Topics. The History of Spin. Spin. The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation
|
|
- Adela Osborne
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Topics Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2008 MRI Lecture 1 The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaation Spin The History of Spin Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles -- electrons, protons, neutrons. Spin is quantied. Key concept in Quantum Mechanics Stern and Gerlach observed quantiation of magnetic moments of silver atoms 1925 Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit introduce the concept of spin for electrons Stern and Gerlach measure the effect of nuclear spin Rabi predicts and observes nuclear magnetic resonance. 1
2 Classical Magnetic Moment Energy in a Magnetic Field Maimum Energy State I A r µ = IAˆ n B E = " r µ B = "µ B Lorent Force Minimum Energy State Stern-Gerlach Eperiment Force in a Field Gradient F = "#E = µ $B $ Deflected up Increasing vertical B-field. Deflected down Image from 2
3 Stern-Gerlach Eperiment Quantiation of Magnetic Moment The key finding of the Stern- Gerlach eperiment is that the magnetic moment is quantied. That is, it can only take on discrete values. In the eperiment, the finding was that the component of magnetiation along the direction of the applied field was quantied: µ = + µ 0 OR - µ 0 Image from Magnetic Moment and Angular Momentum A charged sphere spinning about its ais has angular momentum and a magnetic moment. This is a classical analogy that is useful for understanding quantum spin, but remember that it is only an analogy! Relation: µ = γ S where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio and S is the spin angular momentum. Quantiation of Angular Momentum Because the magnetic moment is quantied, so is the angular momentum. In particular, the -component of the angular momentum Is quantied as follows: S = m s h m s "{#s,#(s #1),...s } s is an integer or half intege 3
4 Nuclear Spin Rules Hydrogen Proton Number of Protons Even Even Odd Odd Number of Neutrons Even Odd Even Odd Spin 0 j/2 j/2 j Eamples 12 C, 16 O 17 O 1 H, 23 Na, 31 P 2 H Spin 1/2 # S = $ +h/2 %& "h/2 # +'h /2 µ = $ %& "'h /2 Magnetic Field Units 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss Earth's field is about 0.5 Gauss 0.5 Gauss = T = 50 µt Boltmann Distribution Ε = µ Β 0 B 0 ΔΕ = γhβ 0 Ε = µ Β 0 Number Spins Up Number Spins Down = ep(-δe/kt) Ratio = at 1.5T!!! Corresponds to an ecess of about 10 up spins per million 4
5 Bigger is better Equilibrium Magnetiation # n (µ ) " n down (µ ) & M 0 = N µ = N % up ( N $ ' e µ B /( kt ) " e" µ B /( kt ) e µ B /( kt ) + e" µ B /( kt ) 2 ) Nµ B /(kt) = Nµ 3T Human imager at UCSD. 7T Human imager at U. Minn. = N* 2 h 2 B /(4kT)! N = number of nuclear spins per unit volume Magnetiation is proportional to applied field. 7T Rodent Imager at UCSD 9.4T Human imager at UIC Gyromagnetic Ratios Torque B Nucleus Spin Magnetic γ/(2π) Abundance Moment (MH/Tesla) µ 1H 1/ M 23Na 3/ mm N 31P 1/ mm N=µB For a non-spinning magnetic moment, the torque will try to align the moment with magnetic field (e.g. compass needle) Torque Source: Haacke et al., p. 27 5
6 Precession Precession Torque N = µ B ds = N Change in Angular momentum ds = µ B µ = γ S dµ = µ γb dµ = µ γb B dµ µ Analogous to motion of a gyroscope Precesses at an angular frequency of ω = γ Β This is known as the Larmor frequency. Relation between magnetic moment and angular momentum Larmor Frequency Notation and Units ω = γ Β f = γ Β / (2 π) Angular frequency in rad/sec Frequency in cycles/sec or Hert, Abbreviated H 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss Earth's field is about 0.5 Gauss 0.5 Gauss = T = 50 µt For a 1.5 T system, the Larmor frequency is MH which is million cycles per second. For comparison, KPBS-FM transmits at 89.5 MH. Note that the earth s magnetic field is about 50 µτ, so that a 1.5T system is about 30,000 times stronger. " = radians/second/gauss " = " /2# = 4258 H/Gauss = MH/Tesla 6
7 Recap Spins: angular momentum and magnetic moment are quantied. Spins precess about a static field at the Larmor frequency. In MRI we work with the net magnetic moment. In the presence of a static field and non-ero temperature, the equilibirum net magnetic moment is aligned with the field (longitudinal), since transverse components cancel out. We will use an radiofrequency pulse to tip this longitudinal component into the transverse plane. Vector sum of the magnetic moments over a volume. M = 1 V Magnetiation Vector For a sample at equilibrium in a magnetic field, the transverse components of the moments cancel out, so that there is only a longitudinal component. Equation of motion is the same form as for individual moments. dm " protons in V µ i = "M # B RF Ecitation Simplified Drawing of Basic Instrumentation. Body lies on table encompassed by coils for static field B o, gradient fields (two of three shown), and radiofrequency field B 1. Image, caption: copyright Nishimura, Fig From Levitt, Spin Dynamics,
8 RF Ecitation At equilibrium, net magnetiaion is parallel to the main magnetic field. How do we tip the magnetiation away from equilibrium? RF Ecitation Image & caption: Nishimura, Fig. 3.2 B 1 radiofrequency field tuned to Larmor frequency and applied in transverse (y) plane induces nutation (at Larmor frequency) of magnetiation vector as it tips away from the -ais. - lab frame of reference RF Ecitation a) Laboratory frame behavior of M b) Rotating frame behavior of M Images & caption: Nishimura, Fig From Buton
9 Free Induction Decay (FID) RF Ecitation M0 y y y Doing nothing Ecitation M 0 (1 e -t/t1 ) Relaation e -t/t2 y T1 recovery T2 decay Credit: Larry Frank Relaation Longitudinal Relaation An ecitation pulse rotates the magnetiation vector away from its equilibrium state (purely longitudinal). The resulting vector has both longitudinal M and tranverse M y components. dm = " M " M 0 T 1 Due to thermal interactions, the magnetiation will return to its equilibrium state with characteristic time constants. After a 90 degree pulse M (t) = M 0 (1" e "t /T 1 ) T 1 spin-lattice time constant, return to equilibrium of M T 2 spin-spin time constant, return to equilibrium of M y Due to echange of energy between nuclei and the lattice (thermal vibrations). Process continues until thermal equilibrium as determined by Boltmann statistics is obtained. The energy ΔE required for transitions between down to up spins, increases with field strength, so that T 1 increases with B. 9
10 T1 Values Transverse Relaation Gray Matter muscle White matter dm y = " M y T 2 y y y kidney liver fat Each spin s local field is affected by the -component of the field due to other spins. Thus, the Larmor frequency of each spin will be slightly different. This leads to a dephasing of the transverse magnetiation, which is characteried by an eponential decay. T 2 is largely independent of field. T 2 is short for low frequency fluctuations, such as those associated with slowly tumbling macromolecules. Image, caption: Nishimura, Fig. 4.2 T2 Relaation T2 Relaation Runners Net signal After a 90 degree ecitation M y (t) = M 0 e "t /T 2 Credit: Larry Frank 10
11 T2 Values Eample Tissue T 2 (ms) gray matter 100 white matter 92 muscle 47 fat 85 kidney 58 liver 43 CSF 4000 Table: adapted from Nishimura, Table 4.2 Solids ehibit very short T 2 relaation times because there are many low frequency interactions between the immobile spins. On the other hand, liquids show relatively long T 2 values, because the spins are highly mobile and net fields average out. T 1 -weighted Density-weighted T 2 -weighted Questions: How can one achieve T2 weighting? What are the relative T2 s of the various tissues? 11
Topics. Spin. The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation Bloch Equation
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2005 MRI Lecture 1 Topics The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaation Bloch Equation Spin Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary
More informationTopics. The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation Bloch Equation. Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2006 MRI Lecture 1 Topics The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation Bloch Equation 1 Spin Intrinsic angular momentum of
More informationSpin. Nuclear Spin Rules
Spin Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2012 MRI Lecture 1 Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles -- electrons, protons, neutrons. Spin is quantized. Key concept
More informationSpin. Nuclear Spin Rules
Spin Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 203 MRI Lecture Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles -- electrons, protons, neutrons. Spin is quantized. Key concept
More informationK-space. Spin-Warp Pulse Sequence. At each point in time, the received signal is the Fourier transform of the object s(t) = M( k x
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2015 MRI Lecture 4 k (t) = γ 2π k y (t) = γ 2π K-space At each point in time, the received signal is the Fourier transform of the object
More informationApodization. Gibbs Artifact. Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging. Fall Quarter 2013 MRI Lecture 5. rect(k x )
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2013 MRI Lecture 5 GE Medical Systems 2003 Gibbs Artifact Apodization rect(k ) Hanning Window h(k )=1/2(1+cos(2πk ) 256256 image 256128
More informationTopics. 2D Image. a b. c d. 1. Representing Images 2. 2D Fourier Transform 3. MRI Basics 4. MRI Applications 5. fmri
Topics Neuroscience 200C Spring Quarter 2005 Imaging/MRI Lecture 1. Representing Images 2. 2D Fourier Transform 3. MRI Basics 4. MRI Applications 5. fmri Signals and Images Discrete-time/space signal/image:
More informationThe NMR Inverse Imaging Problem
The NMR Inverse Imaging Problem Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Protons and Neutrons have intrinsic angular momentum Atoms with an odd number of proton and/or odd number of neutrons have a net magnetic moment=>
More informationFundamental MRI Principles Module 2 N. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. X-ray. MRI Hydrogen Protons. Page 1. Electrons
Fundamental MRI Principles Module 2 N S 1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance There are three main subatomic particles: protons positively charged neutrons no significant charge electrons negatively charged Protons
More informationIntroduction to MRI. Spin & Magnetic Moments. Relaxation (T1, T2) Spin Echoes. 2DFT Imaging. K-space & Spatial Resolution.
Introduction to MRI Spin & Magnetic Moments Relaxation (T1, T2) Spin Echoes 2DFT Imaging Selective excitation, phase & frequency encoding K-space & Spatial Resolution Contrast (T1, T2) Acknowledgement:
More informationFundamental MRI Principles Module Two
Fundamental MRI Principles Module Two 1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance There are three main subatomic particles: protons neutrons electrons positively charged no significant charge negatively charged Protons
More informationMR Fundamentals. 26 October Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
MR Fundamentals 26 October 2010 Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Nuclear Spin Nuclear Spin Nuclear magnetic resonance is observed in atoms with odd number of protons
More informationNMR, the vector model and the relaxation
NMR, the vector model and the relaxation Reading/Books: One and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy, VCH, Friebolin Spin Dynamics, Basics of NMR, Wiley, Levitt Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Oxford Univ. Press,
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging. Pål Erik Goa Associate Professor in Medical Imaging Dept. of Physics
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pål Erik Goa Associate Professor in Medical Imaging Dept. of Physics pal.e.goa@ntnu.no 1 Why MRI? X-ray/CT: Great for bone structures and high spatial resolution Not so great
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging in a Nutshell
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Nutshell Oliver Bieri, PhD Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel,
More informationG Medical Imaging. Outline 4/13/2012. Physics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
G16.4426 Medical Imaging Physics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Riccardo Lattanzi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
More informationPhysical fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging
Physical fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging Stepan Sereda University of Bonn 1 / 26 Why? Figure 1 : Full body MRI scan (Source: [4]) 2 / 26 Overview Spin angular momentum Rotating frame and interaction
More informationMRI Physics I: Spins, Excitation, Relaxation
MRI Physics I: Spins, Excitation, Relaxation Douglas C. Noll Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Michigan Functional MRI Laboratory Outline Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
More informationV27: RF Spectroscopy
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg FB Physik Advanced Lab Course V27: RF Spectroscopy ) Electron spin resonance (ESR) Investigate the resonance behaviour of two coupled LC circuits (an active rf
More informationChemistry 431. Lecture 23
Chemistry 431 Lecture 23 Introduction The Larmor Frequency The Bloch Equations Measuring T 1 : Inversion Recovery Measuring T 2 : the Spin Echo NC State University NMR spectroscopy The Nuclear Magnetic
More informationBioengineering 278" Magnetic Resonance Imaging" Winter 2010" Lecture 1! Topics:! Review of NMR basics! Hardware Overview! Quadrature Detection!
Bioengineering 278" Magnetic Resonance Imaging" Winter 2010" Lecture 1 Topics: Review of NMR basics Hardware Overview Quadrature Detection Boltzmann Distribution B 0 " = µ z $ 0 % " = #h$ 0 % " = µ z $
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction The Components The Technology (MRI) Physics behind MR Most slides taken from http:// www.slideworld.org/ viewslides.aspx/magnetic- Resonance-Imaging- %28MRI%29-MR-Imaging-
More informationLecture #6 NMR in Hilbert Space
Lecture #6 NMR in Hilbert Space Topics Review of spin operators Single spin in a magnetic field: longitudinal and transverse magnetiation Ensemble of spins in a magnetic field RF excitation Handouts and
More informationThe Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nathalie JUST, PhD nathalie.just@epfl.ch CIBM-AIT, EPFL Course 2013-2014-Chemistry 1 Course 2013-2014-Chemistry 2 MRI: Many different contrasts Proton density T1
More informationAla-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Asn-Phe-Cpa-Leu-NH 2
Applied Spectroscop Ala-Arg-Pro-Tr-Asn-Phe-Cpa-Leu-NH 2 Cpa Ala Pro Guillermo Mona What is Spectroscop? Without going into latin or greek, spectroscop is the stud of the interactions between light and
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Simon Lacoste-Julien Electromagnetic Theory Project 198-562B Department of Physics McGill University April 21 2003 Abstract This paper gives an elementary introduction
More informationThe Physical Basis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Part I ESMRMB. Jürgen R. Reichenbach
The Physical Basis of Nuclear agnetic Resonance Part I Jürgen R. Reichenbach odule 1 October 17, 216 Outline of odule Introduction Spin and magnetic moment Spin precession, Larmor frequency agnetic properties
More informationBiomedical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Biomedical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Charles A. DiMarzio & Eric Kercher EECE 4649 Northeastern University May 2018 Background and History Measurement of Nuclear Spins Widely used in physics/chemistry
More informationELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE & MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE & MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY 1. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT This is a model experiment for electron spin resonance, for clear demonstration of interaction between the magnetic moment
More informationPrinciples of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hi Klaus Scheffler, PhD Radiological Physics University of 1 Biomedical Magnetic Resonance: 1 Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contents: Hi 1 Introduction
More informationRF Excitation. Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging. Fall Quarter 2006 MRI Lecture 4. Thomas Liu, BE280A, UCSD, Fall 2006
Bioengineering 28A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 26 MRI Lecture 4 RF Excitation From Levitt, Spin Dynamics, 21 1 RF Excitation At equilibrium, net magnetizaion is parallel to the main magnetic
More informationTissue Characteristics Module Three
Tissue Characteristics Module Three 1 Equilibrium State Equilibrium State At equilibrium, the hydrogen vector is oriented in a direction parallel to the main magnetic field. Hydrogen atoms within the vector
More informationSketch of the MRI Device
Outline for Today 1. 2. 3. Introduction to MRI Quantum NMR and MRI in 0D Magnetization, m(x,t), in a Voxel Proton T1 Spin Relaxation in a Voxel Proton Density MRI in 1D MRI Case Study, and Caveat Sketch
More informationIntroduction to Biomedical Imaging
Alejandro Frangi, PhD Computational Imaging Lab Department of Information & Communication Technology Pompeu Fabra University www.cilab.upf.edu MRI advantages Superior soft-tissue contrast Depends on among
More information1 Magnetism, Curie s Law and the Bloch Equations
1 Magnetism, Curie s Law and the Bloch Equations In NMR, the observable which is measured is magnetization and its evolution over time. In order to understand what this means, let us first begin with some
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Production of Net Magnetization. Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Production of Net Magnetization Magnetic resonance (MR) is a measurement technique used to examine atoms and molecules. It is based on the interaction between an applied magnetic field and a
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging
http://www.qldxray.com.au/filelibrary/mri_cardiovascular_system_ca_0005.jpg Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1 Overview 1. The magnetic properties of nuclei, and how they behave in strong magnetic fields. 2.
More informationBasic p rinciples COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Introduction. Atomic s tructure
1 Basic p rinciples Introduction 1 Atomic structure 1 Motion in the atom 2 MR active nuclei 2 The hydrogen nucleus 4 Alignment 4 Precession 8 The Larmor equation 9 Introduction The basic principles of
More informationChapter 14:Physics of Magnetic Resonance
Chapter 14:Physics of Magnetic Resonance Slide set of 141 slides based on the chapter authored by Hee Kwon Song of the publication (ISBN 978-92-0-131010-1): Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for
More informationLecture 5: Bloch equation and detection of magnetic resonance
Lecture 5: Bloch equation and detection of magnetic resonance Lecture aims to eplain:. Bloch equations, transverse spin relaation time and *. Detection of agnetic Resonance: Free Induction Deca Bloch equations
More informationLecture 12 February 11, 2016
MATH 262/CME 372: Applied Fourier Analysis and Winter 2016 Elements of Modern Signal Processing Lecture 12 February 11, 2016 Prof. Emmanuel Candes Scribe: Carlos A. Sing-Long, Edited by E. Bates 1 Outline
More informationPrinciples of MRI. Vinyl Record. Last time: Today: Homework Due tonight! EE225E / BIO265. Transforms a temporal signal to a spatial signal
What is this? ` Principles of MRI Lecture 05 EE225E / BIO265 Instructor: Miki Lustig UC Berkeley, EECS The first NMR spectrum of ethanol 1951. 1 2 Today Last time: Linear systems, Fourier Transforms, Sampling
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Ecole Polytechnique Département de Chimie CHI 551 Dr. Grégory Nocton Bureau 01 30 11 A Tel: 44 02 Ecole polytechnique / CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire E-mail:
More informationI Basic Spin Physics. 1. Nuclear Magnetism
I Basic Spin Physics Lecture notes by Assaf Tal The simplest example of a magnetic moment is the refrigerator magnet. We ll soon meet other, much smaller and weaker magnetic moments, when we discuss the
More informationSpectral Broadening Mechanisms
Spectral Broadening Mechanisms Lorentzian broadening (Homogeneous) Gaussian broadening (Inhomogeneous, Inertial) Doppler broadening (special case for gas phase) The Fourier Transform NC State University
More informationMRI in Review: Simple Steps to Cutting Edge Part I
MRI in Review: Simple Steps to Cutting Edge Part I DWI is now 2 years old... Mike Moseley Radiology Stanford DWI, b = 1413 T2wt, 28/16 ASN 21 San Francisco + Disclosures: Funding NINDS, NCRR, NCI 45 minutes
More informationPhysical Background Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Physical Background Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Michael McClellan Spring 2009 Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography University of North Carolina Wilmington What is Spectroscopy?
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Jeffrey A. Fessler EECS Department The University of Michigan NSS-MIC: Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Oct. 20, 2003 NMR-0 Background Basic physics 4 magnetic fields
More informationNMR BMB 173 Lecture 16, February
NMR The Structural Biology Continuum Today s lecture: NMR Lots of slides adapted from Levitt, Spin Dynamics; Creighton, Proteins; And Andy Rawlinson There are three types of particles in the universe Quarks
More informationIntroduction of Key Concepts of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
I have not yet lost that sense of wonder, and delight, that this delicate motion should reside in all ordinary things around us, revealing itself only to those who looks for it. E. M. Purcell, Nobel Lecture.
More informationHST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu HST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analsis Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationWe have seen that the total magnetic moment or magnetization, M, of a sample of nuclear spins is the sum of the nuclear moments and is given by:
Bloch Equations We have seen that the total magnetic moment or magnetization, M, of a sample of nuclear spins is the sum of the nuclear moments and is given by: M = [] µ i i In terms of the total spin
More informationIntroduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pietro Gori
Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pietro Gori Enseignant-chercheur Equipe IMAGES - Télécom ParisTech pietro.gori@telecom-paristech.fr September 20, 2017 P. Gori BIOMED 20/09/2017 1 / 76
More information= I, (I - 1), (I - 2),, -I
NMR spectroscop Absorption (or emission) spectroscop, as IR or UV. Detects the absorption of radiofrequencies (electromagnetic radiation) b certain nuclei in a molecule. Onl nuclei with spin number (I)
More informationRelaxation. T1 Values. Longitudinal Relaxation. dm z dt. = " M z T 1. (1" e "t /T 1 ) M z. (t) = M 0
Relaxaion Bioengineering 28A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarer 21 MRI Lecure 2 An exciaion pulse roaes he magneiaion vecor away from is equilibrium sae (purely longiudinal). The resuling vecor
More information1.b Bloch equations, T 1, T 2
1.b Bloch equations, T 1, T Magnetic resonance eperiments are usually conducted with a large number of spins (at least 1 8, more typically 1 1 to 1 18 spins for electrons and 1 18 or more nuclear spins).
More informationVIII. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY
1 VIII. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY Molecules are extremely small entities; thus, their direct detection and direct investigation is still almost impossible. For the detection and detailed
More informationA Hands on Introduction to NMR Lecture #1 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance
A Hands on Introduction to NMR 22.920 Lecture #1 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Introduction - The aim of this short course is to present a physical picture of the basic principles of Nuclear Magnetic
More informationSpectral Broadening Mechanisms. Broadening mechanisms. Lineshape functions. Spectral lifetime broadening
Spectral Broadening echanisms Lorentzian broadening (Homogeneous) Gaussian broadening (Inhomogeneous, Inertial) Doppler broadening (special case for gas phase) The Fourier Transform NC State University
More informationL z L L. Think of it as also affecting the angle
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics Lecture 19: Quantized Angular Momentum and Electron Spin http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/361 h / d/361 Prof. Sean Oh Last time Raising/Lowering angular momentum
More informationMedical Imaging Physics Spring Quarter Week 9-1
Medical Imaging Physics Spring Quarter Week 9-1 NMR and MRI Davor Balzar balzar@du.edu www.du.edu/~balzar Intro MRI Outline NMR & MRI Guest lecturer fmri Thursday, May 22 Visit to CUHSC It s not mandatory
More informationWelcome back to PHYS 3305
Welcome back to PHYS 3305 Otto Stern 1888-1969 Walther Gerlach 1889-1979 Today s Lecture: Angular Momentum Quantization Stern-Gerlach Experiment Review: Orbital Dipole Moments The magnetic moment for an
More informationChapter 7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chapter 7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy I. Introduction 1924, W. Pauli proposed that certain atomic nuclei have spin and magnetic moment and exposure to magnetic field would lead to energy level
More informationThe Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Catherine Wasko Physics 304 Physics of the Human Body May 3, 2005
The Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging Catherine Wasko Physics 304 Physics of the Human Body May 3, 2005 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a tool utilized in the medical
More informationBasic principles COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Introduction. Introduction 1 Precession and precessional
1 Basic principles Introduction 1 Precession and precessional Atomic structure 2 (Larmor) frequency 10 Motion in the atom 2 Precessional phase 13 MR-active nuclei 4 Resonance 13 The hydrogen nucleus 5
More informationChem 325 NMR Intro. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. Physical properties, chemical properties, formulas Shedding real light on molecular structure:
Physical properties, chemical properties, formulas Shedding real light on molecular structure: Wavelength Frequency ν Wavelength λ Frequency ν Velocity c = 2.998 10 8 m s -1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
More informationLet us go back to what you knew in high school, or even earlier...
Lecture I Quantum-Mechanical Way of Thinking To cultivate QM way of thinking, we will not start with the fascinating historical approach, but instead begin with one of the most important expt, that sends
More informationWelcome back to PHYS 3305
Welcome back to PHYS 3305 Otto Stern 1888-1969 Walther Gerlach 1889-1979 Today s Lecture: Angular Momentum Quantization Stern-Gerlach Experiment AnNouncements Reading Assignment for Nov 14th: Harris 8.2-8.5.
More informationINTRODUCTION TO NMR and NMR QIP
Books (NMR): Spin dynamics: basics of nuclear magnetic resonance, M. H. Levitt, Wiley, 2001. The principles of nuclear magnetism, A. Abragam, Oxford, 1961. Principles of magnetic resonance, C. P. Slichter,
More informationMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy EPR and NMR
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy EPR and NMR A brief review of the relevant bits of quantum mechanics 1. Electrons have spin, - rotation of the charge about its axis generates a magnetic field at each electron.
More informationBasic MRI physics and Functional MRI
Basic MRI physics and Functional MRI Gregory R. Lee, Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology June 24, 2013 Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium Objectives Neuroimaging Overview MR Physics
More informationMagnets, Spins, and Resonances An introduction to the basics of Magnetic Resonance
Magnets, Spins, and Resonances An introduction to the basics of Magnetic Resonance A short excursion through MR Physics 19 About spin relaxation and echoes 63 MR Highlights 1 From the signal to the image
More informationMeasuring Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time
WJP, PHY381 (2009) Wabash Journal of Physics v4.0, p.1 Measuring Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time L.W. Lupinski, R. Paudel, and M.J. Madsen Department of Physics, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN 47933 (Dated:
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Log
Objective The development of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log was fueled by the desire to obtain an estimate of permeability from a continuous measurement. Previous work had relied on empirical
More informationMagnetic resonance imaging MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Introduction What is MRI MRI is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce very clear and detailed
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Dr. Dean L. Olson, NMR Lab Director School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois Called figures, equations, and tables are from Principles
More informationLecture #7 In Vivo Water
Lecture #7 In Vivo Water Topics Hydration layers Tissue relaxation times Magic angle effects Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) CEST Handouts and Reading assignments Mathur-De Vre, R., The NMR studies
More informationLecture 21. Nuclear magnetic resonance
Lecture 21 Nuclear magnetic resonance A very brief history Stern and Gerlach atomic beam experiments Isidor Rabi molecular beam exp.; nuclear magnetic moments (angular momentum) Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell
More informationIntroductory MRI Physics
C HAPR 18 Introductory MRI Physics Aaron Sodickson EXRNAL MAGNETIC FIELD, PROTONS AND EQUILIBRIUM MAGNETIZATION Much of the bulk of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner apparatus is dedicated to
More informationWelcome to MR! CT PET (with FDG) MRI (T2 w.) MR Image types: T2 weighted T1 weighted Sequence parameters FLAIR Diffusion
Phsics Images Welcome to R! Introduction to agnetic Resonance Imaging Adam Espe Hansen, PET/R-phsicist Department of Clinical Phsiolog, Nuclear medicine & PET Rigshospitalet Basic Kinetic odeling in olecular
More informationBasics of NMR Spectroscopy. Mark Maciejewski Nov 29, 2016
Basics of NMR Spectroscopy Mark Maciejewski markm@uchc.edu Nov 29, 2016 What is Spectroscopy? Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation (light) with matter. NMR uses electromagnetic
More informationNuclei, Excitation, Relaxation
Outline 4.1 Principles of MRI uclei, Excitation, Relaxation Carolyn Kaut Roth, RT (R)(MR)(CT)(M)(CV) FSMRT CEO Imaging Education Associates www.imaginged.com candi@imaginged.com What nuclei are MR active?
More informationWith that first concept in mind, it is seen that a spinning nucleus creates a magnetic field, like a bar magnet
NMR SPECTROSCOPY This section will discuss the basics of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Most of the section will discuss mainly 1H or proton spectroscopy but the most popular nuclei in
More informationNMR Spectroscopy Laboratory Experiment Introduction. 2. Theory
1. Introduction 64-311 Laboratory Experiment 11 NMR Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful and theoretically complex analytical tool. This experiment will introduce to
More informationThe Nuclear Emphasis
The Nuclear Emphasis Atoms are composed of electrons and nuclei we ll focus almost exclusively on the physical properties of the nucleus and the chemicoelectronic attributes of its environment. The nucleus
More informationLab 1: Earth s Field NMR
Lab 1: Earth s Field NMR March 1, 213 Galen Reed (GSI), Miki Lustig (Prof) 1 Introduction In this lab, we will acquire spectra using an Earth s field spectrometer. This lab will cover basic NMR concepts
More informationBloch Equations & Relaxation UCLA. Radiology
Bloch Equations & Relaxation MRI Systems II B1 I 1 I ~B 1 (t) I 6 ~M I I 5 I 4 Lecture # Learning Objectives Distinguish spin, precession, and nutation. Appreciate that any B-field acts on the the spin
More informationIII Spins and their Thermodynamics
III Spins and their hermodnamics On the menu:. Relaation & thermal equilibrium. Relaation: phenomenolog (, ) 3. Relaation: microscopic description 4. * dephasing 5. Measuring, and * We ve remarked: So:
More informationBASIC MRI PHYSICS SPIN GYMNASTICS Don Plewes PhD, Walter Kucharczyk MD
BASIC MRI PHYSICS SPIN GYMNASTICS Don Plewes PhD, Walter Kucharczyk MD Introduction To understand MRI, it is first necessary to understand the physics of proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The most
More informationIV Field Gradients. 1. The Gradient Coils. It is important to understand visually what is meant by the gradient coils. Here is a 2D illustration:
IV Field Gradients Lecture notes by Assaf Tal It is important to understand visually what is meant by the gradient coils. Here is a 2D illustration: So far we ve seen how spins behave: 1. When the is off,
More informationBasis of MRI Contrast
Basis of MRI Contrast MARK A. HORSFIELD Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester Leicester LE1 5WW UK Tel: +44-116-2585080 Fax: +44-870-7053111 e-mail: mah5@le.ac.uk 1 1.1 The Magnetic
More informationCHAPTER 7 FORCE ON A CURRENT IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
1 CHAPTER 7 FORCE ON A CURRENT IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 7.1 Introduction In Chapter 6 we showed that when an electric current is situated in an external magnetic field it experiences a force at right angles
More informationLet us start with a general overview of MRI...
MRI made easy 5 Let us start with a general overview of MRI... The single steps of an MRI examination can be described quite simply: 1. the patient is placed in a magnet, 2. a radio wave is sent in, 3.
More informationField trip: Tuesday, Feb 5th
Pulse Sequences Field trip: Tuesday, Feb 5th Hardware tour of VUIIIS Philips 3T Meet here at regular class time (11.15) Complete MRI screening form! Chuck Nockowski Philips Service Engineer Reminder: Project/Presentation
More informationMRI Physics (Phys 352A)
MRI Physics (Phys 352A) Manus J. Donahue: mj.donahue@vanderbilt.edu Department of Radiology, Neurology, Physics, and Psychiatry Office: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS) AAA-3115
More information5.61 Physical Chemistry Lecture #35+ Page 1
5.6 Physical Chemistry Lecture #35+ Page NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ust as IR spectroscopy is the simplest example of transitions being induced by light s oscillating electric field, so NMR is the simplest
More informationNMR Spectroscopy. for 1 st B.Tech INTRODUCTION Lecture -1 Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad
NMR Spectroscopy for 1 st B.Tech Lecture -1 Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad by Dr. R P John & Dr. C. Halder INTRODUCTION Nucleus of any atom has protons and neutrons Both Proton and Neutron has
More informationRF Excitation. RF Excitation. Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging. Fall Quarter 2013 MRI Lecture 4
Bioengineering 80A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarer 013 MRI Lecure 4 TT. Liu, BE80A, UCSD Fall 01 Simplified Drawing of Basic Insrumenaion. Body lies on able encompassed by coils for saic field
More informationPulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiment NMR University of Florida Department of Physics PHY4803L Advanced Physics Laboratory References C. P. Schlicter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance, (Springer,
More informationRelaxation. Ravinder Reddy
Relaxation Ravinder Reddy Relaxation What is nuclear spin relaxation? What causes it? Effect on spectral line width Field dependence Mechanisms Thermal equilibrium ~10-6 spins leads to NMR signal! T1 Spin-lattice
More information