Sampling Distributions
|
|
- Gabriel Goodman
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Merlise Clyde Duke University September 3, 2015
2 Outline Topics Normal Theory Chi-squared Distributions Student t Distributions Readings: Christensen Apendix C, Chapter 1-2
3 Prostate Example > library(lasso2); data(prostate) # n = 97, 9 variables > summary(lm(lpsa ~., data=prostate)) Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(> t ) (Intercept) lcavol e-09 *** lweight ** age lbph svi ** lcp gleason pgg Signif. codes: 0 *** ** 0.01 * Residual standard error: on 88 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: , Adjusted R-squared: F-statistic: STA721 onlinear 8 and Models 88 Sampling DF, Distributions p-value: < 2.2e-16
4 Summary of Distributions Models: Full Y = Xβ + ɛ Assume X is full rank with the first column of ones 1 n and p additional predictors r(x) = p + 1 ˆβ σ 2 N(β, σ 2 (X T X) 1 ) RSS σ 2 χ 2 n r(x) ˆβ j β j SE( ˆβ j ) t n r(x) where SE( ˆβ) is the square root of the jth diagonal element of ˆσ 2 (X T X) 1 and ˆσ 2 is the unbiased estimate of σ 2
5 of β If Y N(Xβ, σ 2 I n ) Then ˆβ N(β, σ 2 (X T X) 1 )
6 Unknown σ 2 ˆβ j β j, σ 2 N(β, σ 2 [(X T X) 1 ] jj ) What happens if we substitute ˆσ 2 = e t e/(n r(x)) in the above? ( ˆβ j β j )/σ [(X T X) 1 ] jj e T e/(σ 2 (n r(x)) D = N(0, 1) χ 2 n r(x) /(n r(x) t(n r(x), 0, 1) Need to show that e T e/σ 2 has a χ 2 distribution and is independent of the numerator!
7 Central Student t Distribution Definition Let Z N(0, 1) and S χ 2 p with Z and S independent, then W = Z S/p has a (central) Student t distribution with p degrees of freedom See Casella & Berger or DeGroot & Schervish for derivation - nice change of variables and marginalization problem!
8 Chi-Squared Distribution Definition If Z N(0, 1) then Z 2 χ 2 1 degree of freedom) Density (A Chi-squared distribution with one f (x) = 1 Γ(1/2) (1/2) 1/2 x 1/2 1 e x/2 x > 0 Characteristic Function E[e itz 2 ] = ϕ(t) = (1 2it) 1/2
9 Chi-Squared Distribution with p Degrees of Freedom iid If Z j N(0, 1) j = 1,... p then X Z T Z = p j Zj 2 χ 2 p Characteristic Function ϕ X (t) = E[e it p j Z 2 = = p j=1 j ] E[e itz 2 j ] p (1 2it) 1/2 j=1 = (1 2it) p/2 A Gamma distribution with shape p/2 and rate 1/2, G(p/2, 1/2) f (x) = 1 Γ(p/2) (1/2) p/2 x p/2 1 e x/2 x > 0
10 Quadratic Forms Theorem Let Y N(µ, σ 2 I n ) with µ C(X) then if Q is a rank k orthogonal projection on to C(X), (Y T QY)/σ 2 χ 2 k Proof. For an orthogonal projection Q = UΛU T = U k U T k where C(Q) = C(U k ) and U T k U k = I k (Spectral Theorem) Y T QY = Y T U k U T k Y Z = U T k Y/σ N(UT k µ, UT k U k) Z N(0, I k ) Z T Z χ 2 k Since U T Y/σ D = Z, YT QY σ 2 χ 2 k
11 Residual Sum of Squares Example Sum of Squares Error (SSE) Let Y N(µ, σ 2 I n ) with µ C(X). Because µ C(X), I P X is a projection on C(X) e T e σ 2 = (I 2 YT n P X ) Y χ 2 n r(x) σ
12 Estimated Coefficients and Residuals are Independent If Y N(Xβ, σ 2 I n ) Then Cov(ˆβ, e) = 0 which implies independence Functions of independent random variables are independent (show characteristic functions or densities factor)
13 Putting it all together ˆβ N(β, σ 2 (X T X) 1 ) ( ˆβ j β j )/σ[(x T X) 1 ] jj N(0, 1) e T e/σ 2 χ 2 n r(x) ˆβ and e are independent ( ˆβ j β j )/σ[(x T X) 1 ] jj e T e/(σ 2 (n r(x))) t(n r(x), 0, 1)
14 Inference 95% Confidence interval: ˆβ j ± t α/2 SE( ˆβ j ) use qt(a, df) for t a quantile derive from pivotal quantity t = ( ˆβ j β j )/SE( ˆβ j ) where P(t (t α/2, t 1 α/2 )) = 1 α
15 Prostate Example xtable(confint(prostate.lm)) from library(mass) and library(xtable) 2.5 % 97.5 % (Intercept) lcavol lweight age lbph svi lcp gleason pgg
16 interpretation For a 1 unit increase in X j, expect Y to increase by ˆβ j ± t α/2 SE( ˆβ j ) for log transforms Y = exp(xβ + ɛ) = exp(x j β j ) exp(ɛ) if X = log(w j ) then look at 2-fold or % increases in W to look at multiplicative increase in median of Y ifcavol increases by 10% then we expect PSA to increase by 1.10 (CI ) = (1.0398%, %) or by 3.98 to 7.51 percent For a 10% increase in cancer volume, we are 95% confident that the PSA levels will increase by approximately 4 to 7.5 percent.
17 Derivation
Sampling Distributions
Merlise Clyde Duke University September 8, 2016 Outline Topics Normal Theory Chi-squared Distributions Student t Distributions Readings: Christensen Apendix C, Chapter 1-2 Prostate Example > library(lasso2);
More informationMaximum Likelihood Estimation
Maximum Likelihood Estimation Merlise Clyde STA721 Linear Models Duke University August 31, 2017 Outline Topics Likelihood Function Projections Maximum Likelihood Estimates Readings: Christensen Chapter
More informationA Significance Test for the Lasso
A Significance Test for the Lasso Lockhart R, Taylor J, Tibshirani R, and Tibshirani R Ashley Petersen June 6, 2013 1 Motivation Problem: Many clinical covariates which are important to a certain medical
More informationInterpretation, Prediction and Confidence Intervals
Interpretation, Prediction and Confidence Intervals Merlise Clyde September 15, 2017 Last Class Model for log brain weight as a function of log body weight Nested Model Comparison using ANOVA led to model
More informationLecture 8: Fitting Data Statistical Computing, Wednesday October 7, 2015
Lecture 8: Fitting Data Statistical Computing, 36-350 Wednesday October 7, 2015 In previous episodes Loading and saving data sets in R format Loading and saving data sets in other structured formats Intro
More informationData Mining Stat 588
Data Mining Stat 588 Lecture 02: Linear Methods for Regression Department of Statistics & Biostatistics Rutgers University September 13 2011 Regression Problem Quantitative generic output variable Y. Generic
More informationMLES & Multivariate Normal Theory
Merlise Clyde September 6, 2016 Outline Expectations of Quadratic Forms Distribution Linear Transformations Distribution of estimates under normality Properties of MLE s Recap Ŷ = ˆµ is an unbiased estimate
More informationSTAT 462-Computational Data Analysis
STAT 462-Computational Data Analysis Chapter 5- Part 2 Nasser Sadeghkhani a.sadeghkhani@queensu.ca October 2017 1 / 27 Outline Shrinkage Methods 1. Ridge Regression 2. Lasso Dimension Reduction Methods
More informationAMS-207: Bayesian Statistics
Linear Regression How does a quantity y, vary as a function of another quantity, or vector of quantities x? We are interested in p(y θ, x) under a model in which n observations (x i, y i ) are exchangeable.
More informationCh 3: Multiple Linear Regression
Ch 3: Multiple Linear Regression 1. Multiple Linear Regression Model Multiple regression model has more than one regressor. For example, we have one response variable and two regressor variables: 1. delivery
More informationA significance test for the lasso
1 Gold medal address, SSC 2013 Joint work with Richard Lockhart (SFU), Jonathan Taylor (Stanford), and Ryan Tibshirani (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.) Reaping the benefits of LARS: A special thanks to Brad Efron,
More informationCh 2: Simple Linear Regression
Ch 2: Simple Linear Regression 1. Simple Linear Regression Model A simple regression model with a single regressor x is y = β 0 + β 1 x + ɛ, where we assume that the error ɛ is independent random component
More informationIntroduction to Statistics and R
Introduction to Statistics and R Mayo-Illinois Computational Genomics Workshop (2018) Ruoqing Zhu, Ph.D. Department of Statistics, UIUC rqzhu@illinois.edu June 18, 2018 Abstract This document is a supplimentary
More informationRegression Review. Statistics 149. Spring Copyright c 2006 by Mark E. Irwin
Regression Review Statistics 149 Spring 2006 Copyright c 2006 by Mark E. Irwin Matrix Approach to Regression Linear Model: Y i = β 0 + β 1 X i1 +... + β p X ip + ɛ i ; ɛ i iid N(0, σ 2 ), i = 1,..., n
More informationA significance test for the lasso
1 First part: Joint work with Richard Lockhart (SFU), Jonathan Taylor (Stanford), and Ryan Tibshirani (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.) Second part: Joint work with Max Grazier G Sell, Stefan Wager and Alexandra
More informationPost-selection Inference for Forward Stepwise and Least Angle Regression
Post-selection Inference for Forward Stepwise and Least Angle Regression Ryan & Rob Tibshirani Carnegie Mellon University & Stanford University Joint work with Jonathon Taylor, Richard Lockhart September
More informationProbability and Statistics Notes
Probability and Statistics Notes Chapter Seven Jesse Crawford Department of Mathematics Tarleton State University Spring 2011 (Tarleton State University) Chapter Seven Notes Spring 2011 1 / 42 Outline
More informationDistribution Assumptions
Merlise Clyde Duke University November 22, 2016 Outline Topics Normality & Transformations Box-Cox Nonlinear Regression Readings: Christensen Chapter 13 & Wakefield Chapter 6 Linear Model Linear Model
More informationThe linear model is the most fundamental of all serious statistical models encompassing:
Linear Regression Models: A Bayesian perspective Ingredients of a linear model include an n 1 response vector y = (y 1,..., y n ) T and an n p design matrix (e.g. including regressors) X = [x 1,..., x
More informationLeast Angle Regression, Forward Stagewise and the Lasso
January 2005 Rob Tibshirani, Stanford 1 Least Angle Regression, Forward Stagewise and the Lasso Brad Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani Stanford University Annals of Statistics,
More informationRegularization Paths
December 2005 Trevor Hastie, Stanford Statistics 1 Regularization Paths Trevor Hastie Stanford University drawing on collaborations with Brad Efron, Saharon Rosset, Ji Zhu, Hui Zhou, Rob Tibshirani and
More informationBIOS 2083 Linear Models c Abdus S. Wahed
Chapter 5 206 Chapter 6 General Linear Model: Statistical Inference 6.1 Introduction So far we have discussed formulation of linear models (Chapter 1), estimability of parameters in a linear model (Chapter
More informationApplied Regression Analysis
Applied Regression Analysis Chapter 3 Multiple Linear Regression Hongcheng Li April, 6, 2013 Recall simple linear regression 1 Recall simple linear regression 2 Parameter Estimation 3 Interpretations of
More informationTMA4267 Linear Statistical Models V2017 (L10)
TMA4267 Linear Statistical Models V2017 (L10) Part 2: Linear regression: Parameter estimation [F:3.2], Properties of residuals and distribution of estimator for error variance Confidence interval and hypothesis
More informationMultiple Linear Regression
Multiple Linear Regression Simple linear regression tries to fit a simple line between two variables Y and X. If X is linearly related to Y this explains some of the variability in Y. In most cases, there
More informationST430 Exam 1 with Answers
ST430 Exam 1 with Answers Date: October 5, 2015 Name: Guideline: You may use one-page (front and back of a standard A4 paper) of notes. No laptop or textook are permitted but you may use a calculator.
More informationChapter 3. Linear Models for Regression
Chapter 3. Linear Models for Regression Wei Pan Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Email: weip@biostat.umn.edu PubH 7475/8475 c Wei Pan Linear
More informationSimple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression In simple linear regression we are concerned about the relationship between two variables, X and Y. There are two components to such a relationship. 1. The strength of the relationship.
More informationLecture 6 Multiple Linear Regression, cont.
Lecture 6 Multiple Linear Regression, cont. BIOST 515 January 22, 2004 BIOST 515, Lecture 6 Testing general linear hypotheses Suppose we are interested in testing linear combinations of the regression
More informationSome new ideas for post selection inference and model assessment
Some new ideas for post selection inference and model assessment Robert Tibshirani, Stanford WHOA!! 2018 Thanks to Jon Taylor and Ryan Tibshirani for helpful feedback 1 / 23 Two topics 1. How to improve
More informationGeneral Linear Model: Statistical Inference
Chapter 6 General Linear Model: Statistical Inference 6.1 Introduction So far we have discussed formulation of linear models (Chapter 1), estimability of parameters in a linear model (Chapter 4), least
More informationCOMP 551 Applied Machine Learning Lecture 2: Linear regression
COMP 551 Applied Machine Learning Lecture 2: Linear regression Instructor: (jpineau@cs.mcgill.ca) Class web page: www.cs.mcgill.ca/~jpineau/comp551 Unless otherwise noted, all material posted for this
More informationLinear Regression Model. Badr Missaoui
Linear Regression Model Badr Missaoui Introduction What is this course about? It is a course on applied statistics. It comprises 2 hours lectures each week and 1 hour lab sessions/tutorials. We will focus
More informationGauss Markov & Predictive Distributions
Gauss Markov & Predictive Distributions Merlise Clyde STA721 Linear Models Duke University September 14, 2017 Outline Topics Gauss-Markov Theorem Estimability and Prediction Readings: Christensen Chapter
More informationHigh-dimensional data analysis
High-dimensional data analysis HW3 Reproduce Figure 3.8 3.10 and Table 3.3. (do not need PCR PLS Std Error) Figure 3.8 There is Profiles of ridge coefficients for the prostate cancer example, as the tuning
More informationSimple and Multiple Linear Regression
Sta. 113 Chapter 12 and 13 of Devore March 12, 2010 Table of contents 1 Simple Linear Regression 2 Model Simple Linear Regression A simple linear regression model is given by Y = β 0 + β 1 x + ɛ where
More information5.1 Consistency of least squares estimates. We begin with a few consistency results that stand on their own and do not depend on normality.
88 Chapter 5 Distribution Theory In this chapter, we summarize the distributions related to the normal distribution that occur in linear models. Before turning to this general problem that assumes normal
More informationvariability of the model, represented by σ 2 and not accounted for by Xβ
Posterior Predictive Distribution Suppose we have observed a new set of explanatory variables X and we want to predict the outcomes ỹ using the regression model. Components of uncertainty in p(ỹ y) variability
More informationLecture 1: Linear Models and Applications
Lecture 1: Linear Models and Applications Claudia Czado TU München c (Claudia Czado, TU Munich) ZFS/IMS Göttingen 2004 0 Overview Introduction to linear models Exploratory data analysis (EDA) Estimation
More informationRegularization Paths. Theme
June 00 Trevor Hastie, Stanford Statistics June 00 Trevor Hastie, Stanford Statistics Theme Regularization Paths Trevor Hastie Stanford University drawing on collaborations with Brad Efron, Mee-Young Park,
More informationInference for Regression
Inference for Regression Section 9.4 Cathy Poliak, Ph.D. cathy@math.uh.edu Office in Fleming 11c Department of Mathematics University of Houston Lecture 13b - 3339 Cathy Poliak, Ph.D. cathy@math.uh.edu
More informationLinear models and their mathematical foundations: Simple linear regression
Linear models and their mathematical foundations: Simple linear regression Steffen Unkel Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany Winter term 2018/19 1/21 Introduction
More informationCOMP 551 Applied Machine Learning Lecture 2: Linear Regression
COMP 551 Applied Machine Learning Lecture 2: Linear Regression Instructor: Herke van Hoof (herke.vanhoof@mail.mcgill.ca) Slides mostly by: Class web page: www.cs.mcgill.ca/~hvanho2/comp551 Unless otherwise
More information2. A Review of Some Key Linear Models Results. Copyright c 2018 Dan Nettleton (Iowa State University) 2. Statistics / 28
2. A Review of Some Key Linear Models Results Copyright c 2018 Dan Nettleton (Iowa State University) 2. Statistics 510 1 / 28 A General Linear Model (GLM) Suppose y = Xβ + ɛ, where y R n is the response
More informationStat 5102 Final Exam May 14, 2015
Stat 5102 Final Exam May 14, 2015 Name Student ID The exam is closed book and closed notes. You may use three 8 1 11 2 sheets of paper with formulas, etc. You may also use the handouts on brand name distributions
More information3. The F Test for Comparing Reduced vs. Full Models. opyright c 2018 Dan Nettleton (Iowa State University) 3. Statistics / 43
3. The F Test for Comparing Reduced vs. Full Models opyright c 2018 Dan Nettleton (Iowa State University) 3. Statistics 510 1 / 43 Assume the Gauss-Markov Model with normal errors: y = Xβ + ɛ, ɛ N(0, σ
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS. Department of Mathematics and Statistics. Basic Exam - Applied Statistics. Tuesday, January 17, 2017
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Department of Mathematics and Statistics Basic Exam - Applied Statistics Tuesday, January 17, 2017 Work all problems 60 points are needed to pass at the Masters Level and 75
More informationLecture 1 Intro to Spatial and Temporal Data
Lecture 1 Intro to Spatial and Temporal Data Dennis Sun Stanford University Stats 253 June 22, 2015 1 What is Spatial and Temporal Data? 2 Trend Modeling 3 Omitted Variables 4 Overview of this Class 1
More informationMatrices and vectors A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. Here s an example: A =
Matrices and vectors A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers Here s an example: 23 14 17 A = 225 0 2 This matrix has dimensions 2 3 The number of rows is first, then the number of columns We can write
More informationSimple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression Reading: Hoff Chapter 9 November 4, 2009 Problem Data: Observe pairs (Y i,x i ),i = 1,... n Response or dependent variable Y Predictor or independent variable X GOALS: Exploring
More information6. Multiple Linear Regression
6. Multiple Linear Regression SLR: 1 predictor X, MLR: more than 1 predictor Example data set: Y i = #points scored by UF football team in game i X i1 = #games won by opponent in their last 10 games X
More informationLecture 18: Simple Linear Regression
Lecture 18: Simple Linear Regression BIOS 553 Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan Fall 2004 The Correlation Coefficient: r The correlation coefficient (r) is a number that measures the strength
More informationA Significance Test for the Lasso
A Significance Test for the Lasso Richard Lockhart 1 Jonathan Taylor 2 Ryan J. Tibshirani 3 Robert Tibshirani 2 1 Simon Fraser University, 2 Stanford University, 3 Carnegie Mellon University Abstract In
More informationFor GLM y = Xβ + e (1) where X is a N k design matrix and p(e) = N(0, σ 2 I N ), we can estimate the coefficients from the normal equations
1 Generalised Inverse For GLM y = Xβ + e (1) where X is a N k design matrix and p(e) = N(0, σ 2 I N ), we can estimate the coefficients from the normal equations (X T X)β = X T y (2) If rank of X, denoted
More informationBayesian Linear Models
Bayesian Linear Models Sudipto Banerjee 1 and Andrew O. Finley 2 1 Department of Forestry & Department of Geography, Michigan State University, Lansing Michigan, U.S.A. 2 Biostatistics, School of Public
More informationHandout 4: Simple Linear Regression
Handout 4: Simple Linear Regression By: Brandon Berman The following problem comes from Kokoska s Introductory Statistics: A Problem-Solving Approach. The data can be read in to R using the following code:
More informationProblems. Suppose both models are fitted to the same data. Show that SS Res, A SS Res, B
Simple Linear Regression 35 Problems 1 Consider a set of data (x i, y i ), i =1, 2,,n, and the following two regression models: y i = β 0 + β 1 x i + ε, (i =1, 2,,n), Model A y i = γ 0 + γ 1 x i + γ 2
More informationEconometrics A. Simple linear model (2) Keio University, Faculty of Economics. Simon Clinet (Keio University) Econometrics A October 16, / 11
Econometrics A Keio University, Faculty of Economics Simple linear model (2) Simon Clinet (Keio University) Econometrics A October 16, 2018 1 / 11 Estimation of the noise variance σ 2 In practice σ 2 too
More informationLecture 15. Hypothesis testing in the linear model
14. Lecture 15. Hypothesis testing in the linear model Lecture 15. Hypothesis testing in the linear model 1 (1 1) Preliminary lemma 15. Hypothesis testing in the linear model 15.1. Preliminary lemma Lemma
More informationConfidence Intervals, Testing and ANOVA Summary
Confidence Intervals, Testing and ANOVA Summary 1 One Sample Tests 1.1 One Sample z test: Mean (σ known) Let X 1,, X n a r.s. from N(µ, σ) or n > 30. Let The test statistic is H 0 : µ = µ 0. z = x µ 0
More informationPeter Hoff Linear and multilinear models April 3, GLS for multivariate regression 5. 3 Covariance estimation for the GLM 8
Contents 1 Linear model 1 2 GLS for multivariate regression 5 3 Covariance estimation for the GLM 8 4 Testing the GLH 11 A reference for some of this material can be found somewhere. 1 Linear model Recall
More informationThis model of the conditional expectation is linear in the parameters. A more practical and relaxed attitude towards linear regression is to say that
Linear Regression For (X, Y ) a pair of random variables with values in R p R we assume that E(Y X) = β 0 + with β R p+1. p X j β j = (1, X T )β j=1 This model of the conditional expectation is linear
More informationSTAT420 Midterm Exam. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign October 19 (Friday), :00 4:15p. SOLUTIONS (Yellow)
STAT40 Midterm Exam University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign October 19 (Friday), 018 3:00 4:15p SOLUTIONS (Yellow) Question 1 (15 points) (10 points) 3 (50 points) extra ( points) Total (77 points) Points
More informationBayesian Linear Models
Bayesian Linear Models Sudipto Banerjee 1 and Andrew O. Finley 2 1 Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2 Department of Forestry & Department
More informationSTA 2201/442 Assignment 2
STA 2201/442 Assignment 2 1. This is about how to simulate from a continuous univariate distribution. Let the random variable X have a continuous distribution with density f X (x) and cumulative distribution
More informationIntroduction to Linear Regression Rebecca C. Steorts September 15, 2015
Introduction to Linear Regression Rebecca C. Steorts September 15, 2015 Today (Re-)Introduction to linear models and the model space What is linear regression Basic properties of linear regression Using
More informationLecture 4 Multiple linear regression
Lecture 4 Multiple linear regression BIOST 515 January 15, 2004 Outline 1 Motivation for the multiple regression model Multiple regression in matrix notation Least squares estimation of model parameters
More informationA significance test for the lasso
A significance test for the lasso Richard Lockhart 1 Jonathan Taylor 2 Ryan J. Tibshirani 3 Robert Tibshirani 2 arxiv:1301.7161v1 [math.st] 30 Jan 2013 1 Simon Fraser University, 2 Stanford University,
More informationPart IB Statistics. Theorems with proof. Based on lectures by D. Spiegelhalter Notes taken by Dexter Chua. Lent 2015
Part IB Statistics Theorems with proof Based on lectures by D. Spiegelhalter Notes taken by Dexter Chua Lent 2015 These notes are not endorsed by the lecturers, and I have modified them (often significantly)
More informationExact Post-selection Inference for Forward Stepwise and Least Angle Regression
Exact Post-selection Inference for Forward Stepwise and Least Angle Regression Jonathan Taylor 1 Richard Lockhart 2 Ryan J. Tibshirani 3 Robert Tibshirani 1 1 Stanford University, 2 Simon Fraser University,
More informationFigure 1: The fitted line using the shipment route-number of ampules data. STAT5044: Regression and ANOVA The Solution of Homework #2 Inyoung Kim
0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 y x Figure 1: The fitted line using the shipment route-number of ampules data STAT5044: Regression and ANOVA The Solution of Homework #2 Inyoung Kim Problem#
More informationMallows Cp for Out-of-sample Prediction
Mallows Cp for Out-of-sample Prediction Lawrence D. Brown Statistics Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania lbrown@wharton.upenn.edu WHOA-PSI conference, St. Louis, Oct 1, 2016 Joint work
More informationCHAPTER 2: Assumptions and Properties of Ordinary Least Squares, and Inference in the Linear Regression Model
CHAPTER 2: Assumptions and Properties of Ordinary Least Squares, and Inference in the Linear Regression Model Prof. Alan Wan 1 / 57 Table of contents 1. Assumptions in the Linear Regression Model 2 / 57
More informationStat 401B Final Exam Fall 2015
Stat 401B Final Exam Fall 015 I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this exam. Name Signed Date Name Printed ATTENTION! Incorrect numerical answers unaccompanied by supporting reasoning
More informationSCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS. Linear and Generalised Linear Models
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS Linear and Generalised Linear Models Autumn Semester 2017 18 2 hours Attempt all the questions. The allocation of marks is shown in brackets. RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION
More informationBANA 7046 Data Mining I Lecture 2. Linear Regression, Model Assessment, and Cross-validation 1
BANA 7046 Data Mining I Lecture 2. Linear Regression, Model Assessment, and Cross-validation 1 Shaobo Li University of Cincinnati 1 Partially based on Hastie, et al. (2009) ESL, and James, et al. (2013)
More informationBasis Penalty Smoothers. Simon Wood Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, U.K.
Basis Penalty Smoothers Simon Wood Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, U.K. Estimating functions It is sometimes useful to estimate smooth functions from data, without being too precise about the
More informationDealing with Heteroskedasticity
Dealing with Heteroskedasticity James H. Steiger Department of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University James H. Steiger (Vanderbilt University) Dealing with Heteroskedasticity 1 / 27 Dealing
More informationSTAT 215 Confidence and Prediction Intervals in Regression
STAT 215 Confidence and Prediction Intervals in Regression Colin Reimer Dawson Oberlin College 24 October 2016 Outline Regression Slope Inference Partitioning Variability Prediction Intervals Reminder:
More informationChapter 3: Multiple Regression. August 14, 2018
Chapter 3: Multiple Regression August 14, 2018 1 The multiple linear regression model The model y = β 0 +β 1 x 1 + +β k x k +ǫ (1) is called a multiple linear regression model with k regressors. The parametersβ
More informationBayes Estimators & Ridge Regression
Readings Chapter 14 Christensen Merlise Clyde September 29, 2015 How Good are Estimators? Quadratic loss for estimating β using estimator a L(β, a) = (β a) T (β a) How Good are Estimators? Quadratic loss
More informationPost-selection inference with an application to internal inference
Post-selection inference with an application to internal inference Robert Tibshirani, Stanford University November 23, 2015 Seattle Symposium in Biostatistics, 2015 Joint work with Sam Gross, Will Fithian,
More informationMS&E 226: Small Data
MS&E 226: Small Data Lecture 15: Examples of hypothesis tests (v5) Ramesh Johari ramesh.johari@stanford.edu 1 / 32 The recipe 2 / 32 The hypothesis testing recipe In this lecture we repeatedly apply the
More informationTopic 14: Inference in Multiple Regression
Topic 14: Inference in Multiple Regression Outline Review multiple linear regression Inference of regression coefficients Application to book example Inference of mean Application to book example Inference
More informationUNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Faculty of Arts and Science
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Faculty of Arts and Science December 2013 Final Examination STA442H1F/2101HF Methods of Applied Statistics Jerry Brunner Duration - 3 hours Aids: Calculator Model(s): Any calculator
More informationSimple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression September 24, 2008 Reading HH 8, GIll 4 Simple Linear Regression p.1/20 Problem Data: Observe pairs (Y i,x i ),i = 1,...n Response or dependent variable Y Predictor or independent
More informationCentral Limit Theorem ( 5.3)
Central Limit Theorem ( 5.3) Let X 1, X 2,... be a sequence of independent random variables, each having n mean µ and variance σ 2. Then the distribution of the partial sum S n = X i i=1 becomes approximately
More informationBayesian inference. Rasmus Waagepetersen Department of Mathematics Aalborg University Denmark. April 10, 2017
Bayesian inference Rasmus Waagepetersen Department of Mathematics Aalborg University Denmark April 10, 2017 1 / 22 Outline for today A genetic example Bayes theorem Examples Priors Posterior summaries
More informationF9 F10: Autocorrelation
F9 F10: Autocorrelation Feng Li Department of Statistics, Stockholm University Introduction In the classic regression model we assume cov(u i, u j x i, x k ) = E(u i, u j ) = 0 What if we break the assumption?
More informationLecture 4: Newton s method and gradient descent
Lecture 4: Newton s method and gradient descent Newton s method Functional iteration Fitting linear regression Fitting logistic regression Prof. Yao Xie, ISyE 6416, Computational Statistics, Georgia Tech
More informationStat 704 Data Analysis I Probability Review
1 / 39 Stat 704 Data Analysis I Probability Review Dr. Yen-Yi Ho Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina A.3 Random Variables 2 / 39 def n: A random variable is defined as a function that
More informationIf you believe in things that you don t understand then you suffer. Stevie Wonder, Superstition
If you believe in things that you don t understand then you suffer Stevie Wonder, Superstition For Slovenian municipality i, i = 1,, 192, we have SIR i = (observed stomach cancers 1995-2001 / expected
More informationLecture 11: Regression Methods I (Linear Regression)
Lecture 11: Regression Methods I (Linear Regression) Fall, 2017 1 / 40 Outline Linear Model Introduction 1 Regression: Supervised Learning with Continuous Responses 2 Linear Models and Multiple Linear
More informationSo far our focus has been on estimation of the parameter vector β in the. y = Xβ + u
Interval estimation and hypothesis tests So far our focus has been on estimation of the parameter vector β in the linear model y i = β 1 x 1i + β 2 x 2i +... + β K x Ki + u i = x iβ + u i for i = 1, 2,...,
More informationSimple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression MATH 282A Introduction to Computational Statistics University of California, San Diego Instructor: Ery Arias-Castro http://math.ucsd.edu/ eariasca/math282a.html MATH 282A University
More informationOutline. Remedial Measures) Extra Sums of Squares Standardized Version of the Multiple Regression Model
Outline 1 Multiple Linear Regression (Estimation, Inference, Diagnostics and Remedial Measures) 2 Special Topics for Multiple Regression Extra Sums of Squares Standardized Version of the Multiple Regression
More informationLecture 11: Regression Methods I (Linear Regression)
Lecture 11: Regression Methods I (Linear Regression) 1 / 43 Outline 1 Regression: Supervised Learning with Continuous Responses 2 Linear Models and Multiple Linear Regression Ordinary Least Squares Statistical
More informationMath 423/533: The Main Theoretical Topics
Math 423/533: The Main Theoretical Topics Notation sample size n, data index i number of predictors, p (p = 2 for simple linear regression) y i : response for individual i x i = (x i1,..., x ip ) (1 p)
More informationThe Statistical Property of Ordinary Least Squares
The Statistical Property of Ordinary Least Squares The linear equation, on which we apply the OLS is y t = X t β + u t Then, as we have derived, the OLS estimator is ˆβ = [ X T X] 1 X T y Then, substituting
More informationLecture 3: More on regularization. Bayesian vs maximum likelihood learning
Lecture 3: More on regularization. Bayesian vs maximum likelihood learning L2 and L1 regularization for linear estimators A Bayesian interpretation of regularization Bayesian vs maximum likelihood fitting
More information