Eulerian and Newtonian dynamics of quantum particles
|
|
- Susanna Ellis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Eulean and ewonan dynas of uanu pales.a. Rasovsy Insue fo Pobles n Means, Russan Aadey of enes, Venadsogo Ave., / Mosow, 956, Russa, Tel , E-al: as@pne.u We deve e lassal euaons of ydodynas (e Eule and onnuy euaons), fo w e ödnge euaon follows as a l ase. I s sown a e sasal enseble oespondng o a uanu syse and desbed by e ödnge euaon an be onsdeed an nvsd gas a obeys e deal gas law w a uly osllang sgn-alenang epeaue. Ts sasal enseble pefos e oplex oveens onssng of soo aveage oveen and fas osllaons. I s sown a e aveage oveens of e sasal enseble ae desbed by e ödnge euaon. A odel of uanu oon wn e ls of lassal eans a oesponds o e ydodyna syse onsdeed s suggesed. PAC nube(s): 3.65., 3.65.Ta, 5..Jj, 45.5.x, 45..-d I. ITRODCTIO Te eods used o desbe e oon of pales n lassal and uanu eans ae fundaenally dffeen. I s well nown a ee ae seveal alenave foulaons of lassal eans [,], fo w, fo ou puposes, we glg only wo: e ewonan foulaon and e Halon-Jaob eoy. In e ewonan foulaon of lassal eans, e oon of a pale s desbed by ewon's seond law (o s alenave eods n e fo of, e.g., Halon o Lagange euaons): & & () w allows e alulaon of e pale ajeoy,, v ) a e pesbed nal ondons of ( v ( ), & ( ) () and, us, a ea nsan, spefes a w pon of spae e gven pale s loaed. In e Halon-Jaob eoy, e oon of an enseble of denal non-neang pales, w we all e Halon-Jaob enseble, s onsdeed ae an e oon of a sngle pale. Ts enseble s aaezed by a densy (, ), w sasfes e onnuy euaon: dv ( v) (3)
2 wee v (, ) (4) s e veloy feld of e enseble, and e funon (, ), w as e sense of aon, sasfes e lassal Halon-Jaob euaon: (5) Te ajeoy of an ndvdual pale n e Halon-Jaob eoy an be found ee usng Jaob s eoe [,] w e oplee negal of E. (5) o by solvng e syse of odnay dffeenal euaons: & (, ) (6) usng a soluon of e Halon-Jaob euaon (5). Te neonneon of bo foulaons of lassal eans s well nown and obvous: usng e Halon-Jaob euaon (3) as a soue and sepaang e poenal enegy, we an onsu ewon s euaons (), and ve vesa. sng a soluon of ewon s euaons (), we an onsu a oplee negal of e Halon-Jaob euaon (3) [,]. Fo a aeaal pespeve, euaon () desbes e aaess of e Halon-Jaob euaon (5). In uanu eans, e oon of a pale s desbed by a wave funon ψ (, ), w s e soluon of e ödnge euaon. Te lassal noon of e ajeoy of a sngle pale n uanu eans s eanngless, and s only possble o dsuss e pobably of fndng e pale a dffeen pons n spae bu no ow e pale ae o a paula pon. Aodng o Bon s pobabls nepeaon [3,4], e pobably densy of fndng e pale a a gven pon s popoonal o ψ (, ). On s bass, one an ague a, n uanu eans slaly o e lassal Halon-Jaob eoy, we do no onsde a sngle pale bu ae an enseble of denal non-neang pales, w an be alled e ödnge enseble. ueous aeps o onsu a uanu eans of ndvdual pales usng lassal oneps, nludng "pon pale", "veloy", and "lassal ajeoy", wee unsuessful [5,6]. Ts ls sould also nlude e so-alled Boan eans [7-9], w anno be onsdeed a opleely lassal foulaon of uanu eans beause e veloy feld, n w a oon of ndvdual pales s alulaed, s e soluon of e ödnge euaon. Fo s eason, Boan eans sould be alled Boan neas, wle e oespondng dynas s sll desbed by e ödnge euaon.
3 Quanu eans s assoaed w lassal eans oug e Halon-Jaob eoy [4]. If we epesen e wave funon n e fo of ψ exp( ) and sepaae e ödnge euaon no eal and agnay pas, one aves a bo e onnuy euaon (3) and e followng euaon: 3 w, foally, s e Halon-Jaob euaon fo a lassal pale ovng n a poenal feld wee ef (, ) (8) (, ) (9) s so-alled uanu poenal assoaed w e wave popees of e uanu pale. Te oon of a uanu pale n an exenal poenal feld (), a leas foally, s euvalen o e oon of a lassal pale n a poenal feld (8). Fo s eason, one an say a e ödnge enseble s a uanu Halon-Jaob enseble, w we all e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble. Te ödnge euaon n e fo of Es. (3) and (7) s used o jusfy e anson fo uanu o lassal eans n e l : n s l, e uanu eans beoes e Halon-Jaob eoy fo a lassal pale. One of nepeaons of uanu eans, Boan eans, s based on s analogy. sng (7) and (8), one an foally we ewon's seond law () fo a uanu pale as & & ef () Tus, e oon of uanu pale, a leas foally, an be alulaed wn e ls of lassal eans f e effeve poenal feld (8) s nown. Howeve, e dffuly of s appoa s a e uanu poenal (9) s no a pedeened funon of e oodnaes, as n lassal eans. Insead, depends on e pobably densy (e densy of e enseble) (, ), w an be found usng e soluon of e ödnge euaon. If one onsdes euaons (3), (4), and (7) as a ydodyna despon of e Halon- Jaob-odnge enseble (Madelung flud), n s ase, e uanu poenal (9) plays e ole of pessue. A Madelung flud s opessble one, bu e pessue does no depend on e densy, as does fo a lassal opessble flud; depends on e seond devaves of (7)
4 e densy w espe o e oodnaes. Tus, even su a se-lassal ydodyna odel as fundaenal dffules, bo fo e pespeve of e lassal nepeaon of uanu eans and fo e nueal (ydodyna) odeg of uanu pale oon. In s pape, we sow a ee s anoe ydodyna foulaon of uanu eans n w ee ae no su pobles and a s lose o e ydodyna despon of flows of lassal nvsd deal gases. II. VARIATIOAL PRICIPLE I CLAICAL AD QATM MECHAIC Te vaaonal pnples n pyss play an poan ole. On e one and, ey ae a foal way o deve e fundaenal laws of naue [,,], and, on e oe and, ey ae pa of a plosopal pnple a sows a aue s aanged aonally and spends a nal effo n s developen. Te euaons of oon of a lassal syse of pon pales ae deved fo e leas aon pnple []: δ () unde e ondon δ ( ) δ ( ) () wee L(, &, ) d (3) ( ), ae e onsans, L (, &, ) s e Lagange funon, and () ae e genealzed oodnaes of e syse. Fo one pon pale, ovng n a poenal feld, wle, fo e ue ajeoes of e pale, v L ( ) (4) v ( ) d 4 (5) n (6) (o, oe pesely, ends o a seady value) fo any nsan, unde ondons () and onsan,.
5 Te expesson (5) an be ewen n e fo d d v ( ) d (7) o, usng e δ -funon, as ( ( )) d v δ ( ) s dd (8) d wee s ( ) s a oon law of e pale and e negal w espe o s aen ove e ene spae (e ene onfguaon spae fo e syse of pales). Le us onsde e Halon-Jaob enseble onssng of a se of denal non-neang pales w dffeen nal ondons. Te Halon-Jaob enseble oespondng o a sngle pale an be epesened as a opessble flud (gas), wee e flow s desbed by e veloy feld (4). In s ase, we sould ansfe fo an ndvdual (Lagangan) despon, w s used fo a sngle pale, o a onnual (Eule) despon []. As a esul, one obans wee, n aodane w (4), d d ( v ) (9) v () ung (8) ove all of e pales n e Halon-Jaob enseble, one obans δ ( s ( ) ) ( ) dd () s Le us un o a onnuous dsbuon of pales n e Halon-Jaob enseble ove spae. Fo s pupose, one nodues e densy of pales ove spae (densy of enseble): Evdenly, s e nube of pales n a volue Ω. δ ( ( ) (, ) ) () s s (, ) d Ω I s onvenen o edeene e densy () usng In s ase, (, ) as a noalzaon (, ) δ s ) s ( ( ) 5
6 (, ) d Ω and an be onsdeed a pobably densy o fnd e pale of e Halon-Jaob enseble a a gven pon. E. () en aes e followng fo: (, ) ( ) dd (3) Tus, e ue oon of e Halon-Jaob enseble (and us e ue oon of ndvdual pales n s enseble) oesponds o e funons (, ) and (, ) a sasfy e ondon (3) and e ondons () and () sulaneously. We assue e funons (, ) and (, ) ae ndependen. By vayng e expesson n E. (3) w espe o (, ) and euang e vaaon o zeo, one obans e Halon-Jaob euaon (5); by vayng e expesson n E. (3) w espe o (, ) and euang e vaaon o zeo, one obans e onnuy euaon fo e Halon-Jaob enseble (3), (4). Tus, we ave a e vaaonal pnple of Halon-Jaob eoy n lassal eans. Le us now onsde uanu eans. Te ödnge euaon an be wen n e fo of (3), (4), and (7), w s foally denal o e lassal Halon-Jaob eoy fo a pale n e effeve poenal feld (8), w depends on e densy of e enseble. Genealzng e expesson (3) o uanu pales, one an we (, ) ef ( ) dd (4) Ts genealzaon s based on e foal slay of euaons (5) and (7). Te uanu poenal (9) an be wen as 4 By subsung E. (8) n E. (4) and onsdeng E. (5), afe sple ansfoaons, one obans (, ) ( ) dd ( ) 8 d d 4 wee e negal ( d ) s aen ove e sufae boundng e spae egon n w e (5) (6) Halon-Jaob-odnge enseble oves and sufae. d s e veo eleen of aea of s 6
7 We assue a, a e bounday of e egon ouped by Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, ( d ) Ts ondon an always be sasfed beause one an always onsde a egon of spae o be u lage an e sze of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, su a e densy of e enseble a e egon bounday s a onsan o even eual o zeo. As a onseuene, one obans (, ) ( ) dd 8 By de alulaon, s easy o e a e ndependen vaaon of E. (7) w espe o (, ) leads o e onnuy euaons (3) and (4), wle e vaaon w espe o (, ) leads o e Halon-Jaob euaon (7) w e effeve poenal enegy (8). Togee, ese euaons fo e ödnge euaon. Tus, e anson fo e lassal vaaonal pnple fo E. (3) o e uanueanal vaaonal pnple fo E. (4) s jusfed based on e foal slay of euaons (5) and (7), aloug, n uanu eans, e effeve poenal enegy (8) s vaed by vayng e densy (, ). Te expesson (5) sows a e uanu poenal wee an be wen as (7) (8) 8 (9) 4 I s neesng o noe a bo oponens (9) and (3) of e uanu poenal ene no e Halon-Jaob euaon (7) fo a uanu pale, wle only e oponen (3) of e uanu poenal appeas n e negal vaaonal pnple (7). Based on s analyss, we onlude a pesely (9) ay be alled e uanu poenal, wle e oponen appeas n e euaon (7) due o vayng e poenal (9) w espe o densy. Tus, fo e pon of vew of e vaaonal pnple (7), e oon of e uanu pale s euvalen o e oon of a lassal pale n a poenal feld of ef 8 (3) 7
8 Ts effeve poenal dffes fo e poenal (8) based on e foal slay of e ödnge euaon n e fo of (7) and e Halon-Jaob euaon (5). As we sow below, pesely e poenal (9) s esponsble fo e unusual (non-lassal) beavo of uanu pales. III. HYDRODYAMIC OF THE HAMILTO-JACOBI-CHRÖDIGER EEMBLE A. Pale oon n a uly osllang feld Le us onsde e oon of a lassal pale n an exenal (slowly angng) poenal feld (, ), on w e followng uly osllang foe sulaneously as: f (, ) f (, ) f (, ) sn (3) wee s e feueny and f (, ), f (, ) ae e ve, w depend on e oodnaes s and ae wealy dependen on e. Te feueny sasfes e ondon >> T, wee T s e aaes e of e pale oon n an exenal feld (, ) a f (, ) f (, ). Te wea dependene of e ve f (, ), f (, ) on e e eans a e aaes e of e ange s u bgge an. s nde e aon of e exenal foe (3), a pale pefos a oplex oon a onsss of e aveage oon along a soo ajeoy R ( ) ( ) and e fas osllaons w a feueny aound. I s well nown [] a, aveaged ove e osllaon, e oon of e pale s desbed by e euaon wee ef s R& & ef (33) (, ) (, ) f (, ) (, ) fs 4 Tus, e aon of e uly osllang foe (3) esuls n e eaon of an addonal poenal enegy of f (, ) f 4 w s sply e ne enegy of e osllaoy oon. p s (, ) s (34) (35) 8
9 Fo exaple, wen a aged pale oves n e feld of an eleoagne wave, a uly osllang foe (3) s aused by an ele feld: f (, ) E(, )exp( ), wee s e ele age of e pale and E (, ) s e slowly vayng aplude of e ele feld. In s ase, e addonal poenal enegy (35) aes e fo p and s alled e pondeoove poenal [3]. E (, ) 4 (36) B. Eule euaon By opang Es. (34) and (3), one an onlude a e uanu poenal (9) an be epesened, a leas foally, as an addonal poenal enegy (35) a ases as a esul of e aon of e uly osllang foe: f (, ) (37) Tus, e oponen of e uanu poenal (9) an be explaned wn e ls of lassal eans f one assues a a uly osllang foe (37) oe an an exenal poenal (, ) as on a pon pale. By defnon, s foe as a vey g feueny and, oespondngly, a lage aplude ~. Of ouse, s foe s no a ue lassal one beause depends on e densy of e Halon- Jaob-ödnge enseble. Te nepeaon of s foe s onsdeed below. Te analyss above sows a e uanu pale an be onsdeed a lassal pale ovng n an exenal feld (, ), on w an addonal uly osllang foe (37) as. Tunng o e Halon-Jaob-odnge enseble, s easy o see a e uly osllang foe pe un volue of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble s f (, ) (38) In e onnual despon, one an we e euaon of oon fo e Halon-Jaob- ödnge enseble as v ( v) v (39) w s e ydodyna Eule euaon. Ts euaon sould be solved ogee w e onnuy euaon: dv ( v ) 9 (4)
10 Hee and below, e subsp efes o e ue (op) paaees of e Halon- Jaob-ödnge enseble, nludng e u osllaons, wle e paaees wou e subsp efe o e aveage oon of e enseble. Te las e on e g-and sde of E. (39) an be wen as ( p ), wee p (4) an be nepeed as e pessue n e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, w s a uly osllang funon of e. Te uanu Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble s an nvsd gas w nenal pessue (4). Howeve, s pessue s no e onvenonal pessue a ous n a lassal gas beause s sgn-alenang and eefoe anno be explaned by e lassal ne odel [4]. Foally, e elaon (4) an be onsdeed e euaon of sae of a lassal deal gas p T. In s ase, e epeaue of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge gas s deened by e expesson T ( ) (4) w s also sgn-alenang; fo s eason, anno be onsdeed as an aveage ne enegy of e ando oon of pales. Te veloy v a enes no e Eule euaon (39) and e onnuy euaon (4) s e nsananeous veloy of e pales n e enseble, wle e veloy defned by E. (4) s an aveage ove e fas osllaons of e pales' veloes. A onsan, e Eule euaon (39) as a soluon n e fo of e poenal flow of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble: v (43) wee e funon (, ) s dffeen an e aon defned by e ödnge euaon (7) and sasfes e Halon-Jaob euaon (44) Te densy sasfes e onnuy euaon (4) w e veloy (43). Euaon (44) dffes fo e Halon-Jaob euaon (5) fo a lassal pale n a onans a uly osllang poenal a depends on e densy of e Halon-Jaob- ödnge enseble. Foally, euaon (44) an be onsdeed an odnay Halon-Jaob euaon fo a lassal pale ovng n a poenal feld
11 Te oponen ef (45) (46) an be alled a ue uanu poenal n onas o aveagng e pale oon ove e fas osllaons. n E. (9), w s e esul of Euaons (39) and (4) ae foally e ydodyna euaons of an nvsd deal gas w a uly osllang sgn-alenang epeaue (pessue) and an easly be solved nueally usng e onvenonal eods of lassal opuaonal flud dynas. Passng fo e Halon-Jaob eoy o ewon's despon of a uanu pale, one an foally we e ewon's law as dv ef d (47) IV. DIRECT DERIVATIO OF THE CHRÖDIGER EQATIO A. Pale n a poenal feld In e pevous seon, based on ae geneal bu non-goous easonng, we ae o euaon (39), w, ogee w e onnuy euaon (4), sould be euvalen o e ödnge euaon beause gves a dealed despon of e oon of a uanu pale (oe pesely, e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble); oweve, aveagng ese euaons ove e fas osllaons sould lead o e ödnge euaon. Le us sow a e oon of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, as desbed by euaons (39) and (4), s aually desbed by e ödnge euaon wen aveaged ove e fas osllaons. Ts analyss s oe sply pefoed usng e Halon-Jaob euaon (44) and e onnuy euaon (4) w e veloy n E. (43). Le us see e soluon of Es. (4), (43), (44) n e fo, (48) wee and ae slowly vayng funons w a aaes e sale and ae e uly osllang funons w feueny a sasfy e ondons T >> and ; (49)
12 Hee,... denoes aveagng ove e fas osllaons. By subsung E. (48) no Es. (4), (43) and (44), one obans ( ) ) ( (5) dv (5) Wen wng euaon (5), one assues a <<, so ) (. Ts ondon s poven below. Aveagng euaons (5) and (5) ove e fas osllaons wle onsdeng E. (49) allows e sepaaon of e fas and slow oponens. As a esul, one obans (5) dv (53) ( ) ) ( (54) ( ) dv (55) By onsdeng osllaons and sall, we an es ou onsdeaon o e ea appoxaon, n w euaons (54) and (55) an be wen as ) ( (56) dv (57) We sow below a e onveve es ) ( and, w ae elaed o e aveage flow of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, ae u less an e oe es n euaons (56) and (57). Tus, e es n Es. (56) and (57) desbng e onveve anspo, w s assoaed w e aveage flow of Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, an be negleed. As a esul, euaons (56) and (57) ae e fo
13 (58) Euaons (58) and (59) ave e soluons dv (59) sn (6) Le us opae e onveve e ( ) (6) w a uly osllang oponen n euaon (56) usng e soluon (6). Beause e osllaons of ese es ae sgn-alenang w zeo ean values, aes sense o opae e oo-ean suae values. We ave e esaons wee ( ) ( ) V ~ L ~ T V ~ s e aaes veloy of e ean flow of e Halon-Jaob ödnge enseble, L s e aaes spaal sale of e ean flow of e Halon- Jaob-ödnge enseble, and T L V s e aaes e of e ange of e paaees of e ean flow of Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble. Beause we onsde vey fas osllaons sasfyng e ondon T <<, e esaon above sows a e e ( ), n ean, s u less an e uly osllang e and an be dsaded, w was done n euaon (58). laly, one an opae e oponens of Es (6) and (6). One obans and V ~ L n euaon (57) usng e soluons T L 3
14 ~ L Gven a << T less an e e e ao : n e ase onsdeed, one onludes a e e, n ean, s u and an be negleed, w was done n euaon (59). Le us esae wee ~ L ~ VLT T VL s e sale of aon fo e ean flow of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble. Fo uanu pales, and us one onludes a e ondon << s sasfed n ean and a e ge e feueny n opason w pesely s sasfed. sng e soluons (6) and (6), s easy o oban T e oe (6) 8 (63) (64) 4 ubsung Es. (6) oug (64) no euaons (5) and (53) fo e ean oon of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble gves 8 dv 4 (65) (66) Ts se of euaons ondes w euaons (3), (4) and (7) of e Halon-Jaob eoy, w e uanu poenal (5) and, onseuenly, w e ödnge euaon fo e wave funon ψ exp( ). We ave poven a euaons (39) and (4) ae euvalen o e ödnge euaon by easonng fo e Halon-Jaob euaon (44). Te sae esul an be obaned by onsdeng e Eule euaon (39) dely and wng e veloy of e Halon-Jaob enseble n e fo v v w, wee w s e uly osllang oponen of e veloy sasfyng e ondon w and v s e ean veloy of flow of e Halon-Jaob- ödnge enseble. 4
15 B. Caged pale n an eleoagne feld We onsdeed e pale n an exenal poenal feld and deonsaed a e oon of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, beng desbed by Es. (39) and (4), afe aveagng ove e fas osllaons, s desbed by e ödnge euaon. ow, we wll sow a s saeen s also ue fo a non-elavs spnless pale ovng n an exenal eleoagne feld. Le e Loenz foe age, F E [ vh ] a on a aged pale, wee s e pale A E ϕ, H oa ae e exenal ele and agne felds, and ϕ, A ae e sala and veo poenals of e eleoagne feld. Te naual genealzaon of E. (39) s as follows: v ( v) v E [ vh] Le us assue a e veo and sala poenals of e exenal eleoagne feld, A and ϕ, ae slowly vayng funons n a e aaes e of e angng s (67) T <<. ubsung e ele and agne felds, expessed n es of e sala and veo poenals of e eleoagne feld, no E. (67) gves Gven a v A ( v) v [ voa] ϕ (68) we ewe E. (68) n e fo ( v ) v v [ v o v ] v v A ϕ [ v ov A] (69) Euaon (69) as a soluon n e fo of wee e funon sasfes e euaon v A (7) v ϕ (7) 5
16 6 w, by onsdeng E. (7), s e Halon-Jaob euaon fo a non-elavs pale n an exenal eleoagne feld w an addonal osllang poenal (4): ϕ A (7) Coespondngly, e onnuy euaon (4) aes e fo dv A (73) As n e pevous seon, we see e soluon of euaons (7) and (73) n e fo of (48) and (49). ubsung E. (48) no Es. (7) and (73) gves ( ) A A (74) dv A A (75) Hee, as above, s assued a, on aveage, <<, so ) (. Aveagng euaons (74) and (75) ove e fas osllaons, wle onsdeng E. (49) allows e sepaaon of e fas and e slow oponens. As a esul, one obans A (76) dv A (77) ( ) A (78) ( ) dv A (79) Assung a e osllaons and ae sall, euaons (78) and (79) an be wen n ea appoxaon n e followng fo: A (8)
17 7 dv A (8) By analogy w e pevous seon, an be sown a e es n euaons (8) and (8) desbng e onveve anspo w e ean flow of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble ae, on aveage, sgnfanly less an e oe es n ese euaons and an be negleed. As a esul, Es. (8) and (8) ae e fo (8) dv (83).e., ey onde w Es. (58) and (59) fo a pale n a sala poenal feld. Euaons (8) and (83) ave e soluons (6) and (6), fo w e expessons (6) - (64) follow. ubsung Es. (6) oug (64) no euaons (76) and (77) fo e ean oon of Halon-Jaob enseble leads o 4 8 A (84) dv (85) I s easy o e a euaons (84) and (85) ae euvalen o one ödnge euaon fo a aged pale n an exenal eleoagne feld: ψ ϕ ψ A (86) wee ) exp( ψ. Tus, we ave sown a e euaons of ydodyna ype (67) and (4) w a uly osllang sgn-alenang poenal (4) ae euvalen o e ödnge euaon fo a spnless pale n an exenal eleoagne feld: a vey g feuenes, an aveage flow of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble s desbed by e ödnge euaon (86). C. yse of neang pales Le us onsde a syse of neang pales.
18 8 A lassal Halon-Jaob enseble fo a syse of neang pales s desbed by e Eule euaon n e onfguaon spae ),..., ( ) ( v v v (87) and onnuy euaon ) ( v (88) wee ),,..., ( s e densy of e Halon-Jaob enseble n e onfguaon spae ),..., (, ),..., ( v v V s e veloy of e pon epesenng e syse n e onfguaon spae, ),,..., ( V s e veloy feld of e Halon-Jaob enseble n e onfguaon spae, ),,..., ( s e poenal enegy of e lassal neang pales, dependng on e oodnaes of all pales, s e ass of e pale, and, wee,...,. A naual genealzaon of E. (39) o e syse of neang pales gven E. (87) s as follows: ) ( v v v (89) Euaon (89) as a soluon n e fo v (9) wee e funon ),,..., ( sasfes e Halon-Jaob euaon: (9) As befoe, we see e soluons of euaons (88), (9) and (9) n e fo of (48) and (49). ubsung E. (48) no Es. (88), (9) and (9) gves ( ) ) ( (9) (93) Aveagng euaons (9) and (93) ove e fas osllaons, wle onsdeng E. (49) and sepaang e fas and slow oponens gves
19 9 (94) (95) ( ) ) ( (96) ( ) (97) Assung a e osllaons and ae sall, we ae esed o e ea appoxaon; usng s appoxaon, Es. (96) and (97) an be wen n e fo (98) (99) Euaons (98) and (99) ave e soluons sn () () sng soluons () and (), s easy o sow a () 8 (3) 4 (4) ubsung Es. () oug (4) no euaons (94) and (95) fo e aveaged paaees of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble leads o 4 8 (5) (6)
20 I s easy o see a e se of euaons (5) and (6) s euvalen o e ödnge euaon fo a syse of neang pales: ψ ψ ψ (7) wee ψ (,...,, ) exp( ) s e wave funon of e syse of neang pales as defned n e onfguaon spae. Tus, e Halon-Jaob eoy (88) and (89) fo a syse of neang pales w a uly osllang pessue (4) onans e uanu eans as a g ase a vey g feuenes. V. DYAMIC OF IDIVIDAL QATM PARTICLE I s well nown a e Eule euaon fo an deal gas an be obaned fo an analyss of e oon and so-ange neaon of e uludes of pales [4]. One an expe a euaon (39) an also be obaned fo an analyss of e oon of ndvdual uanu pales. We sow below a, wn e ls of lassal eans, one an we e euaons of oon of ndvdual pales, w edue o euaons (39) and (4) fo e Halon-Jaob enseble. Appaenly, ee ae dffeen euaons of oon of a lassal pale oespondng o euaon (39) fo e Halon-Jaob enseble. Le us onsde e foal lassal euaon of oon of ndvdual pales, leadng o euaon (39): dv a d δ ( ) (8) d V d wee V s e veloy of an ndvdual pale, a s soe funon of e, ae e onsan ve, and δ ( ) s e Da dela-funon, wee, fo any volue Ω: δ ( ) d f pon les wn e volue Ω and s oewse eual o zeo. Te ve aδ ) an be onsdeed poenal foes a ae eaed by e δ -soues ( loaed a e pons n spae. Ω
21 Te fs euaon (8) s e onvenonal ewon's seond law. Tus, e se of euaons (8) desbes e oon of a lassal pale n an exenal poenal feld n e pesene of spaally dsbued saeng enes n e fo of poenal δ -soues. Le us onsde e pase spae of e pale (, V ). Te sae of e syse a any gven nsan an be epesened by a pon n e pase spae. Le us nodue a sasal enseble onssng of a se of denal non-neang syses. Te sasal enseble s epesened by e ulude of pons n e pase spae. We noe a e sasal enseble s defned n e pase spae n onas o e Halon-Jaob enseble, w s defned n e onfguaon spae. To desbe e sasal enseble, we use e sandad appoa of sasal pyss [4]. Le us nodue e densy of e sasal enseble n e pase spae P(, V, ). If s densy s noalzed o uny, P(, V, ) an be onsdeed e pobably densy a a pale as e pedeened poson and veloy. Te densy P(, V, ) sasfes e onnuy euaon n pase spae, w, fo syse (8), as e fo P ( V) P ( ) aδ P (9) V Hee, as usual, e poson and e veloy V of e pales ae onsdeed o be ndependen. Due o e neaon of ndvdual pales w e δ -soues, e dsbuon funon as a sall-sale suue w e aaes spaal sale on e ode of e ean dsane beween adjaen δ -soues. If one assues a e aveage dsane beween adjaen δ - soues s u less an e aaes spaal sale of oon of e sasal enseble, one an aveage euaon (9) ove a sall volue d Ω w a sze u lage an e dsane beween adjaen δ -soues bu u less an e aaes spaal sales of oon of e sasal enseble. By defnon of δ -funon dω P(, V, ) δ ( ) d P(, V, ) () f e pon les wn e volue d Ω ; oewse, s negal eual o zeo. As a esul of e aveagng of euaon (9) ove e volue d Ω, one obans P a ( ) P P (,, ) P V V V V dω () dω wee e suaon s ove all δ -soues nsde e volue d Ω ;
22 P(, V, ) P(, V, ) d () dω dω s e aveaged densy of sasal enseble n pase spae ove e volue d Ω. If e δ -soues ae dsbued andoly n spae, one an we P(, V, ) np(, V, ) dω dω (3) ( dω) wee n s e densy of e δ -soues n pysal spae and ( dω) s e nube dω of δ -soues nsde e volue d Ω. Ten, euaon () aes e fo P ( ) P P ( anp(,, ) ) V V V V (4) Te densy of e Halon-Jaob enseble s defned by e expesson (, ) P(, V, ) dv (5) wle s veloy v (, ), w s nvolved n E. (39), s defned by e expesson Le us onsde a enso v VP(, V, ) dv (6) Π V V P(, V, dv (7) j j ) Te veloy of e pales n e sasal enseble an be deoposed no e ean veloy v, w ondes w e flow veloy of e Halon-Jaob enseble, and e ando veloy oponen w V v w (8) wee w (9) Ten, e enso (7) an be wen as Π j ( v v w w ) () j Fo soop ando poess w, ww j τδj () wee τ w fo any,, 3 s soe paaee a s assued o be onsan. Inegang euaon (4) w espe o V wle onsdeng a e pobably of nfne veloes s eual o zeo gves j dv ( v ) ()
23 .e., e onnuy euaon (4). Mulplyng euaon (4) by V and negang w espe o V wle onsdeng Es. (5) oug () gves v ( v) v ( an τ ) By opang euaon (3) w euaon (39), one onludes a ey onde f we ae (3) an τ (4) Tus, we ave sown, a leas foally, a, f e oon of a pale s desbed usng e lassal dynaal euaon (8) w e paaees (4), e Halon-Jaob enseble of e pales s desbed by e euaons of ydodyna ype (39) and (4). In dong so, e ean oon of e Halon-Jaob enseble s desbed by e ödnge euaon. VI. COCLDIG REMARK We ave sown a e ydodyna euaons (39) and (4) w a uly osllang sgnalenang pessue (4) ae euvalen o e ödnge euaon n e sense a a vey g feuenes, e flow of e Halon-Jaob-ödnge enseble, defned by e euaons (39) and (4), afe aveagng ove e fas osllaons, s desbed by e ödnge euaon. I follows a e ödnge euaon n s odel s an appoxae euaon and desbes only e ean oon of Halon-Jaob-odnge enseble, wle euaons (39) and (4) desbe e oon of e enseble n deal, w onans fas osllaons. In paula, Es. (39) and (4) ay onan a nube of fne pysal effes a ae absen n e ödnge euaon beause ey ae los due o aveagng ove e fas osllaons. I s neesng o nvesgae ese effes. We ave sown a e ödnge euaon oesponds o e l of vey g feuenes,. Wa s s feueny? One an assue a s feueny s a naual feueny of e pale assoaed w s es ass:. A leas fo e an non-elavs uanu pales (.e., eleons, poons, neuons), s feueny an be onsdeed vey g n opason o e feuenes of all poesses nvolvng ese pales. Te ödnge euaon, n e end, an be obaned fo e euaons of oon of lassal pales (8), w s of gea nees fo e pespeve of e poble of nepeng uanu eans [5,6]. Le us onsde a dyna nepeaon of ewon's euaon (8). 3
24 Le ee be a ulude of δ -soues dsbued n spae w a onenaon n a eae a poenal feld a δ ( ) ; e aplude of e soues s defned by E. (4) and osllaes w a g feueny. In addon, ee s a lassal poenal feld (, ) n spae. If a lassal pale oves n s spae, s oon s desbed by e euaons of lassal eans (8), wle e Halon-Jaob enseble oespondng o s syse s desbed by euaons (39) and (4). Te enseble exeues a oplex oon a onsss of e ean (obseved) oon and e fas osllaons w feueny. As sown above, e ean (obseved) paaees of su an enseble ae desbed by e ödnge euaon. Ts odel esebles e faous pnball gae n w e ball oves andoly beween sall epulsve obsales. Fo s eason, s odel an be alled a pnball odel. Obvously, e pnball odel esonaes w e soas odel of uanu oon [5,6]. We ae no gong o dsuss e naue of ese δ -soues; we noe only a ey an be elaed o e pysal vauu. Refeenes [] L.D. Landau and E.M. Lfsz, Means (Buewo-Heneann, 3d ed., 976), Vol.. [] H. Goldsen, C. P. Poole, and J. L. afo, Classal Means (Addson Wesley, 3d edon, ). [3] M. Bon, Z. Pys. 37, 863 (96). (Repned and anslaed n Quanu Teoy and Measueen, eded by J. A. Weele and W. H. Zue, (Pneon nvesy Pess, Pneon, J, 963). [4] A. Messa, Quanu Means (Dove Publaons In. ew Yo, 999). [5] R. Onès, Te Inepeaon of Quanu Means (Pneon nvesy Pess, Pneon,.J. 994). [6] G. Aulea, Foundaons and nepeaon of uanu eans (Wold enf Publsng Co. Pe. Ld, ). [7] D. Bo, Pys. Rev. 85: (95). [8] D. Bo, Pys. Rev. 85: 8 93 (95). [9] D. Dü and. Teufel, Boan Means. Te Pyss and Maeas of Quanu Teoy (pnge-velag Be Hedelbeg 9). [] L.D. Landau, E.M. Lfsz, Te Classal Teoy of Felds (Buewo-Heneann, 4 ed., 975), Vol.. 4
25 [] L.D. Landau and E.M. Lfsz, Quanu Means: on-relavs Teoy (Pegaon Pess, 3d ed., 977), Vol. 3. [] L.D. Landau and E.M. Lfsz, Flud Means (Buewo-Heneann, nd ed., 987), Vol. 6 [3] V. B. Kapev, Pys. Rev. Le. 4, 497 (979) [4] L.P. Paevs and E.M. Lfsz, Pysal Knes (Pegaon Pess, s ed., 98), Vol.. [5] E. elson, Pys. Rev. 5: (966). [6] E. elson, Quanu Fluuaons (Pneon ees n Pyss, Pneon nvesy Pess, Pneon, J, 985). 5
calculating electromagnetic
Theoeal mehods fo alulang eleomagne felds fom lghnng dshage ajeev Thoapplll oyal Insue of Tehnology KTH Sweden ajeev.thoapplll@ee.kh.se Oulne Despon of he poblem Thee dffeen mehods fo feld alulaons - Dpole
More informationMass-Spring Systems Surface Reconstruction
Mass-Spng Syses Physally-Based Modelng: Mass-Spng Syses M. Ale O. Vasles Mass-Spng Syses Mass-Spng Syses Snake pleenaon: Snake pleenaon: Iage Poessng / Sae Reonson: Iage poessng/ Sae Reonson: Mass-Spng
More informationSilence is the only homogeneous sound field in unbounded space
Cha.5 Soues of Sound Slene s he onl homogeneous sound feld n unbounded sae Sound feld wh no boundaes and no nomng feld 3- d wave equaon whh sasfes he adaon ondon s f / Wh he lose nseon a he on of = he
More informationMATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE DUMMY NECK INCLUDED IN A FRONTAL IMPACT TESTING SYSTEM
he h Inenaonal onfeene Advaned opose Maeals Enneen OMA 8- Oobe Basov Roana MAHEMAIAL MODEL O HE DUMMY NEK INLUDED IN A RONAL IMPA ESIN SYSEM unel Sefana Popa Daos-Lauenu apan Vasle Unves of aova aova ROMANIA
More informationI-POLYA PROCESS AND APPLICATIONS Leda D. Minkova
The XIII Inenaonal Confeence Appled Sochasc Models and Daa Analyss (ASMDA-009) Jne 30-Jly 3, 009, Vlns, LITHUANIA ISBN 978-9955-8-463-5 L Sakalaskas, C Skadas and E K Zavadskas (Eds): ASMDA-009 Seleced
More informationMaximum Likelihood Estimation
Mau Lkelhood aon Beln Chen Depaen of Copue Scence & Infoaon ngneeng aonal Tawan oal Unvey Refeence:. he Alpaydn, Inoducon o Machne Leanng, Chape 4, MIT Pe, 4 Saple Sac and Populaon Paaee A Scheac Depcon
More informationField due to a collection of N discrete point charges: r is in the direction from
Physcs 46 Fomula Shee Exam Coulomb s Law qq Felec = k ˆ (Fo example, f F s he elecc foce ha q exes on q, hen ˆ s a un veco n he decon fom q o q.) Elecc Feld elaed o he elecc foce by: Felec = qe (elecc
More information5-1. We apply Newton s second law (specifically, Eq. 5-2). F = ma = ma sin 20.0 = 1.0 kg 2.00 m/s sin 20.0 = 0.684N. ( ) ( )
5-1. We apply Newon s second law (specfcally, Eq. 5-). (a) We fnd he componen of he foce s ( ) ( ) F = ma = ma cos 0.0 = 1.00kg.00m/s cos 0.0 = 1.88N. (b) The y componen of he foce s ( ) ( ) F = ma = ma
More information4/3/2017. PHY 712 Electrodynamics 9-9:50 AM MWF Olin 103
PHY 7 Eleodnais 9-9:50 AM MWF Olin 0 Plan fo Leue 0: Coninue eading Chap Snhoon adiaion adiaion fo eleon snhoon deies adiaion fo asonoial objes in iula obis 0/05/07 PHY 7 Sping 07 -- Leue 0 0/05/07 PHY
More informationON THE EXTENSION OF WEAK ARMENDARIZ RINGS RELATIVE TO A MONOID
wwweo/voue/vo9iue/ijas_9 9f ON THE EXTENSION OF WEAK AENDAIZ INGS ELATIVE TO A ONOID Eye A & Ayou Eoy Dee of e Nowe No Uvey Lzou 77 C Dee of e Uvey of Kou Ou Su E-: eye76@o; you975@yooo ABSTACT Fo oo we
More information9.4 Absorption and Dispersion
9.4 Absoon and Dsson 9.4. loagn Wavs n Conduos un dnsy n a onduo ollowng Oh s law: J Th Maxwll s uaons n a onduo lna da should b: ρ B B B J To sly h suaon w agu ha h hag dsaas uly n a aoso od. Fo h onnuy
More informationElectromagnetic waves in vacuum.
leromagne waves n vauum. The dsovery of dsplaemen urrens enals a peular lass of soluons of Maxwell equaons: ravellng waves of eler and magne felds n vauum. In he absene of urrens and harges, he equaons
More informationBackcalculation Analysis of Pavement-layer Moduli Using Pattern Search Algorithms
Bakallaon Analyss of Pavemen-laye Modl Usng Paen Seah Algohms Poje Repo fo ENCE 74 Feqan Lo May 7 005 Bakallaon Analyss of Pavemen-laye Modl Usng Paen Seah Algohms. Inodon. Ovevew of he Poje 3. Objeve
More informationChapter 8. Linear Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions
Chapte 8 Lnea oentu, Ipulse, and Collsons 8. Lnea oentu and Ipulse The lnea oentu p of a patcle of ass ovng wth velocty v s defned as: p " v ote that p s a vecto that ponts n the sae decton as the velocty
More informationA New Approach to Solve Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming with Trapezoidal Numbers Using Conversion Functions
valale Onlne a hp://jnsaa Vol No n 5 Jonal of Ne eseahes n Maheas Sene and eseah Banh IU Ne ppoah o Solve Flly Fzzy nea Pogang h Tapezodal Nes Usng onveson Fnons SH Nasse * Depaen of Maheaal Senes Unvesy
More informationPhysics 201 Lecture 15
Phscs 0 Lecue 5 l Goals Lecue 5 v Elo consevaon of oenu n D & D v Inouce oenu an Iulse Coens on oenu Consevaon l oe geneal han consevaon of echancal eneg l oenu Consevaon occus n sses wh no ne eenal foces
More informationName of the Student:
Engneeng Mahemacs 05 SUBJEC NAME : Pobably & Random Pocess SUBJEC CODE : MA645 MAERIAL NAME : Fomula Maeal MAERIAL CODE : JM08AM007 REGULAION : R03 UPDAED ON : Febuay 05 (Scan he above QR code fo he dec
More informationThe Two Dimensional Numerical Modeling Of Acoustic Wave Propagation in Shallow Water
The Two Densonal Nueal Modelng Of Aous Wave Poagaon n Shallow Wae Ahad Zaaa John Penose Fan Thoas and Xung Wang Cene fo Mane Sene and Tehnology Cun Unvesy of Tehnology. CSIRO Peoleu. Absa Ths ae desbes
More informationLecture 5. Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission
Lecue 5 Plane Wave Reflecon and Tansmsson Incden wave: 1z E ( z) xˆ E (0) e 1 H ( z) yˆ E (0) e 1 Nomal Incdence (Revew) z 1 (,, ) E H S y (,, ) 1 1 1 Refleced wave: 1z E ( z) xˆ E E (0) e S H 1 1z H (
More informationPhysics 1501 Lecture 19
Physcs 1501 ectue 19 Physcs 1501: ectue 19 Today s Agenda Announceents HW#7: due Oct. 1 Mdte 1: aveage 45 % Topcs otatonal Kneatcs otatonal Enegy Moents of Ineta Physcs 1501: ectue 19, Pg 1 Suay (wth copason
More informationPendulum Dynamics. = Ft tangential direction (2) radial direction (1)
Pendulum Dynams Consder a smple pendulum wh a massless arm of lengh L and a pon mass, m, a he end of he arm. Assumng ha he fron n he sysem s proporonal o he negave of he angenal veloy, Newon s seond law
More informationTHIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW EO IRIS u blic Record. Key I fo mation. Ma n: AIR MATERIEL COMM ND. Adm ni trative Mar ings.
T H S PA G E D E CLA SSFED AW E O 2958 RS u blc Recod Key fo maon Ma n AR MATEREL COMM ND D cumen Type Call N u b e 03 V 7 Rcvd Rel 98 / 0 ndexe D 38 Eneed Dae RS l umbe 0 0 4 2 3 5 6 C D QC d Dac A cesson
More informationModern Energy Functional for Nuclei and Nuclear Matter. By: Alberto Hinojosa, Texas A&M University REU Cyclotron 2008 Mentor: Dr.
Moden Enegy Funconal fo Nucle and Nuclea Mae By: lbeo noosa Teas &M Unvesy REU Cycloon 008 Meno: D. Shalom Shlomo Oulne. Inoducon.. The many-body poblem and he aee-fock mehod. 3. Skyme neacon. 4. aee-fock
More information( ) () we define the interaction representation by the unitary transformation () = ()
Hgher Order Perurbaon Theory Mchael Fowler 3/7/6 The neracon Represenaon Recall ha n he frs par of hs course sequence, we dscussed he chrödnger and Hesenberg represenaons of quanum mechancs here n he chrödnger
More informationRELATIVE MOTION OF SYSTEMS IN A PARAMETRIC FORMULATION OF MECHANICS UDC Đorđe Mušicki
FCT UNIVESITTIS Sees: Mechancs, uoac Conol an obocs Vol.3, N o,, pp. 39-35 ELTIVE MOTION OF SYSTEMS IN PMETIC FOMULTION OF MECHNICS UDC 53. Đođe Mušck Faculy of Physcs, Unvesy of Belgae, an Maheacal Insue
More information1 Constant Real Rate C 1
Consan Real Rae. Real Rae of Inees Suppose you ae equally happy wh uns of he consumpon good oday o 5 uns of he consumpon good n peod s me. C 5 Tha means you ll be pepaed o gve up uns oday n eun fo 5 uns
More informationThe Single Particle Path Integral and Its Calculations. Lai Zhong Yuan
Te Sngle Parcle Pa Inegral and Is Calculaons La Zong Yuan Suary O Conens Inroducon and Movaon Soe Eaples n Calculang Pa Inegrals Te Free Parcle Te Haronc Oscllaor Perurbaon Epansons Inroducon and Movaon
More information2/24/2014. The point mass. Impulse for a single collision The impulse of a force is a vector. The Center of Mass. System of particles
/4/04 Chapte 7 Lnea oentu Lnea oentu of a Sngle Patcle Lnea oentu: p υ It s a easue of the patcle s oton It s a vecto, sla to the veloct p υ p υ p υ z z p It also depends on the ass of the object, sla
More informationc- : r - C ' ',. A a \ V
HS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 c C \ V A A a HS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 HS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 = N! [! D!! * J!! [ c 9 c 6 j C v C! ( «! Y y Y ^ L! J ( ) J! J ~ n + ~ L a Y C + J " J 7 = [ " S!
More informationSTABILITY CRITERIA FOR A CLASS OF NEUTRAL SYSTEMS VIA THE LMI APPROACH
Asan Jounal of Conol, Vol. 6, No., pp. 3-9, Mach 00 3 Bef Pape SABILIY CRIERIA FOR A CLASS OF NEURAL SYSEMS VIA HE LMI APPROACH Chang-Hua Len and Jen-De Chen ABSRAC In hs pape, he asypoc sably fo a class
More informationESS 265 Spring Quarter 2005 Kinetic Simulations
SS 65 Spng Quae 5 Knec Sulaon Lecue une 9 5 An aple of an lecoagnec Pacle Code A an eaple of a knec ulaon we wll ue a one denonal elecoagnec ulaon code called KMPO deeloped b Yohhau Oua and Hoh Mauoo.
More informationgravity r2,1 r2 r1 by m 2,1
Gavtaton Many of the foundatons of classcal echancs wee fst dscoveed when phlosophes (ealy scentsts and atheatcans) ted to explan the oton of planets and stas. Newton s ost faous fo unfyng the oton of
More informationATMO 551a Fall 08. Diffusion
Diffusion Diffusion is a net tanspot of olecules o enegy o oentu o fo a egion of highe concentation to one of lowe concentation by ando olecula) otion. We will look at diffusion in gases. Mean fee path
More informationChapter 3: Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion
Chape 3: Vecos and Two-Dmensonal Moon Vecos: magnude and decon Negae o a eco: eese s decon Mulplng o ddng a eco b a scala Vecos n he same decon (eaed lke numbes) Geneal Veco Addon: Tangle mehod o addon
More informationÖRNEK 1: THE LINEAR IMPULSE-MOMENTUM RELATION Calculate the linear momentum of a particle of mass m=10 kg which has a. kg m s
MÜHENDİSLİK MEKANİĞİ. HAFTA İMPULS- MMENTUM-ÇARPIŞMA Linea oenu of a paicle: The sybol L denoes he linea oenu and is defined as he ass ies he elociy of a paicle. L ÖRNEK : THE LINEAR IMPULSE-MMENTUM RELATIN
More informationFluctuation-Electromagnetic Interaction of Rotating Neutral Particle with the Surface: Relativistic Theory
Fluuaon-lroagn Inraon of Roang Nural Parl w Surfa: Rlavs or A.A. Kasov an G.V. Dov as on fluuaon-lroagn or w av alula rar for of araon fronal on an ang ra of a nural parl roang nar a polarabl surfa. parl
More informationT h e C S E T I P r o j e c t
T h e P r o j e c t T H E P R O J E C T T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e P a g e C o m p r e h e n s i v e A s s es s m e n t o f t h e U F O / E T I P h e n o m e n o n M a y 1 9 9 1 1 E T
More informationMonetary policy and models
Moneay polcy and odels Kes Næss and Kes Haae Moka Noges Bank Moneay Polcy Unvesy of Copenhagen, 8 May 8 Consue pces and oney supply Annual pecenage gowh. -yea ovng aveage Gowh n oney supply Inflaon - 9
More informationPhysics 207 Lecture 16
Physcs 07 Lectue 6 Goals: Lectue 6 Chapte Extend the patcle odel to gd-bodes Undestand the equlbu of an extended object. Analyze ollng oton Undestand otaton about a fxed axs. Eploy consevaton of angula
More informationChapter Finite Difference Method for Ordinary Differential Equations
Chape 8.7 Fne Dffeence Mehod fo Odnay Dffeenal Eqaons Afe eadng hs chape, yo shold be able o. Undesand wha he fne dffeence mehod s and how o se o solve poblems. Wha s he fne dffeence mehod? The fne dffeence
More informationP a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 J A R T a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e n t o f N e l s o n s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n i s t o e n h a n c e c o n n e
More informationResponse of MDOF systems
Response of MDOF syses Degree of freedo DOF: he nu nuber of ndependen coordnaes requred o deerne copleely he posons of all pars of a syse a any nsan of e. wo DOF syses hree DOF syses he noral ode analyss
More informationThe Unique Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations. Dietrich Ryter. Midartweg 3 CH-4500 Solothurn Switzerland
The Unque Soluon of Sochasc Dffeenal Equaons Dech Rye RyeDM@gawne.ch Mdaweg 3 CH-4500 Solohun Swzeland Phone +4132 621 13 07 Tme evesal n sysems whou an exenal df sngles ou he an-iô negal. Key wods: Sochasc
More informationOn the Physical Significance of the Lorentz Transformations in SRT. Department of Physics- University of Aleppo, Aleppo- Syria ABSTRACT
On he Phsal Sgnfane of he Loen Tansfomaons n SRT Na Hamdan Sohel aa Depamen of Phss- Unes of leppo leppo- Sa STRCT One show all fas ha seem o eqe he naane of Mawell's feld eqaons nde Loen ansfomaons [nsen's
More informationSOME CONSIDERATIONS ON DISLOCATION FOR THERMOELASTIC MICROSTRETCH MATERIALS
Annal of e Aadey of Roanan Sen See on Enneen Sene ISSN 266 857 Vole 5 Nbe 2/23 67 SOME CONSIDERAIONS ON DISLOCAION FOR HERMOELASIC MICROSRECH MAERIALS Man MARIN Olva FLOREA 2 Reza. Sopl dl no ee de a obţne
More informationPhotographing a time interval
Potogaping a time inteval Benad Rotenstein and Ioan Damian Politennia Univesity of imisoaa Depatment of Pysis imisoaa Romania benad_otenstein@yaoo.om ijdamian@yaoo.om Abstat A metod of measuing time intevals
More informationMobile Communications
Moble Communaons Pa IV- Popagaon Chaaess Mul-pah Popagaon - Fadng Poesso Z Ghassemlooy Shool o Compung, Engneeng and Inomaon Senes, Unvesy o Nohumba U.K. hp://soe.unn.a.uk/o Conens Fadng Dopple Sh Dspeson
More informationβ A Constant-G m Biasing
p 2002 EE 532 Anal IC Des II Pae 73 Cnsan-G Bas ecall ha us a PTAT cuen efeence (see p f p. 66 he nes) bas a bpla anss pes cnsan anscnucance e epeaue (an als epenen f supply lae an pcess). Hw h we achee
More informationA L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
More informationSharif University of Technology - CEDRA By: Professor Ali Meghdari
Shaif Univesiy of echnology - CEDRA By: Pofesso Ali Meghai Pupose: o exen he Enegy appoach in eiving euaions of oion i.e. Lagange s Meho fo Mechanical Syses. opics: Genealize Cooinaes Lagangian Euaion
More information1 Random Variable. Why Random Variable? Discrete Random Variable. Discrete Random Variable. Discrete Distributions - 1 DD1-1
Rando Vaiable Pobability Distibutions and Pobability Densities Definition: If S is a saple space with a pobability easue and is a eal-valued function defined ove the eleents of S, then is called a ando
More informationProbability Distribution (Probability Model) Chapter 2 Discrete Distributions. Discrete Random Variable. Random Variable. Why Random Variable?
Discete Distibutions - Chapte Discete Distibutions Pobability Distibution (Pobability Model) If a balanced coin is tossed, Head and Tail ae equally likely to occu, P(Head) = = / and P(Tail) = = /. Rando
More informationGENERALIZATION OF AN IDENTITY INVOLVING THE GENERALIZED FIBONACCI NUMBERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
#A39 INTEGERS 9 (009), 497-513 GENERALIZATION OF AN IDENTITY INVOLVING THE GENERALIZED FIBONACCI NUMBERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Mohaad Faokh D. G. Depatent of Matheatcs, Fedows Unvesty of Mashhad, Mashhad,
More informationModal Analysis of Periodically Time-varying Linear Rotor Systems using Floquet Theory
7h IFoMM-Confeene on Roo Dynams Venna Ausa 25-28 Sepembe 2006 Modal Analyss of Peodally me-vayng Lnea Roo Sysems usng Floque heoy Chong-Won Lee Dong-Ju an Seong-Wook ong Cene fo Nose and Vbaon Conol (NOVIC)
More informationChapter 5. Long Waves
ape 5. Lo Waes Wae e s o compaed ae dep: < < L π Fom ea ae eo o s s ; amos ozoa moo z p s ; dosac pesse Dep-aeaed coseao o mass
More informationThe sound field of moving sources
Nose Engneeng / Aoss -- ong Soes The son el o mong soes ong pon soes The pesse el geneae by pon soe o geneal me an The pess T poson I he soe s onenae a he sngle mong pon, soe may I he soe s I be wen as
More informationINVESTIGATIONS OF THE FORCED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS IN THE SAW UNIT OF A KIND OF WOOD SHAPERS, USED IN THE WOOD PRODUCTION
INNOAION IN OODORKIN INDUSRY AND ENINEERIN DESIN / ): 6 69 INESIAIONS OF E FORCED ORSIONAL IRAIONS IN E SA UNI OF A KIND OF OOD SAPERS USED IN E OOD PRODUCION eo ukov alenn Slavov eo Kovaev Unvesy of Foesy
More informationCourse Outline. 1. MATLAB tutorial 2. Motion of systems that can be idealized as particles
Couse Oulne. MATLAB uoal. Moon of syses ha can be dealzed as pacles Descpon of oon, coodnae syses; Newon s laws; Calculang foces equed o nduce pescbed oon; Deng and solng equaons of oon 3. Conseaon laws
More informationTHIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW E
THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 BL K THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 B L K THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 THS
More informationCOMPUTER SCIENCE 349A SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS PARTS 1, 2
COMPUTE SCIENCE 49A SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS PATS, PAT.. a Dene he erm ll-ondoned problem. b Gve an eample o a polynomal ha has ll-ondoned zeros.. Consder evaluaon o anh, where e e anh. e e
More informationRotations.
oons j.lbb@phscs.o.c.uk To s summ Fmes of efeence Invnce une nsfomons oon of wve funcon: -funcons Eule s ngles Emple: e e - - Angul momenum s oon geneo Genec nslons n Noehe s heoem Fmes of efeence Conse
More informationGravity Field and Electromagnetic Field
Gavy Feld and Eleomane Feld Fne Geomeal Feld Theoy o Mae Moon Pa Two Xao Janha Naal ene Fondaon Reseah Gop, hanha Jaoon Unvesy hanha, P.R.C Absa: Gavy eld heoy and eleomane eld heoy ae well esablshed and
More informationWater Hammer in Pipes
Waer Haer Hydraulcs and Hydraulc Machnes Waer Haer n Pes H Pressure wave A B If waer s flowng along a long e and s suddenly brough o res by he closng of a valve, or by any slar cause, here wll be a sudden
More informationSolution in semi infinite diffusion couples (error function analysis)
Soluon n sem nfne dffuson couples (error funcon analyss) Le us consder now he sem nfne dffuson couple of wo blocks wh concenraon of and I means ha, n a A- bnary sysem, s bondng beween wo blocks made of
More informationMechanics Physics 151
Mechancs Physcs 5 Lecure 0 Canoncal Transformaons (Chaper 9) Wha We Dd Las Tme Hamlon s Prncple n he Hamlonan formalsm Dervaon was smple δi δ Addonal end-pon consrans pq H( q, p, ) d 0 δ q ( ) δq ( ) δ
More informationCptS 570 Machine Learning School of EECS Washington State University. CptS Machine Learning 1
ps 57 Machne Leann School of EES Washnon Sae Unves ps 57 - Machne Leann Assume nsances of classes ae lneal sepaable Esmae paamees of lnea dscmnan If ( - -) > hen + Else - ps 57 - Machne Leann lassfcaon
More informationA New Interference Approach for Ballistic Impact into Stacked Flexible Composite Body Armor
5h AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Suues, Suual Dynams, and Maeals Confeene17h 4-7 May 9, Palm Sngs, Calfona AIAA 9-669 A New Inefeene Aoah fo Balls Ima no Saked Flexble Comose Body Amo S. Legh Phoenx 1 and
More information1 Fundamental Solutions to the Wave Equation
1 Fundamental Solutions to the Wave Equation Physial insight in the sound geneation mehanism an be gained by onsideing simple analytial solutions to the wave equation One example is to onside aousti adiation
More informationDetermination of the rheological properties of thin plate under transient vibration
(3) 89 95 Deenaon of he heologcal popees of hn plae unde ansen vbaon Absac The acle deals wh syseac analyss of he ansen vbaon of ecangula vscoelasc ohoopc hn D plae. The analyss s focused on specfc defoaon
More informationLecture 23: Central Force Motion
Lectue 3: Cental Foce Motion Many of the foces we encounte in natue act between two paticles along the line connecting the Gavity, electicity, and the stong nuclea foce ae exaples These types of foces
More informationIn accordance with Regulation 21(1), the Agency has notified, and invited submissions &om, certain specified
hef xeuve Offe Wesen Regonal Fshees Boad The We odge al s odge Galway 6 June 2009 Re Dea S nvonmenal Poeon Ageny An Ghnwmhomoh un Oloomhnll omhshd Headquaes. PO Box 000 Johnsown asle sae ouny Wexfod, eland
More informationTwo-Pion Exchange Currents in Photodisintegration of the Deuteron
Two-Pion Exchange Cuens in Phoodisinegaion of he Deueon Dagaa Rozędzik and Jacek Goak Jagieonian Univesiy Kaków MENU00 3 May 00 Wiiasbug Conen Chia Effecive Fied Theoy ChEFT Eecoagneic cuen oeaos wihin
More informationCHAPTER 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation
CHAPER 5: Cicula Motion; Gavitation Solution Guide to WebAssign Pobles 5.1 [1] (a) Find the centipetal acceleation fo Eq. 5-1.. a R v ( 1.5 s) 1.10 1.4 s (b) he net hoizontal foce is causing the centipetal
More informationECON 8105 FALL 2017 ANSWERS TO MIDTERM EXAMINATION
MACROECONOMIC THEORY T. J. KEHOE ECON 85 FALL 7 ANSWERS TO MIDTERM EXAMINATION. (a) Wh an Arrow-Debreu markes sruure fuures markes for goods are open n perod. Consumers rade fuures onras among hemselves.
More informationThe Electrodynamic Origin of the Force of Inertia (F = m i a) Part 2
h loyna On of h o of Ina ( a Pa Chals W. Luas J. 5 Lvnson Dv Mhansvll MD 65-7 bll@oonsnssn.o bsa. vw of Nwon s Pnpa [] shows hs pnn on hs xsn ho fo absolu spa an n o o xplan h fo of na an h nfual fo n
More informationOutput equals aggregate demand, an equilibrium condition Definition of aggregate demand Consumption function, c
Eonoms 435 enze D. Cnn Fall Soal Senes 748 Unversy of Wsonsn-adson Te IS-L odel Ts se of noes oulnes e IS-L model of naonal nome and neres rae deermnaon. Ts nvolves exendng e real sde of e eonomy (desred
More informationHuman being is a living random number generator. Abstract: General wisdom is, mathematical operation is needed to generate number by numbers.
Huan beng s a lvng o nube geneato Anda Mta Anushat Abasan, Utta halgun -7, /AF, alt Lae, olata, West Bengal, 764, Inda Abstat: Geneal wsdo s, atheatal oeaton s needed to geneate nube by nubes It s onted
More informationAn Optimization Model for Empty Container Reposition under Uncertainty
n Omzon Mode o Emy onne Reoson nde neny eodo be n Demen o Mnemen nd enooy QM nd ene de Reee s es nsos Moné nd Mssmo D Fneso Demen o Lnd Enneen nesy o Iy o Zdds Demen o Lnd Enneen nesy o Iy Inodon. onne
More informationLecture 18: Kinetics of Phase Growth in a Two-component System: general kinetics analysis based on the dilute-solution approximation
Lecue 8: Kineics of Phase Gowh in a Two-componen Sysem: geneal kineics analysis based on he dilue-soluion appoximaion Today s opics: In he las Lecues, we leaned hee diffeen ways o descibe he diffusion
More informationX-Ray Notes, Part III
oll 6 X-y oe 3: Pe X-Ry oe, P III oe Deeo Coe oupu o x-y ye h look lke h: We efe ue of que lhly ffee efo h ue y ovk: Co: C ΔS S Sl o oe Ro: SR S Co o oe Ro: CR ΔS C SR Pevouly, we ee he SR fo ye hv pxel
More informationVortex Initialization in HWRF/HMON Models
Votex Initialization in HWRF/HMON Models HWRF Tutoial Januay 018 Pesented by Qingfu Liu NOAA/NCEP/EMC 1 Outline 1. Oveview. HWRF cycling syste 3. Bogus sto 4. Sto elocation 5. Sto size coection 6. Sto
More informationSlide 1. Quantum Mechanics: the Practice
Slde Quantum Mecancs: te Pactce Slde Remnde: Electons As Waves Wavelengt momentum = Planck? λ p = = 6.6 x 0-34 J s Te wave s an exctaton a vbaton: We need to know te ampltude of te exctaton at evey pont
More informationPrediction of modal properties of circular disc with pre-stressed fields
MAEC Web of Confeences 157 0034 018 MMS 017 hps://do.og/10.1051/aecconf/0181570034 Pedcon of odal popees of ccula dsc h pe-sessed felds Mlan Naď 1* Rasslav Ďuš 1 bo Nánás 1 1 Slovak Unvesy of echnology
More informationNanoparticles. Educts. Nucleus formation. Nucleus. Growth. Primary particle. Agglomeration Deagglomeration. Agglomerate
ucs Nucleus Nucleus omaon cal supesauaon Mng o eucs, empeaue, ec. Pmay pacle Gowh Inegaon o uson-lme pacle gowh Nanopacles Agglomeaon eagglomeaon Agglomeae Sablsaon o he nanopacles agans agglomeaon! anspo
More informationANSWERS TO ODD NUMBERED EXERCISES IN CHAPTER 2
Joh Rley Novembe ANSWERS O ODD NUMBERED EXERCISES IN CHAPER Seo Eese -: asvy (a) Se y ad y z follows fom asvy ha z Ehe z o z We suppose he lae ad seek a oado he z Se y follows by asvy ha z y Bu hs oads
More informationp E p E d ( ) , we have: [ ] [ ] [ ] Using the law of iterated expectations, we have:
Poblem Se #3 Soluons Couse 4.454 Maco IV TA: Todd Gomley, gomley@m.edu sbued: Novembe 23, 2004 Ths poblem se does no need o be uned n Queson #: Sock Pces, vdends and Bubbles Assume you ae n an economy
More informationCH.3. COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS. Continuum Mechanics Course (MMC) - ETSECCPB - UPC
CH.3. COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS Connuum Mechancs Course (MMC) - ETSECCPB - UPC Overvew Compably Condons Compably Equaons of a Poenal Vecor Feld Compably Condons for Infnesmal Srans Inegraon of he Infnesmal
More informationCHAPTER 10: LINEAR DISCRIMINATION
HAPER : LINEAR DISRIMINAION Dscmnan-based lassfcaon 3 In classfcaon h K classes ( k ) We defned dsmnan funcon g () = K hen gven an es eample e chose (pedced) s class label as f g () as he mamum among g
More informationMidterm Exam. Thursday, April hour, 15 minutes
Economcs of Grow, ECO560 San Francsco Sae Unvers Mcael Bar Sprng 04 Mderm Exam Tursda, prl 0 our, 5 mnues ame: Insrucons. Ts s closed boo, closed noes exam.. o calculaors of an nd are allowed. 3. Sow all
More informationParabolic Systems Involving Sectorial Operators: Existence and Uniqueness of Global Solutions
Parabol Syses Involvng Seoral Operaors: Exsene and Unqueness of Global Soluons Parabol Syses Involvng Seoral Operaors: Exsene andunqueness of Global Soluons 1 1 1 Mguel Yangar ; Dego Salazar Esuela Poléna
More informationPHYS 705: Classical Mechanics. Derivation of Lagrange Equations from D Alembert s Principle
1 PHYS 705: Classcal Mechancs Devaton of Lagange Equatons fom D Alembet s Pncple 2 D Alembet s Pncple Followng a smla agument fo the vtual dsplacement to be consstent wth constants,.e, (no vtual wok fo
More informationCentral limit theorem for functions of weakly dependent variables
Int. Statistical Inst.: Poc. 58th Wold Statistical Congess, 2011, Dublin (Session CPS058 p.5362 Cental liit theoe fo functions of weakly dependent vaiables Jensen, Jens Ledet Aahus Univesity, Depatent
More informationLecture 17: Kinetics of Phase Growth in a Two-component System:
Lecue 17: Kineics of Phase Gowh in a Two-componen Sysem: descipion of diffusion flux acoss he α/ ineface Today s opics Majo asks of oday s Lecue: how o deive he diffusion flux of aoms. Once an incipien
More informationElectromagnetic theory and transformations between reference frames: a new proposal
leoagne heo an ansfoaons beween efeene faes: a new oosal Clauo P. Panana al: lauo.anana@gal.o bsa Ths ae ooses a Gallean-naan heo of eleoagnes, alable a fs oe n /, esbng boh nsananeous an oagae neaons.
More informationFig. 1S. The antenna construction: (a) main geometrical parameters, (b) the wire support pillar and (c) the console link between wire and coaxial
a b c Fig. S. The anenna consucion: (a) ain geoeical paaees, (b) he wie suppo pilla and (c) he console link beween wie and coaial pobe. Fig. S. The anenna coss-secion in he y-z plane. Accoding o [], he
More informationSAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS
SAVE ESE NSUNS FFEE AE ASSEMY NSUNS SYE #: 53SN2301AS ASSEME N A FA, PEED SUFAE PPS EAD SEWDVE NEEDED F ASSEMY; N NUDED PA S FGUE UANY DESPN AA 1 P P 1 P EF SDE FAME 1 P G SDE FAME D 1 P A PANE E 2 PS
More informationVariance of Time to Recruitment for a Single Grade Manpower System using Order Statistics for Inter-decision Times and Wastages
Vaance o e o Recuen o a Sne Gae Manowe Syse usn Oe Sascs o Ine-ecson es an Wasaes K. Eanovan, B. Ese Caa Asssan Poesso, Deaen o Maeacs, Rajah Seoj Govenen Coee Auonoous, hanjavu - 6 005, a Nau, Ina. Asssan
More informationNormal Random Variable and its discriminant functions
Noral Rando Varable and s dscrnan funcons Oulne Noral Rando Varable Properes Dscrnan funcons Why Noral Rando Varables? Analycally racable Works well when observaon coes for a corruped snle prooype 3 The
More informationH STO RY OF TH E SA NT
O RY OF E N G L R R VER ritten for the entennial of th e Foundin g of t lair oun t y on ay 8 82 Y EEL N E JEN K RP O N! R ENJ F ] jun E 3 1 92! Ph in t ed b y h e t l a i r R ep u b l i c a n O 4 1922
More information8. HAMILTONIAN MECHANICS
8. HAMILTONIAN MECHANICS In ode o poceed fom he classcal fomulaon of Maxwell's elecodynamcs o he quanum mechancal descpon a new mahemacal language wll be needed. In he pevous secons he elecomagnec feld
More information