Technical Features and Thermal Efficiencies of Various Flat Plate Solar Collectors

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1 l Pdgs Cml Blgl d Evml Egg Vlm 94 PCBEE (06) DO: 0.776/PCBEE. 06. V94. l s d ml Es Vs l Pl l Clls Ky d l Dm Egy ysms Egg ly lgy vsy dym dym y bs. l l sl lls dly sd slyg dms dsl ls ld. s lls vd y bg md gy ss. s s dmd by sdy s lls xmly d.0 ms m bl d l l gs l PG d ly svly g. l s d ml s d y l l sl d ll () sysms s s ll ls (ys) xgs d sg s sd s s. Bsds ll dl ll l l gl d d l y lyss mds s s gy bl md d mld md s dsssd s. s sl g ml s d s 46% 88% d 95% ll l l gd 04 mm ll d vl svly. Kyds: l W Cll l Cll l H l Pl Cll.. d W s sd slds dmly dg g d yg ss s s bg d sg dss. E s sld s ls 0 bl dy l s sl yg. W s ls dd b d m ssy g d yg. s dg dy s xmly sm mg s s vg b lss dg slds []. D ss mlyd g. Hv ms dvlg s sls -bl ss gy vlbl lbl xsv. bl gy ss sl gy s ms g. s gy lls dd sysms b sd d sssss ml vs md sss sml lgy []. l gy vd gd s bd d xsbl. dd s xsbl sl gy s dvg bg s llg gy. s gy ld b ssd svl ys. ms msg gy ms sl lls ml vs b sd dms d dsl ls. s ls dvlg ms dly d bss smll b gg dsy []. Clls sl sss. sl ll gy s m ds s d gy ld s s l gy by sg PCM [4-0]. lx d d s bs xmly 00 W/m ( l ) d s vbl. vlg g s m 0. μm s sdbly s md d m ms gy bsbg ss. s lyss sl lls ss blms l d vbl gy lxs d lvly lg m d. l l lls b dsgd Csdg. l: ; x: E-ml ddss: y@dym.d. 4

2 ls g gy dlvy md ms s 00 C bv mb m. y s b bm d ds sl d d g s d ll m. mj ls s s sl g bldg g dg d dsl ss [ ]. m l l lls ml sss s s ml m s d sdbl dl. s s d dvl dsdg m s [ 4]. My ys vl sl lls ml bsb ls d glss vs dly sd sms sl gy g dms ls d dsl sss y d ld [5 6]. s lls v g y d y xmly d.0 ms m bl md gy ss s s d l l gs l PG d ly svly g dms ls y [7].. l lyss mm dl ll l gl (ll l sl) y l b md by sg Es d. dl ll y sl s gg dds ld l dl gl d mb dy [7]. ll symbls sd s dsbd Nml. ( ) () 84 45s60 () 65 Bslly l l sl lls d s sdy-s ds (g. ). s ds ml m y sl ll s dsbd by m gy bl ds dsb d sl gy sl gy g ml s d l s (g. d ) [ 5 8 9]. sl g by ll b xssd s: g. : Ds l l sl ll (m s d gl s xgs). g. : Evl ml l l sl ll. s () s b b (b) g. : ml l l sl ll ms d v d d () d ms sss b ls (b) (4) (5) (6) 5

3 (7) b (8) b (9) m (0) ms ll m s ll y dd s sl g v y m d d sl d v sm d s d y s s () s () m Es ( 0 d ) m () dd ml y l l sl ll b dmd by sg sm mld s s dsssd bl. s v d y ls l sl gy g ll sl g l ll s ld l m. s s y s lld ll mvl. l sl gy g d ll mvl b xssd s D (4) (5) m (6) m (7) m (8) s ll vll. ml gy ls m ll sdgs by d v d d d. s l sm gy g bm b d dg lls gv bl (g. d ) [5] : b b (9) gy g s sl v d d b lll ls. m ll l mb s m 6

4 (0) () () () (4) (5) Bsds b d ms b bd m s s lls [0]:.8 (6) (7) b b b b (8) 4 b b b b (9) b b 4 (0) 4 b () 4 0 s vy smll d glgbl s b b b b b () b b b b b () (4) d d d s sl lls ss s s bl ms b sd [5]. 7

5 g (5) m (6) m (7) P (8) m P g (9) g (40) 580 s s 708 s 708 s8 44 / 6 N (4) N (4) (4) (44) (45) d s dvld by Kl. s ls lld by sg s (46). s s gvs sm sls vy smll d glgbl ds []. C (46) E (46) (47) C (48) (49) s sl s l lyss sld b d lld ml y y l l sl ll by sg m gy bl s (E. ) mld s (E. 49) gv sm sls vy smll ds. gl sls m gy bl s xmly % g sls mld s. 8

6 . sls Vs l Pl l Clls x d sl s v dsgd md d sd []. gs ml y s dms s 46%. dl l l sl ll xmd 5 (dl l gl m E. d ) 0 5 d 40 l gls. s s m sl mxmm d mmm s bd s % 40 d % 6 5 d 40 l gls svly [7]. sm ms ml s l l sl lls vsgd []. s s s lmm d ll ls gg b 56%...68%. dd s d bl slv bsb s s ml y s 7.% sm glss s y s 9.7% d l ld b bsb d sl g y s.% d ml md glss v dvl y s 9.6. bl slv s l sl ll sysm b d s l l lsd msy sysm mm 04 ld--ld xg s dsgd md d sd [ 4]. y ll y d xgs sly vsgd. sls sd y ll y zl y d vl y xgs 6% 9% d % svly. y mb b ll y d xgs ls dd s 8% d % zl d vl xgs svly. y mm 04 sl lls s s dy y y d sg y s dsgd md d sd [5]. sls sd ml s dy y sg y d y % % d 4% svly. gs y s d y ll s ld (mx 60% d 40% gll) b s. dms y 04 slss sl mm l l sl ll b dly d sszd y l sysm d m PCM (s g ml) ld sd ll dg g s dsgd sd d sd [6]. s sls sd ml y ll s dd s.5% d 6.0% l ld sd d ls svly. d lls md 04 m mm ld b dly d y s m s md s xms [7]. P dms lls 0mm 5mm d mm. s s ll ls xmd y. sd s sszd d sld vl s d ll ls d sd. sls sd s ll ls 67% 74% d 77% 0mm 5mm d mm dms svly. Vl s sdl y s d s 70%. vg y mb b ll l mm dm d s dmd s 54%. l l sl ll md m m y slss sl mm 04 dsgd sd d sd [8]. s sl ml y ll s dd s 50 % d 64 % g b s ll d mx -z svly. ml y l l d sld vl s ls dmd s 95%. vg y mb b ll l (l g ll -z) d s dmd s 6%. gd sl ll l s l l d md 04 m mm l s vsgd. y ll l s dmd s 88% [9]. 4. Clss ) l l ll ls sld b ld by sdg dl ll l gl. ) Hg l l sl ll sld b sd g. 9

7 ) Cgd d md 04 mm sl ll l sld b d. 4) Nl l ms ll sysms sld b sd. 5) Nl l d sld vl sld b d. 6) s vd s l l lsd ms ll sysms d xgs. 5. Nml : Cll m : Cll dg s m : ld s s ss J/(g.K) D : Cll ds d sdg : Cll mvl g : Gvl l m/s : Cv s b v d mb W/(m.K) b :Cv s b bmdg d mb W/(m.K) : Cv s b l d v W/(m.K) b : d s b bmdg d mb W/(m.K) : d s b v d mb W/(m.K) : d s b l d v W/(m.K) : Wd s W/(m.K) : d sl d W/m : ml dvy b l d v W/(m.K) b : Bm-dg sl ml dvy W/(m.K) b : Bm-dg sl ss m m : lg b l d v m : ld mss l g/s : Nmb v; dy y ( 65) N : Nssl Nmb P : Pdl mb : ml gy s W b : ml gy s g bm-dg W : Ol gy s W : ml gy s g W s : d sl W : sl ml g W : ylg mb b : Bm-dg ss (m.k)/w : Ol ss (m.k)/w : ss (m.k)/w 6. s 4 : sss (m.k)/w : bsbd sl d W/m : mb m K b : Bm-dg s m K : Cv m K : ld l m K b : ld m b- K b : ld m b- K : ld m - K : ld m - K s... s0 : Bl d s m s- s-0 K : ld l m K : Pl s m K m : M m K b : Bm-dg W/(m.K) : Cll vll W/(m.K) : W/(m.K) : Wd sd m/s G : ml dsvy b l d v : Pl bs : dl (mm) ll l l gl (ll l sl) (0 80 ) ( >90 ms s s dd g m) : Vlm xs b l d v ( dl gs = /m) : d gl l ( gl l s sv; ) δ : Dl gl (-.45 δ.45 ) : m ds b l d v K : Cv m : Pl m : Cll ml y : Km vssy b l d v m /s : -Blzm s (5.67x0-8 ) W/(m.K 4 ) : Cv sm : sm-bs d [] M. N. Nd d E. H. Ms. mbl sl l sg. Bldg d Evm. 005 (40): 7-4. []. Ky. Pm vs dsg sl s dyg ls. bl Egy. 006 (): [] M. Hzm. Kl M. z. d. Blg. Pm sl sg ll. Dsl. 0

8 005 (8): [4] P.C. Ems d P.W. Gs. ml bv gd sl ll/sg 65 0C s g ml. Egy Cvs d Mgm. 006 (47): 6 68 [5] H. M.. Hss H. H. El-Gy d.. Nd. Exml vsg vl d sl d PCM ml sg d g. Egy Cvs d Mgm. 008 (49): [6] M. Mzm.. Cbz H. Mlg M. Ngs H. Evly d H. Ö. Psy. lz s g mls sl dms sysms. bl Egy [7] W. m. B d E. Hl. ml m PCM ml sg gd sl g sysm. l Egy. 005 (78): [8]. m V. V. yg C.. C d D. Bdd. v ml gy sg s g mls d ls. bl d sbl Egy vs. 007 (): [9]. l D. Bdd d.. y. l s s g ml ml gy sg mdm: v. bl d sbl Egy vs. 009 (): 9 5. [0] E. lmsy d. Kbs. PCM sg sl DHW: llld ms?. l Egy. 008 (8): [].O. Eb. ml lyss l l sl s g ml gy sg. bl Egy. 00 (8): []. Külü. Özmz d. Blg. ml m -s g ml sl ll. bl Egy. 00 (6): [] J.. D d W.. Bm. l gg ml ss. J Wly & s d. 99 N Y. [4] M. my P. C. Ems d B. N. gd ll sg sl s. bl d sbl Egy vs. 006 (0): [5]. Ky d M. l. Em lyss l Pl l Clls lyg H W y ( s). 7. Nl gll Mz Cgss Pdgs mb y. [6] N. M. N. Y d m d l l l y sl d. Egy d Bldgs. 00 (5): [7]. Ky. Eğm çılıı Düz Yüzyl Hv sııı Güş Kllöl Vml Üz El ( s) O.M.Ü. Z.. Dgs 7 () [8] yms EN (E Nms) 97-. ml sl sysms d ms-l lls-p : s Mds l 00. [9]. B. P.. Dy d E.. bdl zz. Pm sg d ys ld l l lls.. J. Egy s. 000 (4): 0-5. [0] M. N. Bg. dl.. Dm d M. Bll. vy ml ms sl sysm sd g gll gss M. bl Egy. 000 (0): []. Ky. Pm Vs Dsg l Hs C Dyg ls bl Egy 006 (7) []. Ky Y. Pı d. l. E m Cms Pm l Pl l W Clls gll Mz s d m (M)4 () []. Ky Y. Pı d. l. Ey l W H ysm Wdly sd Dms ls y d. Exgy Egy d Evm ymsm (EEE 007) -5 Jly 007 Ev Pgl. [4]. Ky Y. Pı d. ül. Dğl Dlşımlı v Klı Güşl sııı sml İç Kllıl Eşjöl Vml Bllms ( s) ım Mlı Blm Dgs () [5]. l d. Ky. Dsg M d s Nvl y l Pl l W Clls. Egy d Evml lgy ysms C (CC 008) 5-7 My 008 sbl y.

9 [6]. Ky d. l. ml Pm Dms Cmm l W Cll Ps Cg Ml Pd-l d Bvl s [7]. Ky K. E. Eg. İ. Ky. ül M.. B d N. Yüçüv H. ğı. Km B Güşl sııısıı sımı Yımı v Dms ( s) ım Mlı Blm Dgs (Jl gll My ) () [8]. Ky. l d Y. Pı v Y.B. Yl. Bsıçlı çı sm Düz Yüzyl B Güş Klöüü sımı Yımı v Dms ( s) ımsl Mzsy 5. lsl Kgs s üy. [9]. Ky d.i. Ky v K.E. Eg. dıym Yösd Kllıl Oll Klöü Vm Bllms ( s) 9. lsl ımsl Mzsy v Ej Kgs Eylül 05 Dybı üy.