Discovery of Nuclei at and beyond the proton dripline. Michael Thoennessen FRIB/NSCL Michigan State University
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1 Discovery of Nuclei at and beyond the proton dripline Michael Thoennessen FRIB/NSCL Michigan State University
2 Why search for new isotopes? First step is the discovery of new isotopes Develop new production, identification and purification techniques As techniques become more routine and beam intensities increase, one can start to measure nuclear properties: Lifetimes Masses Structure The quest for the unknown is a driving force for discovery
3 Discovery potential Nuclear Chart in 1966 Less than1000 known New territory to be explored today about 3000 known isotopes
4 Renaissance of the discovery of isotopes Owing to the rapid advance in research on disintegration and the theory of nuclear structure, the existence or non-existence of rare isotopes has acquired an entirely unexpected importance and calls for a short review of their present situation. F.W. Aston, Nature 137, 613 (1936)
5 Discoveries are driven by new technologies First accelerators Mass spectroscopy Radioactivity WWII Reactors Fusion evaporation Projectile fragmentation M. T. and B.M. Sherrill, Nature 473 (2011) 25
6 Timeline Movie
7 Fusion evaporation reactions M. Thoennessen, Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (2004) 1187
8 Fusion-evaporation Phys. Rev. 80 (1950) 486 Phys. Rev. 81 (1951) U( 12 C,4n) 246 Cf
9 Projectile fragmentation Fragments were detected in a zero-degree magnetic spectrometer and identified in a ΔE-E silicon detector telescope Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 (1979) 40
10 Projectile fragmentation at the proton dripline M. Langevin et al., Nucl. Phys. A455 (1986) 149
11 First new isotope produced with an accelerator 7 Li + p 8 Be 2α J.D. Cockcroft and E.T.S. Walton, Nature 129 (1932) 649
12 Unbound nuclei 9 B: First proton unbound isotope 6 Be, 7 B, and 8 C: 2,3, and 4-proton unbound isotopes
13 1940: First proton unbound nucleus: 9 B 9 Be(p,n) 9 B R.O. Haxby et al., Phys. Rev. 58 (1940) 1035
14 1957: Two-proton unbound nucleus: 6 Be 6 Li(p,n) 6 Be G.F. Bogdanov et al., J. Nucl. Ener. 8 (1958) 148
15 1967: Three-proton unbound nucleus: 7 B 10 B( 3 He, 6 He) 7 B R.L. McGrath et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 (1967) 1442
16 1974: Four-proton unbound nucleus: 9 C 12 C(α, 8 He) 8 C R.G.H. Robertson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 32 (1974) 1207
17 1970: Proton radioactivity 16 O( 40 Ca,p2n) 53 Co 54 Fe(p,2n) 53 Co K.P. Jackson et al., Phys. Lett. 33B (1970) 281 J. Cerny et al., Phys. Lett. 33B (1970) 284
18 1982: Ground-state proton radioactivity 96 Ru( 58 Ni,p2n) 151 Lu S. Hofmann et al., Z. Phys. A 305 (1982) 111
19 2002: Two-proton radioactivity 600 MeV/A 58 Ni fragmentation 12 events 75 MeV/A 58 Ni fragmentation M. Pfuetzner et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 14 (2002) 279 J. Giovinazzo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002)
20 Mapping the proton dripline: Z<13 I. Mukha et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) V.Z. Goldberg et al., Phys. Lett. B692 (2010) 307
21 12<Z<31 Tu 15:20 Xiaodong Xu Mo 15:20 Beatriz Fernandez Dominguez C.L. Woods et al., Nucl. Phys. A484 (1988) 145
22 30<Z<52 J.C. Batchelder et al., Phys. Rev C 48 (1993) 2593 A.M. Rogers et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 2525
23 51<Z<84
24 No conference proceedings NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece MSU A1200 fragment separator
25 Isotopes discovered in China
26 83<Z< W(40Ar,4n)R. Hingmann et al. Z. Phys. A 313(1983) 141 why not 184W(40Ar,4n or 5n) to 221 and 220U Y. Wakabayashi et al., RIKEN Accel. Pro
27 Four-proton radioactivity M. Thoennessen, Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (2004) 1187
28 Known isotopes
29 Five-year running average
30 How many more nuclides are there? 7000 bound nuclide should exist (Erler et al.,nature 486 (2012) 509)
31 How can new nuclides be discovered?
32 Discovery potential M. Thoennessen, Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (2004) 1187
33 Summary and outlook FRIB construction is on schedule: Project completion June 2022 Early completion in December 2020 FRIB will most likely not discover new elements But FRIB could reach neutron-rich isotopes of superheavy elements towards N =184 Research program is user driven Users are organized as part of the independent FRIB Users Organization with over 1400 members Please join at
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