EU-SR2S e SR2S-RD. Consuntivo scientifico

Transcription

1 EU-SR2S e SR2S-RD Consuntivo scientifico Riccardo Musenich CSN5 Roma, 15 aprile 2016

2 2001: A Space Odyssey

3 Space radiation F.A. Cucinotta, M.Y. Kim, L.J. Chappell, J.L. Huff, PLOS ONE, 8 (10), e74988, October 2013

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6 Radiation Shielding shielding strategies active electrostatic plasma passive based on the ionization losses in materials of sufficiently depth to stop the incident particles magnetostatic large superconducting magnets surrounding the spacecraft cabin

7 Radiation Shielding magnetostatic shielding multi-solenoids concentric solenoids tomass large turns toroids magnetic lens

8 Radiation Shielding 1961 prima proposta di scudo magnetico superconduttivo (R.H. Levy) studi di principio su varie configurazioni magnetiche 2010 ARSSEM (Active Radiation Shield for Space Exploration Missions) ESA MAARSS (Magnet Architectures and Active Radiation Shielding Study) NASA-NIAC SR2S (Space Radiation Superconducting Shield) SR2S è il primo studio che affronta le problematiche realizzative di uno scudo magnetico superconduttivo

9 SR2S Studio di un sistema magnetostatico per la protezione da astroparticelle degli equipaggi di missioni interplanetarie Progetto capeggiato dall INFN e co-finanziato dalla UE nell ambito del progetto SR2S FP7-SPA durata: gennaio 2013 dicembre 2015 Sezioni INFN coinvolte: Bologna Genova Perugia TIFPA Firenze Milano Roma1 Torino Partner: CERN, CEA Saclay, Columbus Superconductors SpA, CGS SpA Compagnia Generale per lo Spazio, Thales Alenia Space Italia SpA, Carr Communication Ltd

10 SR2S SR2S: definizione dei requisiti di base dello schermo trade off analisys e disegno concettuale progetto preliminare (con definizione dei materiali) simulazioni Monte Carlo della dose studio di alcune tecnologie chiave

11 Schermo toroidale Ξ = R e B ϑ dr = R i μ 0 I 2π ln R e K η = m 0c 2 R i η 1 q m 0 c Ξ 1 sin φ 2 + 1

12 Schermo toroidale Per contenere la massa: Densità d energia elevata Materiali a bassa densità Materiali Conduttore : Ti-MgB 2 + Al Supporto bobine: lega Ti Cilindro interno: Al-B 4 C Tiranti: fibre aramidiche Disegno modulare per lanci multipli

13 Schermo toroidale Un toroide con un bending power di 5 Tm deflette 80 % delle particelle incidenti tuttavia La riduzione del flusso delle particelle primarie non corrisponde ad un uguale riduzione della dose. 7.9 Tm 11.9 Tm 7.9 Tm

14 Pumpkin configuration Nuova configurazione: i toroidi che circondano l abitacolo sono disposti con gli assi perpendicolari all asse dell astronave.

15 Pumpkin configuration Struttura meccanica

16 Pumpkin configuration

17 Sviluppi tecnologici Ti-MgB 2 conductor Cryogenic heat pipe Thermal control system

18 conduttore Cable = s/c tape + aluminium strip* Materials densities: titanium: ρ= 4.5 g/cm 3 Aluminium: ρ= 2.7 g/cm 3 MgB 2 : ρ= 2.55 g/cm 3 J e =500 A/mm 2 Ti/MgB 2 ratio 2.7/1. 75 μm thick insulation. Total cable cross section: 9.25 mm 2. Average mass density : 3000 kg/m 3. * Pure aluminium is necessary to protect the magnet in case of quench J overall =70 A/mm 2

19 Sviluppi tecnologici: conduttore Prototype conductor: Ti-MgB 2 tape, 3 mm X 0.5 mm Short samples 100 m long Ti-MgB 2 tape 360 m long Ti-MgB 2 tape A procedure to produce the conductor (Ti-MgB 2 tape + Al strip) was defined.

20 conduttore Conductor production The modification of the process to work a longer wire has brougth to a slight change in the dependence of the Ic versus field. Al strip Ti-MgB 2 tape Moreover, it was found that the soldering of aluminium strip was the most critical step of the whole process (deformation and detachment during cooling). Therefore it was decided to solder a copper strip onto the titanium surface.

21 conduttore 360 m Ti-MgB copper plated 2 Ti-MgB 2 tape during copper plating Ti-MgB 2 tape Ti-MgB 2 tape varnished before tin plating Cu-Ti-MgB 2 tape

22 conduttore Electrical characterization of superconducting wires and cables Sample 1 - Ba // Current Sample 2 - Ba ^ Tape Wide Face 350 Current, (A) Applied Field, B a (T) CERN measurements in LHe bath INFN measurements

23 Bobine di test Winding of the prototype coil (racetrack) Ti-MgB 2 tape + Cu strip

24 Bobine di test Racetrack coil test (CERN) Measurements performed in liquid He

25 Bobine di test Pancake coil test (INFN)

26 Bobine di test Measurement performed on the pancake coil in He gas between 4.2 K and 16 K 180 I [A] December 11, 2015 December Maximum current (quench) No resistance was detected before quenches T [K]

27 Bobine di test No resistive behaviour winding techniques and conductor curvature do not damage the superconductor. Very low values of the maximum current were measured in the pancake coil. Possible causes: local conductor damage(s), cable movement, inhomogeneous distribution of the current between filaments. The behaviour observed at CERN (fast increasing and slow decreasing of the voltage) indicates a possible inhomogeneous current distribution followed by a redistribution. The long twist pitch of the conductor (order of meter) could be contributory causes. However, other effects cannot be excluded. Future developments of the SR2S conductor demand for deeper investigation of the observed behaviour.

28 SR2S pubblicazioni R.Musenich, V.Calvelli, S.Farinon, W.J.Burger, R.Battiston, "Space Radiation Superconducting Shields", J. Phys.: Conf. Series 507, , 2014 R.Musenich, V.Calvelli, S.Farinon, R.Battiston, W.J.Burger, P.Spillantini "A Magnesium Diboride Toroid for Astroparticle Shielding" IEEE Trans. on Appl. Supercond. Vol. 24 (3), 2014 M.Vuolo, M.Giraudo, R.Musenich, V.Calvelli, F.Ambroglini, W.J.Burger, R.Battiston, "Monte Carlo simulations for the space radiation superconducting shield project (sr2s)", Life Sciences in Space Research, Volume 8, February 2016, Pages W. J. Burger, F. Ambroglini, R. Battiston, "Evaluation of Superconducting Magnet Shield Configurations for Long Duration Manned Space Missions, Journal Frontiers in Oncology, section Radiation Oncology, publication expected 2106 R.Musenich, D.Nardelli, S.Brisigotti, D.Pietranera, M.Tropeano, A.Tumino, V.Cubeda, V.Calvelli, G.Grasso, "Ti-MgB2 conductor for superconducting space magnets" in publicazione su IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, 26 (4) 2016

29 SR2S presentationi a conferenze internazionali A Magnesium Diboride Superconducting Toroid for Astroparticle Shielding, R.Musenich, oral presentation at the 23th International Conference on Magnet Technology, Boston 2013 Superconducting Magnets for Space Radiation Shielding, V.Calvelli, poster presentation at the European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, Genoa 2013 Space Radiation Superconducting Shields, R.Musenich, oral presentation at the European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, Genoa 2013 Present Perspectives of Active Magnetic Shielding for the Protection of Manned Space Missions, W.J.Burger, oral presentation at the 7th International Space Safety Conference, Friedrichschafen 2014 SR2S-RD. Space Radiation Superconducting Shield, William J. Burger, oral presentation at the International School of Heavy Ions III course on HADRONS IN THERAPY AND SPACE, October 2014 Active Magnetic Shielding for Manned Space Missions Present Perspectives, W.J. Burger, oral presentation at 7th conference of the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), Al-Ti-MgB2 conductor for superconducting space magnets, R.Musenich, oral presentation at the 24th International Conference on Magnet Technology, Seoul 2015 A Novel Configuration for Superconducting Space Radiation Shields, oral presentation at the Applied Superconductivity Conference, Denver 2016

30 Main achievements The SR2S project provided the study of a space radiation shield based on superconducting magnets and increased the TRL of some of the related key technologies. SR2S analyses have shown the complexity of the interaction between active shielding and passive shielding and the importance of developing very transparent magnetic systems, in order to avoid excessive generation of secondary neutrons. An effective and promising new arrangement was identified, the novelty of which is supported by a very ambitious design which involves new cable, new cryogenic approach, extremely high magnetic energy density and light structural materials never used in magnet technology. SR2S team developed a prototype of a new, very light and stable superconducting cable, based on the superconducting compound Magnesium Diboride surrounded by Titanium.

31 Main achievements TRL of the superconducting space radiation shields and some of its components Shield TRL Previous studies (until 2010) 1 After ARSSEM and MAARS projects 2 After SR2S 3 components TRL before SR2S TRL after SR2S Ti-MgB 2 wire 2 4 Cryogenic PHP 2 4

32 SR2S industrial returns Thanks to SR2S... Thales Alenia Space Italia masters GEANT4 to evaluate the radiation dose inside spacecrafts and has acquired deep know-how in both traditional and active shielding methods. CGS acquired the capability to design mechanical structures operating at cryogenic temperatures and consolidated the capability to design thermal control for cryogenic systems. Columbus Superconductors developed the technology to produce light conductors that can be applied not only in space but also in power generation and in medicine (beam lines for cancer hadron therapy).

33 SR2S legacy Space applications Superconducting diverter for space X-ray telescope (Athena)

34 SR2S legacy Space applications Particle detectors: The idea of a space magnetic calorimeter to study the knee region of the GCR spectrum was presented at IFD2015, the INFN workshop on future detectors (O.Adriani, Turin, December ). A 10 fold extension of the AMS-02 performances in energy reach for the search of antimatter in cosmic rays has been developed (AMS-03), based on the usage of MgB2 (R. Battiston, AMS days, April , Cern)

35 SR2S legacy Space applications Magnets for plasma propulsion. Plasma thruster like the VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket) require a strong magnetic field to confine the plasma. Stability, reliability and low mass density make the SR2S conductor an excellent candidate to wind the superconducting magnets that generate the confining field.

36 SR2S legacy Superconducting magnets for cancer hadronterapy Heidelberg carbon gantry

37 Roadmap Shield design - SR2S has demonstrated that the design of an active shield cannot be done without evaluating the interaction of cosmic rays with the materials composing the shield. As a consequence, future studies must simultaneusly optimize active and passive shielding. - An optimization of the pumpkin configuration is necessary in terms of distance of the shield from the habitat, number, shape and size of the toroids. - To further deepen the evaluation of the dose reduction it is necessary to extend the validation of the simulation codes to all the physical processes involved in the GCR-matter interaction.

38 Roadmap R&D: - Increasing the TRL of the conductor (the SR2S prototype production allowed identifying the main issues); - Deepen the knowledge of ligth structural materials. Within SR2S we proposed the use of many advanced materials but the cryogenic properties of most of them are not well known; - Further development of the magnet cryogenics including enhancing of PHP TRL; - Explore new solutions for quench detection and protections (non-insulated winding); - Study of ancillary equipments like power supply or flux pump; - More detailed studies of the shield assembling in orbit.

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42 conduttore Comparison between cables based on YBCO (or ReBCO) CC and Ti-MgB 2 If I op =1/2 I c, cable average density: < d >= 2J overall J e d tape d Al + d Al <d> [kg/m 3 ] average density YBCO cc + Al Ti-MgB + Al 2 d YBCO CC = 8500 kg/m 3 d Ti MgB2 = 4000 kg/m The same average density is reached if J e (YBCO CC)=4.4 J e (Ti-MgB 2 ) Al density J e /J overall T op stability protection weight MgB YBCO =

43 Technology Readiness Levels (ESA) Description TRL 1. TRL 2. TRL 3. TRL 4. Basic principles observed and reported Technology concept and/or application formulated Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept Component and/or breadboard functional verification in laboratory environment TRL 5. Component and/or breadboard critical function verification in relevant environment TRL 6. Model demonstrating the critical functions of the element in a relevant environment TRL 7. Model demonstrating the element performance for the operational environment TRL 8. TRL 9. Actual system completed and accepted for flight ("flight qualified") Actual system "flight proven" through successful mission operations