Vectors. Vectors on the TI Creating, Storing, and Displaying Vectors Using Mathematical Functions with Vectors...

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1 12 Vectors Vectors on the TI Creating, Storing, and Displaying Vectors Using Mathematical Functions with Vectors TI -86 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

2 168 Chapter 12: Vectors Vectors on the TI-86 A vector is a one-dimensional array, arranged in either one row or one column. The vector elements can be real or complex. You can create, display, and edit vectors on the home screen or in the vector editor. When you create a vector, the elements are stored to the vector name. The TI-86 vector editor displays a vector vertically. On the home screen, a vector is entered and displayed horizontally. When you use a vector in an expression, the TI-86 automatically interprets the vector in the form (row vector or column vector) that is appropriate for the expression. For example, a column vector is appropriate for the expression matrix¹vector. On the TI-86, you can store up to 255 elements to a vector in rectangular form. You can use two- or three-element vectors to define magnitude and direction in a two- or threedimensional space. You can express two- or three-element vectors in different forms, depending on the type of vector. To express a... You enter: And the TI-86 returns: Two-element rectangular vector ãx,yä ãx yä Two-element cylindrical vector ãr±qä ãr±qä Two-element spherical vector ãr±qä ãr±qä Three-element rectangular vector ãx,y,zä ãx y zä Three-element cylindrical vector ãr±q,zä ãr±q zä Three-element spherical vector ãr±q±fä ãr±q±fä

3 Chapter 12: Vectors 169 Creating, Storing, and Displaying Vectors The VECTR (Vector) Menu - Š NAMES EDIT MATH OPS CPLX vector vector complex names menu math menu vector menu vector vector editor operations menu The VECTR NAMES Menu - Š & The VECTR NAMES menu contains all currently stored vector names in alphanumeric order. To paste a vector name to the current cursor location, select it from the menu. The TI-86 distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters in vector names. For example, VECT1, Vect1, and vect1 are three different vector names. $ or # in the first column indicates additional vector elements. Creating a Vector in the Vector Editor - Š ' Display the vector Name= prompt screen. ALPHA-lock is on. The VECTR NAMES menu is displayed. Enter a name from one to eight characters long, starting with a letter. Display the vector editor. The vector editor menu also is displayed. Accept or change the vector elements dimension with an integer 1 and 255. The vector is displayed; all elements are 0. - Š ' ãvä ãeä ãcä ãtä 1 1 b 5 b

4 170 Chapter 12: Vectors You can enter an expression at a vector element prompt. Enter each vector element value at each vector element prompt. You can enter expressions. To move to the next prompt, press b or #. The vector elements are stored to VECT1, which becomes a VECTR NAMES menu item. a 5 # 49 # 2 ` 45 # ` 89 # 1 ` 8 The Vector Editor Menu - Š ' vectornameb INSi DELi 4REAL INSi DELi 4REAL Inserts a blank element (en=) prompt at the cursor location; shifts current elements down Deletes the element from the cursor location and from the vector; shifts elements up Converts the displayed complex number vector to a real number vector To delete a vector name from memory, use the MEM DELETE:VECTR screen (Chapter 17). Creating a Vector on the Home Screen Define the beginning of the vector with ã. Enter each vector element, separating each from the next with a comma. Define the end of the vector with ä. Store the vector to a vector name from one to eight characters long, starting with a letter. The vector is displayed horizontally and the vector name becomes a VECTR NAMES menu item. - 5 P 3 P 9 - X - n ãvä ãeä ãcä ãtä b

5 Chapter 12: Vectors 171 Creating a Complex Vector If any element of a vector is complex, all elements of the vector are displayed as complex. For example, when you enter the vector ã1,2,(3,1)ä, the TI-86 displays ã(1,0) (2,0) (3,1)ä. To create a complex vector from two real vectors, the syntax is: realvector+(0,1)imaginaryvector complexvectorname realvector contains the real part of each element and imaginaryvector contains the imaginary part. Displaying a Vector To display a vector, paste the vector name to the home screen, and then press b. To display a specific element of vectorname on the home screen or in a program, the syntax is: vectorname(element#) Real two- and three-element vector results are displayed according to the current vector mode setting: RectV, CylV, or SphereV (Chapter 1). You can select a vector conversion instruction from the VECTR OPS menu to override the mode setting (page 173). Complex vectors are displayed in rectangular form only.

6 172 Chapter 12: Vectors When you execute the expression, the answer is displayed as a vector. Using a Vector in an Expression You can enter the vector directly (for example, 35Nã5,10,15ä). You can use 1 and - n to enter a vector name s individual characters. You can select the vector name from the VECTR NAMES menu (- Š &). You can select the vector name from the VARS VECTR screen (- w / &). Editing Vector Dimension and Elements Display the vector Name= prompt screen. Enter the vector name. Either select it from the VECTR NAMES menu or enter the characters. Display the vector editor. Change or accept the vector dimension. - Š ' & b 6 b You can use :, 3, and - p to edit matrix elements. You also can overwrite existing characters. Move the cursor to any element and edit it. Continue moving the cursor to other elements. Save the changes and exit the vector editor. # # # 22 # # 13. To use X to change an element value on the home screen, the syntax is: value vectorname(element#)

7 Chapter 12: Vectors 173 The VECTR MATH Menu - Š ( NAMES EDIT MATH OPS CPLX cross unitv norm dot cross(vectora,vectorb) Returns the cross product of vectora and vectorb, both of which are real or complex two-element or three-element vectors; expressed with variables, cross(ãa,b,cä,ãd,e,fä) returns ãbfnce cdnaf aenbdä unitv vector Returns a unit vector where each element of a real or complex vector is divided by the vector norm norm vector Returns the Frobenius norm ( G(real 2 +imaginary 2 )) where the sum is over all elements of a real or complex vector dot(vectora,vectorb) Returns the dot product of vectora and vectorb, both of which are real or complex vectors; expressed with variables, dot(ãa,b,cä,ãd,e,fä) returns ad+be+cf The VECTR OPS (Operations) Menu - Š ) NAMES EDIT MATH OPS CPLX dim Fill 4Pol 4Cyl 4Sph 4 4Rec li4vc vc4li Press X to enter the symbol after #ofelements. dim vector #ofelements dimvectorname #ofelements dimvectorname Fill(number,vectorName) Returns the dimension of (or number of elements in) vector Creates a new vectorname of the specified length (#ofelements); each element is 0 Redimensions vectorname to the specified length (#ofelements) Stores a real or complex number to every element in vectorname

8 174 Chapter 12: Vectors For the conversion functions below, the three-element vector conversion equations for cylindrical form ãr q zä are: x = r cosq y = r sinq z = z The three-element vector conversion equations for spherical form ãr q fä are: x = r cosq sinf y = r sinq sinf z = r cosf Complex elements are valid only for li4vc and vc4li. vector4pol vector4cyl vector4sph complexvector4rec li4vc list vc4li vector Displays a 2-element vector in polar form ãr±qä Displays a 2- or 3-element vector as a cylindrical vector ãr±q 0ä or ãr±q zä Displays a 2- or 3-element vector as a spherical vector ãr±q 0ä or ãr±q fä Displays a 2- or 3-element complexvector in rectangular form ãx yä or ãx y zä Converts a real or complex list into a vector Converts a real or complex vector into a list

9 Chapter 12: Vectors 175 The VECTR CPLX (Complex) Menu - Š * NAMES EDIT MATH OPS CPLX conj real imag abs angle conj complexvector real complexvector imag complexvector abs Vector angle complexvector Returns a vector in which each element is the complex conjugate of the corresponding element of a complexvector Returns a real vector in which each element is the real portion of the corresponding element of a complexvector Returns a real vector in which each element is the imaginary portion of the corresponding element of a complexvector Returns a real vector in which each element is either the absolute value of the corresponding element of a real vector or the magnitude (modulus) of the corresponding element of a complexvector Returns a real vector in which each element is either 0 if the element of complexvector is real or the polar angle if the element of complexvector is complex; polar angles are calculated as tan L1 (complexàreal) adjusted by +p in the second quadrant and by Lp in the third quadrant

10 176 Chapter 12: Vectors To add or subtract two vectors, the dimension of vectora must equal the dimension of vectorb. You cannot multiply two vectors or divide one vector by another vector. == and ƒ are on the TEST menu. round, ipart, fpart, and int are on the MATH NUM menu. Using Mathematical Functions with Vectors vectora+vectorb vectoranvectorb vector¹number or number¹vector matrix¹vector vectorànumber Adds each vectora element to the corresponding vectorb element; returns a vector of the sums Subtracts each vectorb element from the corresponding vectora element; returns a vector of the differences Returns a vector that is the product of a real or complex number times each element in a real or complex vector Returns a vector that is the product of each vector element times each matrix element; matrix column dimension and vector dimension must be equal Returns a vector that is the quotient of each real or complex vector element divided by a real or complex number Mvector (negation) Changes the sign of each vector element vectora==vectorb Returns 1 if every corresponding element comparison is true; returns 0 if any is false vectoraƒvectorb Returns 1 if at least one corresponding element comparison is false round(vector[,#ofdecimals]) Rounds each vector element to 12 digits, or rounds to specified #ofdecimals ipart vector Returns the integer part of each real or complex vector element fpart vector int vector Returns the fractional part of each real or complex vector element Returns the greatest integer of each real or complex vector element

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