more functions and a script. But in this case, the script MUST be prefaced by if name == main :
9 Let s Talk About import
10 What Does import Allow? M2.py M1.py import M2 : GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) It means that code inside M1.py can reference the data and functions inside M2.py
11 What Does import Allow? M1.py import M2 : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) A function in M1.py could have a line like a = M2.func2(x,M2.GlobVar1)
12 What Does import Allow? M1.py import M2 : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) The script in M1.py could have a line like a = M2.func1(M2.GlobVar1)
13 One Way to Think About this... M2.py M1.py import M2 : : GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) is like this
14 M1.py M2 GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) Module M1.py contains a folder called M2. Need the dot notation to extract what is in M2.
15 What Does import* Allow? M1.py from M2 import* : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) A function a line like in M1.py could have a = func1(x,globalvar2) No dot notation
16 What Does import* Allow? M1.py from M2 import* : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) A script a line like in M1.py could have a = func2(x,globalvar2) No dot notation
17 One way to Think about this M1.py from M2 import* : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) is like this
18 M1.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) It is as if GlobVar1, GlobVar2, func1, and func2 were defined in M1.py
19 Specific Importing M1.py from M2 import func2 : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) A script in M1.py could have a line like a = func2(3,4) No dot notation
20 Specific Importing M1.py from M2 import func2 : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) A script in M1.py could NOT have a line like a = func1(4) No dot notation
21 One way to think about this M1.py from M2 import func2 : M2.py GlobVar1=3.14 GlobVar2=[1,0,0] func1(x) func2(x,y) is like this
22 M1.py func2(x,y) It is as if func2 was defined in M1.py
23 Using Stuff Within a Module M.py The functions and global variables in M.py can be used throughout M.py without the dot notation
24 There are rules about when a module M2.py can be imported by a module M1.py
25 Does this Always Work? M1.py import M2 : Yes, if M2.py is a module that is part of the CS 1110 Python installation, e.g., math numpy urllib2 string scipy PIL random timeit.
26 Does this Always Work? M1.py import M2 : No UNLESS M1.py and M2.py are each in the current working directory..
27 Comments on Launching a Python Computation In what follows, this will be how we indicate what s in the current working directory And this will mean we are in the command shell and in the current working directory cwd >
28 M1.py M2.py import M2 cwd > python M1.py The script in M1.py is executed
29 M2.py M1.py import M2 cwd > python M1.py The script in M1.py is executed
30 M1.py import M2 M2.py cwd > python M1.py The script in M1.py is executed
31 M1.py import M2 M2.py if name == main : cwd > python M1.py The script in M2.py is NOT executed
32 M1.py M2.py import M2 cwd > python M1.py Nothing happens because there is no script in M1.py to execute.
33 Important Distinction Distinguish between calling a function y = sqrt(3) and defining a function def sqrt(x): L = x L = (L + x/l)/2 L = (L + x/l)/2 return L A function isn t executed when it is defined. Think of defining a function as setting up a formula that is to be used later.
34 M1.py import M2 M2.py cwd > python M1.py Error. Python cannot find M2
35 M1.py import M2 M2.py cwd > python M1.py Error. Python cannot find M1
36 M1.py import M2 M2.py cwd > python M2.py Fine. M2.py does not need M1.py
37 Now let s consider what happens when a function is called. For the simple kind of fruitful functions that we have been considering, there is a substitution process. Exactly how does it work?
38 A Function def T(s): Returns as int the number of minutes from 12:00 to the time specified by s. PreC: s is a length-5 string of the form hh:mm that specifies the time. h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z
39 A Script function call function call s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x This assigns to nummin the number of minutes in a class that starts at the time specified by s1 and ends at the time specified by s2.
40 A Script s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin Prints the number of minutes in a class that starts at the time specified by s1 and ends at the time specified by s2. Let us step through its execution.
41 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin The red dot indicates the next thing to do in the script. 1 s1 s2 x y nummin This box is called Global Space. It includes all the variables associated with the script.
42 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin 2 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15
43 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 3 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 Function call We open up a call frame that shows the key players associated with the function
44 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 3 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return The variable s is the function s parameter
45 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 3 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return The variables h, m, and z is the function s local variables
46 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 3 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return return is a special variable. Will house the value to return
47 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 4 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return Control passes from the red dot to the blue dot
48 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 5 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return 11:15 Assign the argument value (housed in s1) to the parameter s.
49 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 5 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return 11:15 Assign the argument value (housed in s1) to the parameter s.
50 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 6 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return 11:15 11 We step through the function body. Business as usual.
51 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 7 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return 11: We step through the function body. Business as usual.
52 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 8 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12:05 s h m z return 11: We step through the function body. Business as usual.
53 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 9 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 11: The return value is shipped back the to red dot instruction.
54 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 10 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 11: The function call is over. The Call Frame disappears
55 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: Another function Call! 11 And the red dot moves to the next statement in the script
56 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 12 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return We open up the Call Frame
57 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 13 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12:05 The value of the argument (housed in s2) is substituted
58 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 13 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12:05 Execution of the function body starts.
59 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 14 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12:05 12 We step through the function body
60 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 15 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12: We step through the function body.
61 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 16 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12: We step through the function body.
62 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 17 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12: The value in z is to be returned
63 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin def T(s): h = int(s[:2]) m = int(s[3:]) if h<12: z = 60*h+m z = m return z 18 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: s h m z return 12: That value is sent back to the red dot.
64 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin 19 s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: Function call is over. Call Frame disappears. Red dot moves on
65 s1 = 11:15 s2 = 12:05 x = T(s1) y = T(s2) if y>=x: nummin = y-x nummin = (y+720)-x print nummin s1 s2 x y nummin 11:15 12: The script is over. Global space disappears.
66 21 50 The script is over. Global space disappears.
67 1. Flow of Control Key Points When a function is called, control is passed to the function. The caller waits for the results to be returned before proceeding. (The red dot holds up until the blue dot is finished.) 2. Substitution At the time of the call, each input parameter takes on the value of the corresponding the argument.
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