Unit #9 - Definite Integral Properties, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

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1 Unit #9 - Definite Integral Properties, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Definite Integrals in Modeling Some problems and solutions selected or adapted from Hughes-Hallett Calculus.. The rate at which the world s oil is being consumed is continuously increasing. Suppose the rate of oil consumption (in billions of barrels per year) is given by the function r = f(t), where t is measured in years and t = is the start of. (a) Write a definite integral which represents the total quantity of oil used between the start of and the start of 9. (b) Suppose r = e.5t. Using a left-hand sum with five subdivisions, find an approximate value for the total quantity of oil used between the start of and the start of 9. (c) Interpret each of the five terms in the sum from part (b) in terms of oil consumption.. As coal deposits are depleted, it becomes necessary to strip-mine larger areas for each ton of coal. The graph below shows the number of acres of land per million tons of coal that will be defaced during strip-mining as a function of the number of million tons removed, starting from the present day. (a) Estimate the total number of acres defaced in extracting the next million tons of coal (measured from the present day). Draw four rectangles under the curve, and compute their area. (b) Re-estimate the number of acres defaced using rectangles above the curve. (c) Combine your answers to parts (a) and (b) to get a better estimate of the actual number of acres defaced. (a) Quantity used = f(t) dt. (b) Using a left sum, our approximation is (a) e.5() + e.5() + e.5() + e.5() + e.5() = Since f is an increasing function, the left endpoint values of f are lower than anywhere else on the subintervals, so this represents an underestimate. Using rectangles under the curve, we get Acres defaced ()( ) =.6 acres. (b) Using rectangles above the curve, we get (c) Each term is a lower estimate of one year s consumption of oil. Acres defaced ()( ) = 6.9 acres. (c) The number of acres defaced is between.6 and 6.9, so we estimate the average, 5.5 acres.

2 . The following table gives the emissions, E, of nitrogen oxides, in millions of metric tons per year, in the US. Let t be the number of years since 97 and E = f(t). (a) What are the units and meaning of f(t) dt? (b) Estimate f(t) dt. Year E (a) An overestimate is (7 tons/month) ( month) = 7 tons. An underestimate is (5 tons/month) ( month) = 5 tons. (b) An overestimate is = 7 tons. An underestimate is = 59 tons. 5. The graph below shows the rate of change of the quantity of water in a water tower, in liters per day, during the month of April. If the tower had, liters of water in it on April, estimate the quantity of water in the tower on April. (a) The integral f(t) dt represents the total emissions of nitrogen oxides, in millions of metric tons, during the period 97 to. (b) We estimate the integral using left- and right-hand sums: Left sum = (6.9)5 + (6.)5 + (7.)5 + (5.8)5 + (5.5)5 + (5.)5 = Right sum = (6.)5 + (7.)5 + (5.8)5 + (5.5)5 + (5.)5 + (.6)5 = 76.. We average the left- and right-hand sums to find an improved estimate of the integral: f(t) dt = 77.8 million metric tons. Between 97 and, about 77.8 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides were emitted. Suppose V (t) represents the total quantity of water in the water tower at time t, where t is in days since April. Then the graph shown in the problem is a graph of the volume s rate of change, or dv dt or V (t). By the Fundamental Theorem, the change in the volume over the days of April is given by: V () V () = V (t) dt. This relationship means we can calculate the change in the volume of water by calculating the area under the curve. Each box represents about (5 l/d) (6 d) = liters.. Coal gas is produced at a gasworks. Pollutants in the gas are removed by scrubbers, which become less and less efficient as time goes on. The following measurements, made at the start of each month, show the rate at which pollutants are escaping (in tons/ month) in the gas: Time (months) 5 6 Rate pollutants escape (tons/month) (a) Make an overestimate and an underestimate of the total quantity of pollutants that escape during the first month. (b) Make an overestimate and an underestimate of the total quantity of pollutants that escape during the six months shown in the table. In the red region, from t = to t =, the graph is below the t axis, indicating that water is being lost from the tower. There is a little more than one box, but for simplicity we ll call it one square, so roughly liters were lost. From t = to t = (blue region), there are between 6 and 7 boxes in total (let s say 6 for simplicity), or

3 roughly +8 liters. Thus, V (t) dt 8 = 5 This is the net change in the volume of water. Solving for V (), the amount of water on April th, V () = V () + V (t) dt =, + 5 =, 5 liters. 6. A bicyclist pedals along a straight road with velocity v given in the graph below. She starts 5 miles from a lake; positive velocities take her away from the lake and negative velocities take her toward the lake. When is the cyclist farthest from the lake, and how far away is she then? Relative to her starting point of 5 miles at t =, the cyclist is about 5 + 5/ = 5/ = miles from the lake at t =. Since, starting from the moment t = /, she is always moving away from the lake, the cyclist will be farthest from the lake at the latest possible time, t =. The maximal distance at that time equals 5/ = miles. 7. Height velocity graphs are used by endocrinologists (doctors specializing in the study of hormones) to follow the progress of children with growth deficiencies. The graph below shows the height velocity curves of an average boy and an average girl between ages and 8. Notice that the area of a square on the graph represents ( mph) (/6) h = (5/) miles. At t = / hours, v =. The area between the curve v and the t-axis over the interval t / is / v dt one square = 5/ miles. Since v is negative here, she is moving toward the lake. Since she starts 5 miles from the lake at time t =, at t = / she is about 5-5/ = / miles from the lake (so closer than when she started). For / t, v is positive, so she is moving away from the lake. Her change in distance from the lake between the times t = and the end point t = is given by / v dt = v dt + v dt / = 5 =.667 miles, (a) Which curve is for girls and which is for boys? Explain how you can tell. (b) About how much does the average boy grow between ages and? (c) The growth spurt associated with adolescence and the onset of puberty occurs between ages and 5 for the average boy and between ages and.5 for the average girl. Estimate the height gained by each average child during this growth spurt. (d) When fully grown, about how much taller is the average man than the average woman? (The average boy and girl are about the same height at age.) (a) Since men are generally taller than women, the curve with the larger area under it is the height velocity of the boys. The area under each curve represents the change in growth in centimeters. Therefore, the black curve is for boys, the lighter grey one for girls. (b) Each square below the height velocity curve has area ( cm/yr) yr = cm. Counting squares lying below the black curve gives about cm. Thus, on average, boys grow about cm between ages and. (c) Counting squares lying below the black curve gives about cm growth for boys during their growth spurt. Counting squares lying below the colored

4 curve gives about 8 cm for girls during their growth spurt. (d) We can measure the difference in growth by counting squares that lie between the two curves. Between ages and.5, the average girl grows faster than the average boy. Counting squares yields about 5 cm between the colored and black curves for x.5. Counting squares between the curves for.5 x 8 gives about 8 squares. Thus, there is a net increase of boys over girls by about 8-5 = cm. Properties of Definite Integrals For questions 8 to, find 8. f(x) is odd and = 8.. To use the fact that f is odd, we split the interval up into the symmetric interval, [-, ], and the nonsymmetric interval, [, 5]. We have 8 = Since f is odd, = 9. f(x) is even, 5 =. Since f is even, + =, so = (/) = 7. Therefore. We have = = 8. = 6, and = (/) 6 = and = 7 =. (f(x) + ) dx = 8. 8 = = (f(x) + ) dx + dx Thus, since so. We have 5 dx = (5 ) =, we have = 8 dx = 6 = 8 and = 6 =. 5 =. = 8/ = and =. Thus = + = = =. Without any computation, find the values of (a) (b) π sin x dx. x dx. (a), since the integrand is an odd function and the limits are symmetric around. (b), since the integrand is an odd function and the limits are symmetric around.. Without integrating, show that + x dx 6.

5 Notice that f(x) = + x is increasing for x, since x gets bigger as x increases. This means that, looking at the interval [, ] over which we are integrating, f() f(x) f(). For this function, f() = + = and f() = + 8 =. Thus, the area under f(x) lies between the area under the line y = and the area under the line y = on the interval x. See the diagram below. We know that we can divide the integral up as follows: = +. The graph suggests that f is an even function for x, so =. Substituting this into the preceding equation, we have = Using the graph of f(x) shown below, arrange the following quantities in increasing order, from least to greatest. f(x) x That is, ( ) h w + x dx h ( ) w. Without calculating the integral, explain why the following statements are false. (a) (b) e x dx = cos(x + ) + tan x dx =. (a) The integrand is always positive, so the integral (sum of positive f(x) times positive x values) cannot be negative. (b) The integrand is always because of the absolute value sign. If the integral =, then with a non-negative integrand, the integrand must be exactly at every x value on the interval, which is definitely not the case here. 5. Based on the graph of f(x) shown below, write. in terms of and (i) (iii) (v) (ii) (iv) (vi) The number (vii) The number (viii) The number - See the figure below. f(x) A A Since x = A and = A, we know that A = A and < In addition, < <. = A A, which is negative, 5

6 but smaller in magnitude than <. Thus <. The area A lies inside a rectangle of height and base, so A <. The area A lies inside a rectangle below the x-axis of height and width, so < A. Thus: so xe x dx = xe x dx + xe x dx =. equal magnitude, opposite signs (b) For x with n =, we have x =, x =, x =, x =, and x =. See the figure below. (viii) < (ii) < (iii) < (vi) < (i) < (v) < (iv) < (vii). 7. (a) Use the graph of y = xe x shown below to explain why xe x dx =. Left sum = f(x ) x + f(x ) x + f(x ) x = e + e () + e () =.5. (b) Find the left-hand sum approximation with n = to xe x four decimal places. (c) Repeat part (b) for dx. Give your answer to xe x dx. (d) Do your answers to parts (b) and (c) add to? Explain. (a) Since the function is odd, and the interval used is symmetric across x =, the areas above and below the x-axis cancel. Thus, xe x dx = xe x dx, (c) For x, with n =, we have x =, x =, x =, x =, and x =. (See the diagram again.) Left sum = f(x ) x + f(x ) x + f(x ) x = e () e ( ) e ( ) =.9. (d) No. The rectangles between x = and are not the same size as those between x = and. See the diagram. There are three rectangles with nonzero height on [-, ] and only two on [, ], so the estimates computed must be different, so we won t get the exact result of zero using left sums. Integration By Anti-Derivatives To practice computing anti-derivatives, do as many of the problems from the following section as you need. From Hughes-Hallett 5th edition, Section (odd) From Hughes-Hallett 6th edition, Section (odd) Note: In questions 5-6 (5th Ed.) and 5-6 (6th Ed.), evaluate numerically means plug the limit values into the anti-derivative using your calculator to get a decimal number. It does not mean use rectangles/trapezoids/riemann sums to approximate the integral values. Additional problems. Evaluate the following integrals. 6

7 (x x)dx [ x (x x)dx = x x dx x dx = ] ( ) = [ ] x = ( ) = (5 t + t )dt ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( ) = (5 t t )dt = [5t t + t ] = ( 6 + 6) (5 + ) = 68 5 = 6 ( + u 5 u9 )du ( + u 5 u9 )du = [u + u5 5 u ] = ( + 5 ) = = π/6 xdx 9 [ x xdx = x / / dx = / 8 x / dx [ x x / / dx = / π/6 sin θdθ ] 8 ] 9 = [x /] 9 = (9/ / ) = (7 ) = 5 = [x /] 8 = (8 / / ) = ( ) = sin θdθ = [ cos θ] π π/6 = cos π ( cos π 6 ) = ( ) ( /) = + / 5. 5 e dx The number e is just a constant e dx = [ex] 5 5 = 5e ( 5e) = e (u + )(u )du You need to expand the product before you can integrate. [ (u + )(u )du = (u u 6)du = u u 6u ] = ( ) 6 = 7 6 7

8 7. ( t) t dt To evaluate this integral, you need to expand the product first; you can t integrate the product ( t) t as it is originally written. ( t) [ 8 tdt = ( t)t / dt = (t / t / )dt = t/ ] 5 t5/ = 8 (8) 9 () = = /. / x x dx x x dx = (y )(y + )dy (y )(y + )dy = / sec t dt ( x x x ) dx = (y y )dy = (x / x / )dx = sec t dt = [tan t] π/ = tan π tan = = / sec θ tan θdθ sec θ tan θdθ = [sec θ] π/ = sec π sec = ( + y) dy ( + y) dy = ( sin x e x )dx [ ] 9 x/ x / [ y ] y y = ( 6 ) = = ( 7 ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( + y + y )dy = [y + y + y ] = ( ) ( + + ) = 6 = 9 ( sin x e x )dx = [ cos e ) ( ) = cos e v + v 6 dv v v + v 6 v = 8 z dz z dz = 8 ( ) v + v dv = [ln v + v ] = (ln + 8) (ln + ) = ln + 7 z / dz = [z / ] 8 = (8 / / ) = ( ) 8

9 6. (x e + e x )dx [ x (x e e x e+ )dx = e + + ex ] = ( ) e + + e ( + ) = e + + e 7. / 8 + x dx / 8 ( + x dx = [8 arctan x] π / = 8 π ) ( π ) = 8 = π u du u 9. + u u du = e u+ du (u + u )du = [ ] [ ] u + ln u = u + ln u = ( + ln ) ( + ln ) = + ln e u+ du = [e u+ ] = e e = e [or start with e u+ = e u e ]. / / x dx / /. ( dx = [ arcsin x x]/ π / = π ) = ( π 6 ) = π { sin x if x < π/ f(x)dx where f(x) = cos x if π/ x π If f(x) =. f(x)dx = If f(x) = f(x)dx = { sin x if x < π/ cos x if π/ x π then / sin xdx + f(x)dx where f(x) = π/ { if x x if < x dx + cos xdx = [ cos x] π/ + [sin x] π π/ = cos π + cos + sin π sin π = + + = { if x x if < x then ( x )dx = [x] + [x x ] = [ ( )] + ( 6 ) = 8 9