Index , 131, 156, 211. Humpty Dumpty, 91, 148, 149 Huygens, Christiaan, 1, 257, 259
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1 11 Index adiabatic, 35, 402 Aharonov, Yakir, 91, 293, 402 Ampère, André-Marie, 338, 384 amplification, 160, 169, 176, 311, 348, 404 anti-unitary, 38 Araki-Lieb Inequality, 41, 42 Aristotle, 211, 237, 238, 305, 307, 311, 315, 316, 367 Aspelmeyer, Markus, 411 Ayrton, Hertha, 384 Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff expansion, 47 Baym, Gordon, 200 beam splitter, 25, 28, 42, 51, 54, 62, 72, 121, 193, 281, 286, 304, 353, 364 Bell, John, 57, 92, 123, 145, 226, 296, 345 Bell s inequality, 54, 56, 58, 60, 130, 157, 290, 308, 343, 345, 346, 357 Bennett, Charles, 252, 352 BKS theory, 276, 284, 285, 304, 376 black body radiation, 10, 151, 253 black hole, 196, 291 blackbody radiation, 237, 245 Bohm, David, 132, 134, 140, 210, 273, 289, 293 Bohm's theory, 4, , 210, 296 Bohr, Niels, xvi, 10, 15 19, 222, , 248, 249, 254, , 276, 277, 285, 297, 303, 305, 312, 323, 347, 360, 413 Bohr-Einstein debates, 21, 92, 210, 412 Bohr-Einstein debates, 275, 303 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 159, 261, 334, 349, 351, 360 Born, Max, 12 15, 18, 151, 210, 247, 267, 268, 273, 278, 286, 291, 298 Born s rule, 9, 10, 14, 20, 24, 36, 52, 55, 77, 101, 134, 135, 137, 146, 158, 267, 268 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), 8, 31 Bothe, Walther, 10, 49, 277, 284 Bub, Jeffery, 109, 111 Cajal, Santiago Ramón y, 319, 320 Category 1 Theory, 93, 95, 100, 123, 130, 146, 160, 186, 211 Category 2 Theory, 94, 95, 100, 111, 146, 160, 211, 212 causality, 118, 184, 224, 226, 247, 273, 277, 305, 308, 311, 360, 367, 403 charge threshold theory, 204, 205, 211 church of the higher Hilbert space, 40, Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, 59 60, 73 77, 83, 84, 110, 115, 117, 129, 130, 132, 141, 142, 144,
2 462 Index closed system measurement, 361, 363, 403 6, 415 collapse of the wave function. See wave function reduction commutation, 39, 47, 399 complementarity, 15 19, 19, 91, 102, 224, 226, 266, 278, 289, 302, 303, 360, 365 completely positive operations, 39, 113, 394 Compton, Arthur, 10, 49, 276, 277, 376 consciousness, xx, 30, , 211, 224, 308, 311, 312, 314, 315, 320, 353, 382, 414 orchestrated reduction, 173, 200 the contrapositive, 175 conservation laws average versus individual trials, 9, 10, 273, 277, 285, 298, 304, 376, 408, 412, 414 conservation of energy, 10, 38, 183, 251, 276, 281, 285, 407, 412 conservation of momentum, 183, 276, 294 continuous spontaneous localization, 183 continuous spontaneous localization (CSL), 187, 192 controlled-not, 43, 69, 129, 174 Copenhagen interpretation, 12, 18, 20, 102, 278, 288, 302, 358 correspondence principle, 248, 266, 325 Curie, Marie, 242, 257, 281 da Vinci, Leonardo, 33, 317 Dalton, John, 233, 234, 235, 238 Dante Alighieri, 305, 315, 358 Darwin, C.G., 292 Darwin, Charles, 383 de Broglie, Louis, 15, 161, 267, 268, 273, 284, 288 decoherence theory, , , 207, 362, 413 deductive reasoning, 337, 338, 339 delayed choice experiment, 214, 354 Democritus, 306, 307, 328 Descartes, René, 177, 316, 328, 336 d'espagnet, Bernard, 156, 173 Dicke, Robert, 342 Dirac, Paul, 15, 18, 153, 280, 293, 300, 341, 368, 390, 414 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 384 Einstein, Albert, 5, 7, 19, 92, 95, 152, 223, 242, 247, 262, 264, 268, 270, 271, 274, 281, 290, 303, 338, 339, 343, 382, 389 Bohr-Einstein debates, 21, 92, 210, 279, 304, 358, 412 equivalence principle, 406 ghost field, 8, 9, 273 no preferred reference frame, 406 photoelectric effect, 1, 6, 8, 49, 243 Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR), 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 303 entanglement, 8, 21, 223, 268, 274, 279, 286, 289, 291, 293, 302, 303, 332, 342, 354 concurrence, 37, 75, 84 geometry, 61, 62 information flow, 44, 45 macrosopic, 29, 30, 32, 112, 196 mathematics, 36, 37, 42, 60 properties, 37 relationship to nonlocality, 57, 84 spontaneous parametric down conversion, 46 unitary prediction, 19, 28, 59, 66, 73, 107, 115, 157, 161, 201, 205 entropy, 250, 251, 252, 255, 256, 262, 348, 359 thermodynamic, 8, 159, 160, 261 von Neumann, 37, 40, 41, 348, 350 environmental decoherence. See decoherence theory equivalence principle. See Einstein, Albert external orthogonalization, ,
3 Index , 131, 156, 211 Faraday, Michael, 245, 259, 260, 338 Feynman, Richard, 91, 269, 322, 356 for all practical purposes (FAPP), 99, 112, 124, 407 free will, xx, 143, 145, 168, 173, 229, 232, 306, 308, 309, 320, 347 Galilei, Galileo, 328 Galileo, 369, 382, 389 gauge invariance, 405 Geiger, Hans, 10, 49, 277, 284 Gell-Mann, Murray, 206, 308 Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber (GRW) theory, , 192, 208, 211, 215, 409 ghost field. See Einstein, Albert Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 236, 239, 261, 347 Gisin, Nicolas, 189, 191, 394, 412 Gödel, Kurt, 332 gravitational reduction mass threshold theory, , 207 objective reduction, 173, 199 great smoky dragon, 214 Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, 363 Hamiltonian, 23, 27, 35, 38, 51, 52, 71, 100, 105, 119, 141, 393, 401 Haroche, Serge, 111, 147 Hawking, Stephen, 33, 309 Heisenberg representation, 34, 39, 300, 398, 401 Heisenberg uncertainty relationships, 15 17, 102, 156, 223, 249, 250, 267, 278, 404 Heisenberg, Werner, 10, 15, 152, 155, 156, 170, 223, 267, 283, 293, 303, 340, 355 hidden variables, 296, 297, 307, 343, 344, 364 Hilbert, David, 300, 332 Hoyle, Sir Fred, 383, 385 Humpty Dumpty, 91, 148, 149 Huygens, Christiaan, 1, 257, 259 IFM. See quantum measurement operations incompleteness of quantum mechanics, 19, 20, 91, 92, 95, 98, 141, 287, 304, 345, 347 interference, 1, 3, 5, 14, 25, 26, 28, 35, 43, 193, 200, 201, 204, 211, 224, 258, 267, 281, 354 irreversibility, 99, 117, 134, 139, 141, 159, 160, 263, 301, 349, 361 Jaynes-Cummings model, 147, 191 Kepler, Johannes, 227, 340 Kirchhoff, Gustav, 235, 237, 245 Kuhn, Thomas, 385, 389 Lamb shift, 358, 368, 376 Landauer, Rolf, 252, 350 Laplace, Pierre Simon, 228, 229, 249 Laplace s Demon, 229, 248, 342 Leggett, Sir Anthony James, 50 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 259 Leucippus, 306 Libet, Benjamin, 309 localization, 161, 162, 177, , 192, 209 Lucretius, 307, 328 Mach, Ernst, 224, 235, 236, 240, 253 many-worlds interpretation, , 408 decoherence theory, 131 mass threshold theory. See gravitational reduction master equations, 199 deterministic evolution, 141, 142 nondeterministic XE "nondeterminism" evolution, 190 nondeterministic evolution, 191 Maxwell, James Clerk, 233, 245, 254,
4 464 Index 261, 337, 341, 368, 383, 385, 390 Maxwell's Demon, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257 Meitner, Lise, 241 mesoscopic/macroscopic superpositions, 31, 112, 140, 194, 212, 411, 412, 413 micro-macro divide, 93 mind-body dualism, 96, 177 Minkowski, Hermann, 243, 300 Mona Lisa, 32, 33 Mott, Nevil, 268, 292 Naimark's theorem, 40, 364 Newton, Sir Isaac, 1, 257, 259, 316, 336, 337, 368, 371 Newton, Sir Issac, 99, 221, 227, 228, 233, 237, 239, 258 nexus of knowledge, 321, no preferred reference frame. See Einstein, Albert nondeterminism, 10, 13, 14, 17 19, 21, 97, 102, 136, 157, 158, 177, 190, 232, 246, 249, 263, 284, 298, 304, 311, 342, 346, 361, 362, 367, 373, 394 nonlinear theory, nonlocality, 58, 59, 84, 154, 257, 263, 274, 283, 290, 295, 304, 342, 345, 346 no-signaling, 40, 46, 47, 53, 114, 343, 345, 347, 385, 394, 407 objective reduction. See gravitational reduction observables, 60, 94, 397, 399 observer-free, 210 Omnès, Roland, 207, 407 open system measurement, 393, 406 optomechanics, 194, 196 orchestrated reduction. See consciousness Ostwald, Wilhelm, 235, 236, 240, 253 Ozawa, Masanao, 115, 116 particle properties, 5 9, 7, 17, 18, 161, 184 Pauli, Wolfgang, 278, 326, 348, 355, 361 Pearle, Phillip, 183, 187, 409 Penrose, Sir Roger, 174, 199, 204 Peres, Asher, 196, 202 photoionization, 7 Planck, Max, xv, 1, 8, 136, 152, 157, 222, 237, 244, 246, 248, 254, 255, 260, 263, 264, 325, 359, 383, 385, 389 Popper, Karl, 368, 374, 383 QBism, 150 quantum computing, 43, 69, 147, 174 quantum information, 58, 83, 161, 212, 279, 294, 364, 404 quantum jumps, quantum locomotive, 30, 98 quantum measurement interpretations Bohm's theory, church of the higher hilbert space, consistent histories, Copenhagen, 102 decoherence theory, deterministic master equations, 141, 142 humpty dumpty, 148 macroscopic interaction, 149 many-worlds, , 408 QBism, 150 Rosenfeld, 102, 103 transactional, quantum measurement operations back-action evading, 400 first kind, 182, 215, 400 informationally complete, 399, 409 interaction-free, 88, 151, 155, 159, 162, 166, 408, 413 Lüders instrument, 398 minimally disturbing, 399, 400 non-demolition, 155, 401 non-disturbing, 400
5 Index 465 positive, 151, 160 positive operator valued measurement (POVM), 113, 397 protected, 403 repeatable, 399, 401, 409 sharp, 409 weak measurement, 402 quantum measurement physical theories, charge threshold theory, 204, 205 consciousness, continuous spontaneous localization, 192, 193 GRW, impossibility of detecting coherence, 206, 207 nondeterministic master equations, 190 stochastic differential equations, quantum measurement problem, xvii, xix, 92 98, 209, 217, 223, 226, 284, 321, 353, 358 philosophers definition, 98 physical definition, 98 requirements on solutions, 93, 94 quantum of action, 31, 102, 136, 151, 152, 157, 222, 226, 237, 244, 245, 264, 270, 325, 361, 362, 367 quantum operations non-local, 403 quantum physical measurement theories mass threshold theory, quantum state, 247, 249, 326, 344 density matrix, 24, 41, 78 entangled, 19, 28, 36, 37, 59, 65, 92, 95, 202, 211 entropy, 40, 41, 44, 47, 159, 213 linear in wave function, 24 maximally entangled, 43 mixed, 24, 37, 42, 59, 75, 77, 81, 87, 157, 397 pure, 24, 37, 38, 40, 60, 61, 143, 156 separable, 8, 36, 58, 59, 60, 84, 115 quantum superposition. See entanglement radical conservatism, 322, 330, 384, 385, 387, 405 reversibility, 26, 27, 44, 45, 159, 160, 186, 207, 415 Rosen, Nathan, 287, 290 Rosenfeld, Léon, 102, 103, 107, 196, 202, 204, 212 Rosenfeld's interpretation, 102, 103, 107 Russell, Bertrand, 231, 328, 332, 333 Rutherford, Ernest, 242, 247, 324, 334 Schrödinger, Erwin, 10, 15, 19, 21, 91, 107, 136, 137, 152, 223, 267, 285, 286, 290, 357, 367, 404, 411 Schrödinger s cat, 19, 30, 141, 185, 286, 288, 313 Schrödinger s equation, definition, 10 Schwinger, Julian, 91, 356 scientific approach, 321 deduction, xvi, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333, 337, 339, 342, 367, 368, 371, induction, 150, 329, , 385, 387 Sommerfeld, Arnold, 253, 326 soul, 177, 308, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319 Stinespring dilation theorem, 40, stochastic differential equations, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 211 Stone s theorem, 23, 38 superdeterminism, , 345 superposition principle, 24, 30 Szilard, Leo, 252 thermodynamics, 152, 245, 251, 253, 261, 325, 347, 352 discontinuity, 157 irreversibility, 134, 159, 207, 256, 348
6 466 Index thermodynamics., 353 time-symmetric, 193 transactional interpretation, , 164 Turing, Alan, 230, 332, 334, 376 unitary evolution, 23, eigenstate decomposition, 27 linearity in density operator, 394 linearity in wave function, 24 unitary versus measurement discrimination test (UMDT), unitary vs measurement discrimination test (UMDT), 67 84, 94 Bohm s theory, 139 Category 2 theories, 206 church of the higher hilbert space, 114 consistent histories, 121 decoherence theory, 108, 110 external orthogonalization, 105 humpty dumpty, 149 localization, 162 macroscopic interaction, 149 many-worlds interpretation, 129 master equations, 142 nondeterminism, 158 operational theories, 117 QBism, 150 quantum jumps, 154 sufficiency of consciousness, 174 transactional interpretation, 147 wave function reduction, 156 unpredictability, 102 von Neumann, John, 112, 135, 148, 151, , 186, 190, 294, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 313, 348, 395, 398 wave function reduction, , 158, 267, 283, 299, 355, 360 wave properties, 1 5, 15, 25, 26, 35, 204 wave-particle duality, 1, 7, 9, 15, 17, 19, 50, 151, 224, 243, 257, 262, 270, 277, 353 Wheeler, John Archibald, 146, 214, 270, 291, 293, 322, 323, 342, 354, 384, 385, 405 Wigner, Eugene, 23, 38, 171, 172, 174, 175 Wigner s theorem, 23, 38 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 333, 335 Young, Thomas, 1, 2, 258 Young s double-slit experiment, 2, 3, 10, 14, 24, 36, 50, 194 Zeno effect, Zurek,Wojciech Hubert,
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