High Resolution Fine-Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

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1 High Resolution Fine-Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND Bipul Bhuyan Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Workshop on Indo-US Neutrino Collaboration TIFR, Mumbai November 1, 2018

2 Interest of the Indian Group on DUNE-Near Detector ² The Indian group on DUNE has shown interest in the Near Detector since LBNE era. ² Interest has been on a high resolution fine grained tracker with STT as the tracking volume, surrounded by an plastic scintillator based ECAL, and a RPC based muon detector inserted in a dipole magnet. ² The STT based tracker remained the reference baseline design for DUNE-ND till July [DUNE CDR Volume 4] ² Successfully passed the technical and DOE CD1 reviews. ² DUNE ND Design Review, May 28-29, 2015, Home.aspx ² Director s CD-1 Refresh Review of LBNF-DUNE, June 2-4, 2015, Director%27s%20CD-1%20Refresh%20Review%20of%20LBNF-DUNE,%20June%202-4,% aspx ² DOE CD-1 Refresh Review of LBNF-DUNE, July 14-16, 2015, DOE%20CD-1%20Refresh%20Review%20of%20LBNF-DUNE,%20July% ,% aspx ² : DUNE-ND design effort focused on: ² Enhancing the capability of the reference ND design. ² Possible designs include a hybrid detector with a modular liquid Ar TPC followed by a magnetized low density tracker. 2 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

DUNE-Near Detector (post 2015) ² Possibility of a hybrid detector: ² A LArTPC upstream: Same nuclear target and similar detector response

² A downstream low density tracker with a magnetic field, a 4 π calorimeter and a muon detector to provide detailed neutrino interaction

² Final recommendation of the DUNE-ND Study group (Docdb #8184) : LArTpc followed by a High Pressure Gaseous TPC (HPgTPC) + 3 Dimensional

² However, best options considering the physics output (as per recommendation) ² LArTPC+ Dipole with 3DST and HPgTPC + KLOE with STT ²

3 DUNE-Near Detector (post 2015) ² Possibility of a hybrid detector: ² A LArTPC upstream: Same nuclear target and similar detector response as the far detector. ~30 tons of fiducial volume. ² A downstream low density tracker with a magnetic field, a 4 π calorimeter and a muon detector to provide detailed neutrino interaction information. ² Final recommendation of the DUNE-ND Study group (Docdb #8184) : LArTpc followed by a High Pressure Gaseous TPC (HPgTPC) + 3 Dimensional Scintillator Tracker (3DST) in a single magnetic volume. A new dipole magnet for a the low density tracker. ² However, best options considering the physics output (as per recommendation) ² LArTPC+ Dipole with 3DST and HPgTPC + KLOE with STT ² Would provide capability to have one MPT on axis at all time while the other moves together with the LArTPC off-axis (DUNE-PRISM) STT will allow the possibility of having different nuclear targets such as Fe, C, Ca, H etc which will significantly enhance the physics potential of the DUNE-ND complex. 3 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

Physics Potential of a STT based Tracker ² Determine the relative abundance and energy spectrum of the four species in LBNF beam: ν µ,ν µ,ν e, and through CC-interactions.

4 Physics Potential of a STT based Tracker ² Determine the relative abundance and energy spectrum of the four species in LBNF beam: ν µ,ν µ,ν e, and through CC-interactions. ² Prediction of FD/ND ( ) fluxes to ~ 1% ² Determination of the absolute and fluxes to ~ 3% ² Measure cross-sections and exclusive topologies of NC and CC interactions ² Event by event NC/CC separation as a function of hadronic energy E had π 0 ν e E ν γ ν µ ν µ ² Measurement of and yields in both NC and CC to better than 5% π ± / K ± π ± / K ± µ ± ² Measurement of in CC and NC to constrain decays. ² Measure exclusive and semi-exclusive NC and CC ν-ar interactions: Quasi-elastic, single π, Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) and coherent pion production. ² Backgrounds to appearance and disappearance channels. ν Ar ν Ar ² Calibration of the absolute energy scale in and interactions. ν ν E ν δ CP ² Quantify vs asymmetries in scale, flux and interactions cross-sections for ² Further tuning and optimization of the detector is still possible: ² E.g., for precision measurement of fundamental neutrino (anti-neutrino) interactions with matter such as free nucleon (H). See Roberto s talk. ν 4 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

STT Based DUNE Near Detector Concept ² Four components detector: ² An active low density (0.1 g/cm 3 ) straw tube tracker (STT) in a 0.4 T magnetic field with embedded high pressure argon gas targets.

5 STT Based DUNE Near Detector Concept ² Four components detector: ² An active low density (0.1 g/cm 3 ) straw tube tracker (STT) in a 0.4 T magnetic field with embedded high pressure argon gas targets. ² Tunable thin target(s) spread over entire tracking volume: Target mass ~ 7 ton ² Combined particle ID and tracking for precise reconstruction and 4-momenta de/dx : Proton ID, Transition Radiation: e - /e + ID, ² 4π lead-plastic scintillator ECAL in dipole B field ² Transverse and longitudinal segmentation. ² Energy resolution: 6%/ E (GeV) for downstream ECAL; Time resolution: 1 ns for E > 100 MeV ² 4π RPC based muon detector µ + / µ ² identification. π ±, K ± γ LBNF: Large statistics ~ 10 8 ν Interactions in 5 5 yrs STT A compact version (volume ~49 m 3 ) with a fiducial mass of ~ 5 tons, X 0 ~3.5 m in a 0.6 T (in KLOE magnet for example) will provide similar physics opportunities as in the CDR. Magnet coils 5 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

Straw Tube Tracker (STT) ² Proven Technology: Improve on NOMAD low density spectrometer ü Small cylindrical drift tubes insensitive to track angles ü More sampling points along the track: x 6

6 Straw Tube Tracker (STT) ² Proven Technology: Improve on NOMAD low density spectrometer ü Small cylindrical drift tubes insensitive to track angles ü More sampling points along the track: x 6 perpendicular to beam axis and x2 along the beam axis. Efficient proton reconstruction down to 250 MeV/c, particle identification via de/dx and Transition Radiation. Proton and electron identification with little background. ² STT design:. ü Straws are arranged in double layers of 336 straws glued together (epoxy glue) inserted in C-fiber composite frames. ü Double module assembly (XX+YY) with FE electronic (each XX+YY tracking module ~ X 0 ) ü Operate with 70%/30% Ar/CO 2 gas mixture ν(ν ) ² Main target is in the form of multiple thin polypropylene foils (radiator targets) ü Account for more than 95% of the STT mass. Tunable for desired statistics and resolutions. ü Can provide excellent vertex, angular and timing resolutions. ü Radiators can be replaced by thin nuclear targets: C, Ca, Ar, Fe, etc. 6 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

7 STT R&D Effort in India 7 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

The Electromagnetic Calorimeter ² Reconstruction of e + /e -, with accuracy comparable to and FD Containment of > 90% of shower energy; energy resolution < ² Sampling

5 cm x 1 cm plastic scintillator bars readout at both ends by 1 mm diameter extruded WLS fibers and SiPMs. Downstream ECAL: 60 layers with 1.75 mm Pb plates. 20 X 0.

8 The Electromagnetic Calorimeter ² Reconstruction of e + /e -, with accuracy comparable to and FD Containment of > 90% of shower energy; energy resolution < ² Sampling electromagnetic calorimeter with Pb absorbers and alternating horizontal and vertical (XYXYXY ) 3.2 m x 2.5 cm x 1 cm plastic scintillator bars readout at both ends by 1 mm diameter extruded WLS fibers and SiPMs. Downstream ECAL: 60 layers with 1.75 mm Pb plates. 20 X 0. Barrel ECAL: Will surround the sides of the STT. 18 layers with 3.5 mm of Pb. 10 X 0. Upstream ECAL: 18 layers with 3.5 mm Pb.10 X 0. γ µ + / µ 6% / E (GeV) Mass: 21.7 tons Barrel ECAL Module Downstream ECAL 8 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

ECAL Optimization and Performance Geant 4 based detector optimization: different thickness of the scintillator bars, different absorber material such as Pb, SS and Cu.

9 ECAL Optimization and Performance Geant 4 based detector optimization: different thickness of the scintillator bars, different absorber material such as Pb, SS and Cu. Downstream ECAL Energy Resolution: 6% energy resolution could be conservative: simulation does not include electronics noise, detector inefficiency. Downstream ECAL Linear Energy Response Maharnab Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati 9 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

ECAL Readout Maharnab Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati We propose to use MPPCs to readout the scintillator bars MPPCs (Multi-Pixel Photon Counters) are used in the T2K ECAL ~56,000 (Hamamatsu

5 x 10 5 ) with V O ~70 V Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) at 550 nm: ~25 % Dark count rate: < 1.3 Mcps (25 C) at threshold 0.5 p.e. Simulation and MPPC characterization is required to ensure MPPC model meets the design requirement.

10 ECAL Readout Maharnab Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati We propose to use MPPCs to readout the scintillator bars MPPCs (Multi-Pixel Photon Counters) are used in the T2K ECAL ~56,000 (Hamamatsu S C) used 1.3 x 1.3 mm 2 active area, 667 pixels (50 µm pixel pitch), ceramic device Gain (7.5 x 10 5 ) with V O ~70 V Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) at 550 nm: ~25 % Dark count rate: < 1.3 Mcps (25 C) at threshold 0.5 p.e. Simulation and MPPC characterization is required to ensure MPPC model meets the design requirement. Similar MPPCs (Hamamatsu S CS) can be adopted for DUNE-ND ECAL. 1.3 x 1.3 mm 2 active area, 667 pixels (50 µm pixel pitch), ceramic device Improved Gain (1.7 x 10 6 ) at lower V O ~53 V better PDE at 450 nm: ~40 % ( nm spectral range) Lower Dark count rate: 270 kcps (max.) at threshold 0.5 p.e. MPPC (left) Typical schematic model (right) 10 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

ECAL Readout Maharnab Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati ² Simulation and testing of each step of readout ASIC HVPS Detect or Biasing DAC + Preamplifi er Shape r Analo g Memor y ADC Designing the HVPS, HV

Characterization of the MPPCs with those readout modules Comparing the tested designs/prototypes with existing ASICs (TripT, SPIROC, EASIROC); possible industry collaboration; improvement/development

11 ECAL Readout Maharnab Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati ² Simulation and testing of each step of readout ASIC HVPS Detect or Biasing DAC + Preamplifi er Shape r Analo g Memor y ADC Designing the HVPS, HV DAC, Pre-amplification stages with current/voltage sensor, temperature/ humidity sensor circuits into modules each with 4 to 16 ch. with good sig-noise ratio. Characterization of the MPPCs with those readout modules Comparing the tested designs/prototypes with existing ASICs (TripT, SPIROC, EASIROC); possible industry collaboration; improvement/development of newer ones. FPGAs (depending on timing resolution, data transfer speed) specifications study to be done in the near future Prototyping of module for single MPPC with HVPS, DAC without the amplification stages under development 11 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

12 ECAL Readout Maharnab Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati ² HV Biasing and PS first prototype: Probe & Oscilloscope noise measurements Vp-p limit up to mv 12 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

13 EM Shower Reconstruction Parismita Das & Hussain Rashiwala, IIT Guwahati ² Develop shower reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct a single π 0 as a function of energy. Gamma 1 π 0 Gamma2 13 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

EM Shower Reconstruction Parismita Das & Hussain Rashiwala, IIT Guwahati Obtain the vertex and angular separation by: Finding plane with max variance and projecting all points to that plane Rotating

14 EM Shower Reconstruction Parismita Das & Hussain Rashiwala, IIT Guwahati Obtain the vertex and angular separation by: Finding plane with max variance and projecting all points to that plane Rotating the plane to xz plane such that data becomes 2D Applying hough transform to get 1st line Gamma2 Fitting cone to the 1st line (in the plane) Dbscan to get biggest cluster 14 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

4T ² Return yoke with 8+8 C section: ² 6 x 100 mm steel plates, 50 mm gaps (960 tons) ² 4 vertical Cu coils (168 tons) made of 8 double

15 The Dipole Magnet See Sanjay Malhotra s talk ² Design based on UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet ² Magnetic volume: 4.5 m x 4.5 m x 8.1 m, nominal B = 0.4T ² Return yoke with 8+8 C section: ² 6 x 100 mm steel plates, 50 mm gaps (960 tons) ² 4 vertical Cu coils (168 tons) made of 8 double pancake ² Power requirement for nominal field 2.43 MW, water flow for coil cooling: 20 l/s C yokes (8+8) Steel plates 100 mm x 6 Air gaps 50 mm x 5 15 Cu coils (4) Barrel ECAL (8+8 modules) Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

The Muon Detector ² Require to measure absolute and relative and spectra separately ² Identify muons exiting the tracking volume π ² 4 muon detector with < 1 mm space resolution ν µ ν µ ² Bakelite

16 The Muon Detector ² Require to measure absolute and relative and spectra separately ² Identify muons exiting the tracking volume π ² 4 muon detector with < 1 mm space resolution ν µ ν µ ² Bakelite RPC chambers 2m x 1m (432 in total) with 7.65 (7.5) mm X(Y) strips in avalanche or streamer mode ² Instrument magnet yoke (3 planes) and downstream (5 planes) and upstream (3 planes) stations RPC tray 2.2 m wide 4x6 = 24 chambers RPC tray 2.5 m wide 8x6 = 48 chambers RPC tray 2.8 m wide 8x6 = 48 chambers RPC tray 3.1 m wide 4x6 = 24 chambers Significant expertise in India for the RPC based muon detector 16 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

17 The Muon Detector 17 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

18 Summary ² The STT based tracker volume will significantly enhance the physics capability of the DUNE-ND complex. ² Very good charged particle tracking via the STT, good charged separation. ² Good momentum/energy resolution via STT/ECAL ² Good hadron discrimination, muon-id via RPC based muon detectors ² Possibility of measuring neutral pions and their energies: important for controlling NC background. ² FGT provides redundancy in absolute flux measurements via ² NC elastic scattering off electrons: ² Inverse Muon Decay (IMD) interactions: νe νe ² Quasi-elastic (QE) CC interactions in the limit ² DUNE-ND with many sub-detectors ν µ e µ ν e Q 2 0 :ν µ n µ p ² Possibility of involvement of many nations, many institutions in the construction and operation of the DUNE-ND. A truly collaborative project. ² A STT based tracker volume will yield more than 100 PhD thesis topics for training the next generation of physicists. ² Possibility of using Fe as the target material in STT which will be extremely important for INO. 18 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

19 Backup 19 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

FGT Readout Electronics ² Near Detector should cater pulse structure of the beam (~ 9.6 spill) and provide GPS time stamp to identify origin and nature of events.

20 FGT Readout Electronics ² Near Detector should cater pulse structure of the beam (~ 9.6 spill) and provide GPS time stamp to identify origin and nature of events. ² Fast readout electronics for STT, ECAL and muon detector (rise time a few ns) with time stamping (resolution ~ 1 ns) and charge measurements. ² STT and ECAL: total charge and time associated with a given hit, in-sync with beam spill triggers. ² MuID RPCs: provide the position and time associated with a traversing track. ² Expected rates per spill are ~0.2 events/ton. ² Negligible pile-up due to size ~ 160 m 3 and timing resolution ~ 1 ns ² STT, ECAL and the backward RPC can define various triggers ² Hits stored in pipelines for a later decision µs 20 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

21 FGT Detector Performance Expectation (GeV) PID Performance 21 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

22 Event rates at FGT (5 years ν run) ² Assuming 1.8 x 10 7 seconds/year as a the operational duration of the LBNF beam with 120 GeV protons from the Main Injector with 700 kw ² A 5-year run will yield 3.2 x protons-on-target (POT) 22 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

23 23 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

24 24 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

25 Straw Tube Tracker (STT) ² Proven Technology: Improve on NOMAD low density spectrometer ü Small cylindrical drift tubes insensitive to track angles ü More sampling points along the track: x 6 perpendicular to beam axis and x2 along the beam axis. Efficient proton reconstruction down to 250 MeV/c, particle identification via de/dx and Transition Radiation. Proton and electron identification with little background. ² STT design parameters: ü Straw inner diameter: ± mm ü Straw walls 70 ± 5 μm Kapton 160XC370/100HN (ρ =1.42, x 0 = 28.6 cm, each straw < X 0 ) ü Gold plated tungsten wire: 20 μm diameter; wire tension around 50 g. ü Straws are arranged in double layers of 336 straws glued together (epoxy glue) inserted in C-fiber composite frames. ü Double module assembly (XX+YY) with FE electronic (each XX+YY tracking module ~ X 0 ) ü Operate with 70%/30% Ar/CO 2 gas mixture ü Readout at both ends of straws (IO and FE boards on all sides of each XX + YY STT module). VMM2 ASIC chip developed at BNL can be used to readout. ü 160 modules arranged into 80 double modules over ~ 6.4 m (total 107,520 straws) 25 Bipul Bhuyan High Resolution Fine Grained Tracker: Indian Interest in DUNE-ND

Neutrino Oscillations Physics at DUNE

Neutrino Oscillations Physics at DUNE for the DUNE Collaboration Neutrino Oscillation Workshop September 6, 2016 You Inst Logo DUNE: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment dunescience.org DUNE has broad