On the geometry of higher order Lagrange spaces.
|
|
- Thomasina Copeland
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 On the geometry of higher order Lagrange spaces. By Radu Miron, Mihai Anastasiei and Ioan Bucataru Abstract A Lagrange space of order k 1 is the space of accelerations of order k endowed with a regular Lagrangian. For theses spaces we discuss: certain natural geometrical structures, variational problem associated to a given regular Lagrangian and the induced semispray, nonlinear connection, metrical connections. A special attention is paid to the prolongations of the Riemannian and Finslerian structures. In the end we sketch the geometry of time dependent Lagrangian. The geometry, which we have developed, is directed to Mechanicists and Physicists. The paper is a brief survey of our results in the higher order geometry. For details we refer to the monograph [3]. AMS Subject Classification: 53C60, 53C80, 58A20, 58A30. Introduction In the last twenty years the problem of the geometrisation of higher order Lagrangians was intensively studied for its applications in Mechanics, Theoretical Physics, Variational Calculus, etc. These Lagrangians are defined on k-jets spaces. The theory had as consequence the appearance of the notion of higher order Lagrange space introduced by R.Miron in [3]. The geometry of these spaces derives from the principles of the Higher Order Mechanics. The integral of action for a Lagrangian leads to a canonical k- semispray from which one constructs the whole geometry of the Lagrange space L (k)n. 1
2 1 The k-osculator bundle of a manifold. In this section we consider the bundle of jets of order k for the maps from IR to a manifold M usually denoted by J0 k(m) or T k M. In order to stress that we encounter only this jet bundle and for some historical reasons we call it the k-osculator bundle and denote it by (Osc k M, π k, M). For a local chart (U, ϕ = (x i )) in p M its lifted local chart in u (π k ) 1 (p) will be denoted by ((π k ) 1 (U), Φ = (x i, y i,..., y (k)i )). For each u = (x, y,..., y (k) ) E := Osc k M, the natural basis of the tangent space T u E is { x i u, y i u,..., y (k)i u}. The summation over repeated indices will be implied. We have k-canonical surjective submersion π k : Osc k M M and πα k : Osc k M Osc α M, α {1,..., k 1} which are locally expressed by π k : (x, y,..., y (k) ) (x) and πα k : (x, y,..., y (k) ) (x, y,..., y (α) ). ach of them determines a vertical distribution V α+1 E = Ker(πα) k, where (πα) k is the tangent map associated to πα, k α {0, 1,..., k 1}. The tensor field: J = y i dxi + y (2)i dyi + + y (k)i dy(k 1)i is called the k-almost tangent structure on E. It has the properties: 1. J k+1 = 0, 2. ImJ α = KerJ k α+1 = V α E, 3. rank J α = (k α + 1)n, α {1, 2,..., k}. The vector fields Γ 1 = y i y (k)i, 2 Γ = y i + 2y(2)i y (k 1)i y (k)i,... k Γ = y i + 2y(2)i + + ky(k)i y i y (2)i y (k)i are called the Liouville vector fields and they are globally defined on E. A vector field S χ(e) is called a semispray or a k-semispray on E if JS = k Γ. The local expression of a semispray is: (1.1) S = y i x i + 2y(2)i + + ky(k)i (k + 1)Gi y i y (k 1)i y (k)i, where the functions G i are defined on every domain of local charts. We consider also the operator: (1.2) Γ = y i x i + 2y(2)i + + ky(k)i y i y (k 1)i. 2
3 2 Variational problem for the higher order Lagrangians As for Lagrangians of order one it can be considered the integral action for a Lagrangian of order k > 1. In this section we show how the variational problem associated to it leads to the Euler-Lagrange equations and to the Synge equations, as well. From the latter a semispray of order k is derived. A Lagrangian of order k, (k IN ), is a mapping L : E := Osc k M IR. L is called differentiable if it is of class C on Ẽ := E \ {0}, (0 denotes the null section of the k-osculator bundle) and continuous on the null section. The Hessian matrix of a differentiable Lagrangian L, with respect to y (k)i, on Ẽ has the elements g ij : (2.1) g ij = L y (k)i y (k)j One can see that g ij (x, y,..., y (k) ) is a symmetric d-tensor field.in general, a geometric object on Osc k M which behaves like a geometric object on M will be called a d- geometric object. If (2.2) rank g ij (x, y,..., y (k) ) = n on Ẽ we say that L(x, y,..., y (k) ) is a regular Lagrangian, otherwise we say that L is degenerate. For the beginning we consider the higher order differentiable Lagrangians without the regularity condition (2.2). The Lie derivatives of a differentiable Lagrangian L(x, y,..., y (k) ) with respect to the Liouville vector fields 1 Γ,..., k Γ determine the scalars (2.3) I 1 (L) = 1Γ L,..., I k (L) = kγ L. These are differentiable functions on Ẽ, called the main invariants of the Lagrangian L because of their importance in this theory. Let us consider a smooth parameterised curve c : [0, 1] M represented in the domain U of local chart by x i = x i (t), t [0, 1]. The integral of action for L(x, y,..., y (k) ) is (2.4) I(c) = 1 0 L(x(t), dx(t),..., 1 dt k! d k x(t) dt k )dt. 3
4 On the open set U we consider also the curves (2.5) c ε : t [0, 1] (x i (t) + εv i (t)) M, where ε is a real number, sufficiently small in absolute value so that Im c ε U, V i (t) = V i (x(t)) being a regular vector field on U, restricted to the curve c. We assume that all curves c ε have the same endpoints c(0) and c with the curve c and their derivatives of order 1,..., k 1 coincide at the points c(0) and c. Theorem 2.1 In order that the integral of action I(c) be an extremal value for the functional I(c ε ) it is necessary that the following Euler Lagrange equations hold: (2.6) Ei (L) := L x i d dt y i = dxi dt,..., y(k)i = 1 d k x i k! dt k L y i + + ( 1)k 1 k! d k dt k L y (k)i = 0 The curves c : [0, 1] M, solutions of equations (2.6), are called extremal curves of the integral action I(c). The equality (2.6) implies the following result: Theorem 2.2 Ei (L) is a d-covector field. Now let us consider a nondegenerate Lagrangian L with the fundamental tensor field g ij. We consider the d-covector field k 1 E i (L) of the following form (2.7) k 1 E i (L) = ( 1) k 1 1 (k 1)! { L L Γ( y (k 1)i y (k)i ) 2 k! g ij d k+1 x i }, dtk+1 where Γ is the operator (1.2). It follows Theorem 2.3 The system of differential equations (Synge equations) ij k 1 (2.8) g E j (L) = 0, determines a k-semispray S with the coefficients (2.9) (k + 1)G i = 1 { 2 gij Γ( L y (k)j ) L } y (k 1)j. 4
5 3 Higher order Lagrange spaces In the book [3], R.Miron defines the Lagrange spaces of order k as follows: A Lagrange space of order k is a pair L (k)n = (M, L), where M is a real n-dimensional manifold, L : Osc k M IR is a differentiable Lagrangian for which the fundamental tensor given by (2.1) satisfies (2.2) and the quadratic form ψ = g ij ξ i ξ j has the constant signature on Ẽ. We prove: Theorem 3.1 ([2], [3]) If the base manifold M is paracompact then there exist the Lagrange spaces of order k, L (k)n = (M, L), for which the fundamental tensor g ij is positively defined. Proof. M being a paracompact manifold, there exists at least a Riemannian structure γ ij on M. Denote by D the Levi-Civita connection of (M, γ) and by γjk i = γi kj the local coefficients of D. By a straightforward calculation one proves that: (3.1) z m = y m, z (2)m = 1 2 [Γzm + γ m ij z i z j ],, are d-vector fields. The Lagrangian z (k)m = 1 k [Γz(k 1)m + γ m ij z j z (k 1)i ] L(x, y,..., y (k) ) = γ ij (x)z (k)i z (k)j is defined on Ẽ, is a differentiable Lagrangian, and has the fundamental tensor g ij (x, y,..., y (k) ) = γ ij (x). Thus, the pair (M, L) is a Lagrange space of order k. q.e.d. In a Lagrange space L (k)n = (M, L) there exists a k-semispray on E, with the coefficients given by (2.9) which depends only on the fundamental function L. A nonlinear connection on the manifold E is a distribution on E, N : u E N(u) T u E which is supplementary to the vertical distribution V 1 : u E V 1 (u) T u E i.e. we have T u E = N(u) V 1 (u), u E. For a nonlinear connection N and for every u E the mapp (π k ),u N(u) : N(u) T π k (u)m is a linear isomorphism. Its inverse map will be denoted 5
6 by l h and is called the horizontal lift associated N. Set x i = l h( ). The xi linearly independent vector fields x 1,..., can be uniquely written in xn the form: (3.2) The functions N j i (α) x i = x i N j i y j N j i (k) y (k)j. (x, y,..., y (k) ), (α = 1,..., k) are called the coefficients of the nonlinear connection N and ( ), (i = 1,..., n) is called the adapted xi basis to the horizontal distribution N. Let be N α = J α (N) and y (α)i = J α ( ), α = 0,..., k 1. Then the following direct decomposition of linear xi spaces holds: (3.3) T u (E) = N 0 (u) N 1 (u) N k 1 (u) V k (u), u E. The basis adapted to this decomposition is (3.4) { x i,,..., y i }. y (k)i The dual basis of the adapted basis (3.4) is given by: (3.5) x i = dx i, y i = dy i + M i j y (k)i = dy (k)i + M i j dx j,..., dy (k 1)j + + M i j (k 1) dy j + M i j (k) dx j, where (3.6) M i j =N i j, Mj i =Nj i + Nm i Mj m,..., (2) (2) Mj i =Nj i + Nm i Mj m (k) (k) (k 1) The set of functions (Mj i (α) nonlinear connection N. + + Nm i Mj m + Nm i Mj m. (2) (k 2) (k 1) ) α=1,k are called the dual coefficients of the Theorem 3.2 (R.Miron, [3]) In a Lagrange space L (k)n = (M, L) there 6
7 exists a canonical nonlinear connection which has the dual coefficients (3.7) Mj i = Gi Mj i = 1 α (α) y (k)j S M i j (α 1) + M i m M m j, (α = 2,..., k). (α 1) Theorem 3.3 (I.Bucataru, [2]) Let S be a k-semispray with G i as coefficients. The system of functions: (3.8) Mj i = Gi y (k)j, M j i (2) = Gi y (k 1)j,..., M j i = Gi y (k) j, are the dual coefficients of a nonlinear connection N on the k-osculator bundle. For a nonlinear connection N, an N-linear connection is a linear connection D on E with the properties D preserves by parallelism the horizontal distribution N. (2) The k tangent structure J is absolutely parallel with respect to D. An N-linear connection D on E can be represented in the adapted basis (3.4), in the form (3.9) D x j D y (β)j x i =Lm ij x m, x i = C (β) m ij (α, β = 1,..., k). D x j x i, D y (β)j Theorem 3.4 The following properties hold: y (α)i =Lm ij, (α=1,...,k) y (α)m y (α)i = C (β) m ij y (α)m, 1 There exists a unique N-linear connection D on Ẽ verifying the axioms: (3.10) g ij h = 0, g ij (α) h = 0, (α = 1,..., k) 7
8 (3.11) i T jh = L i jh L i hj = 0, (0) i S jh = i C jh i C hj = 0, (α = 1,..., k). (α) (α) (α) 2 The coefficients CΓ(N) = (L i jh, C i jh,..., C (k) i jh ) of this connection are given by the generalised Christoffel symbols: (3.12) L m ij = 1 ( gis 2 gms x j + g sj x i g ) ij x s, m C ij = 1 ( gis (α) 2 gms y (α)j + g sj y (α)i g ij y (α)s ) (α = 1,..., k). 3 This connection depends only on the fundamental function L(x, y,..., y (k) ) of the space L (k)n. 4 The prolongation of the Riemannian and Finslerian structures to the higher order jets bundle In this section we shall give a solution for the difficult problem of the prolongation to the manifold Osc k M of the Riemannian and Finslerian structures, defined on the base manifold M, [3]. Let R n = (M, g) be a Riemannian space, g being a Riemannian metric defined on M, having the local coordinates g ij (x), x U M. We showed in the proof of the Theorem 3.1 that the Riemann structure g determines a regular Lagrangian L. Let S be the canonical semispray with the local coefficients G i given by (2.19). From Theorem 3.2 or 3.3 we obtain the dual coefficients of a nonlinear connection N associated to the Lagrange space L (k)n = (M, L). Now, we can use the canonical nonlinear connection N with the dual coefficients (M i j,..., M (k) i j ) and adapted cobasis (dx i, y i,..., y (k)i ) given by (3.5). Theorem 4.1 The pair Prol k R n = ( ) Osc k M, G, where (4.1) G = g ij (x)dx i dx j +g ij (x)y i y j + +g ij (x)y (k)i y (k)j, 8
9 is a Riemannian space of dimension (k + 1)n, whose metric structure G depends only on the structure g ij (x) of the apriori given Riemann space R n = (M, g). The existence of the Riemannian space Prol k R n = ( Osc k M, G) solves the posed problem. This space is called the prolongation of order k of the space R n = (M, g). Also, we say that G is Sasaki N lift of the Riemannian structure g. The prolongation of Finsler structures is obtained on a similar way. 5 Time dependent Lagrangians The case when a Lagrangian of order k > 1 explicitly depends on time was considered by M. Anastasiei in [1]. In this section the notion of time-dependent k-spray is introduced and characterised. Then it is shown that any time-dependent k-spray induces a nonlinear connection and any time dependent Lagrangian of order k determines a k-spray via the Euler- Lagrange equations. The explicit appearance of time is modelled by considering the manifold E = IR Osc k M projected over IR M by π(t, u) = (t, x), x = π k (u), u Osc k M. The local coordinates on E are those on Osc k M together with a new one t IR with the meaning of absolute time. Let πh k : IR Osck M R Osc h M, h < k, h, k IN, be given by (t, x, y,..., y (k) ) (t, x, y,..., y (h) ), π0 k := πk and V 1 = ker(π k ), V 2 = ker(π1 k),...,v k = ker(πk 1 k ), where (πh k) means the differential (tangent map) of the mapping πh k. Now, consider the linear operators J, J : T u E T u E defined with respect to the natural basis as follows: (5.1) J( ) = 0, J( t x i ) =,..., J( y i y (k 1)i ) =, J( y (k)i y (k)i ) = 0 J( t ) = k Γ, J( x i ) = A direct calculation gives y,..., J( i y (k 1)i ) = y, J( ) = 0. (k)i y (k)i Proposition 5.1 a) J( k Γ) = k 1 Γ,..., J( 2 Γ) = 1 Γ, J( 1 Γ) = 0. b) J} J {{ J} = 0. The same holds for J. k+1 times 9
10 c) J is an integrable k tangent structure. We notice that J is not integrable as k tangent structure. A time-dependent vector field on Osc k M is a smooth mapping X : IR Osc k M T (Osc k M), (t, u) X (t, u) T u (Osc k M), u Osc k M. It induces a vector field on IR Osc k M by setting X(t, u) = t + X (t, u). Definition 5.1 A time dependent k semispray is a vector field S = t + S, where S is a time dependent vector field on Osc k M verifying J S= Γ. k It is not difficult to see that J S= Γ k implies S= y i x i + 2y(2)i y i + + ky (k)i y (k 1)i (k + 1)Gi (t, x, y,..., y (k) ), where the form y (k)i of the last term was chosen for the sake of convenience. Thus we get Proposition 5.2 A time-dependent k-semispray is of the form (5.2) S = t + yi x i + 2y(2)i + + ky(k)i y i y (k 1)i (k + 1)G i (t, x, y (k)i,..., y (k) ) y (k)i. Proposition 5.3 A vector field S on E = IR Osc k M is a time-dependent k-semispray if and only if JS = k Γ, J(S) = 0. Let Ψ i = dx i y i dt, Ψ (2)i = dy i 2y (2)i dt,..., Ψ (k) = dy (k 1)i ky (k)i dt be 1 forms on E. The Propositions 5.2 and 5.3 yield Proposition 5.4 A vector field S on IR Osc k M is a time-dependent k- semispray if and only if (5.3) dt(s) = 1, Ψ i (S) = 0,..., Ψ (k)i (S) = 0. Let c : t x i (t) be a curve on M and c(t) = (t, x i (t), dxi dt, d k x i k! dt k ) its prolongation to IR Osck M. We have 10 d 2 x i dt 2,...,
11 Proposition 5.5 The curve c is an integral curve of a time dependent d c k semispray S i.e. dt = S( c) if and only if the functions t xi (t) are solutions of the system of differential equations 1 d k+1 x i ( (k + 1)! dt k+1 + Gi t, dxi dt, 1 d 2 x i 2! dt 2,..., 1 k! d k x i ) dt k = 0. It is known that a time independent k-semispray induces a nonlinear connection, [3]. This also happens for time dependent k-semisprays. A regular time-dependent Lagrangian is a smooth function L : IR Osc k M IR,(t, x, y,..., y (k) ) L(t, x, y,..., y (k) ) with the property that the matrix (g ij (t, x, y,..., y (k) )) := ( 1 2 y (k)i L) has rank n. The solutions of y (k)j the variational problem t1 t 0 L dt = 0 are given by the well-known Euler- Lagrange equations E i (L):= L (5.4) x i d dt ( L d2 )+ y i dt 2 ( L dk ) ( 1)k y (2)i dt k ( L y y i = dxi dt,..., y(k)i = dk x i dt k. (k)i )=0, Theorem 5.1 A regular time dependent Lagrangian determines a k-semispray. Corolarry 5.1 Every regular time dependent Lagrangian determines a nonlinear connection. References [1] Anastasiei, M., Geometry of higher order sprays. New Frontiers in Algebras, Groups and Geometries.(Gr.T. Tsagas, Ed. ), Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor, FL , U.S.A., 1996, p [2] Bucataru, I., Prolongation of the Riemannian, Finslerian and Lagrangian structures to the higher order structures. Ph.D. Thesis, Al.I.Cuza University, Iasi, [3] Miron, R., The Geometry of Higher Order Lagrange Spaces. Applications to Mechanics and Physics. Kluwer Academic Publisher, FTPH no 82,
12 [4] Miron, R., The geometry of Higher-Order Finsler spaces. Hadronic Press, [5] Miron, R., Anastasiei, M. The Geometry of Lagrange Spaces: Theory and Applications. FTPH 59, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994, 285p. Authors address: Al.I.Cuza University, Iasi Department of Mathematics, 6600 Iaşi, Romania 12
Linear connections induced by a nonlinear connection in the geometry of order two
Linear connections induced by a nonlinear connection in the geometry of order two by Ioan Bucataru 1 and Marcel Roman Pour une variété différentiable, n-dimensionelle M, nous considerons Osc 2 M l éspace
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.dg] 5 Jan 2016
arxiv:60.00750v [math.dg] 5 Jan 06 On the k-semispray of Nonlinear Connections in k-tangent Bundle Geometry Florian Munteanu Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Craiova, Romania munteanufm@gmail.com
More informationActa Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyíregyháziensis 24 (2008), ISSN
Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyíregyháziensis 24 2008, 115 123 wwwemisde/journals ISSN 1786-0091 ON NONLINEAR CONNECTIONS IN HIGHER ORDER LAGRANGE SPACES MARCEL ROMAN Abstract Considering a
More informationNEW LIFTS OF SASAKI TYPE OF THE RIEMANNIAN METRICS
NEW LIFTS OF SASAKI TYPE OF THE RIEMANNIAN METRICS Radu Miron Abstract One defines new elliptic and hyperbolic lifts to tangent bundle T M of a Riemann metric g given on the base manifold M. They are homogeneous
More informationLagrange Spaces with β-change
Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sciences, Vol. 7, 2012, no. 48, 2363-2371 Lagrange Spaces with β-change T. N. Pandey and V. K. Chaubey Department of Mathematics and Statistics D. D. U. Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur
More informationNONLINEAR CONNECTION FOR NONCONSERVATIVE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
NONLINEAR CONNECTION FOR NONCONSERVATIVE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IOAN BUCATARU, RADU MIRON Abstract. The geometry of a nonconservative mechanical system is determined by its associated semispray and the corresponding
More informationSOME INVARIANTS CONNECTED WITH EULER-LAGRANGE EQUATIONS
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series A, Vol. 71, Iss.2, 29 ISSN: 1223-727 SOME INVARIANTS CONNECTED WITH EULER-LAGRANGE EQUATIONS Irena ČOMIĆ Lucrarea descrie mai multe tipuri de omogenitate definite în spaţiul Osc
More informationSOME ALMOST COMPLEX STRUCTURES WITH NORDEN METRIC ON THE TANGENT BUNDLE OF A SPACE FORM
ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII AL.I.CUZA IAŞI Tomul XLVI, s.i a, Matematică, 2000, f.1. SOME ALMOST COMPLEX STRUCTURES WITH NORDEN METRIC ON THE TANGENT BUNDLE OF A SPACE FORM BY N. PAPAGHIUC 1
More informationA GEOMETRIC SETTING FOR SYSTEMS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS arxiv: v1 [math.dg] 26 Nov 2010
A GEOMETRIC SETTING FOR SYSTEMS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS arxiv:1011.5799v1 [math.dg] 26 Nov 2010 IOAN BUCATARU, OANA CONSTANTINESCU, AND MATIAS F. DAHL Abstract. To a system of second order ordinary
More informationSOME PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX BERWALD SPACES. Cristian IDA 1
ulletin of the Transilvania University of raşov Vol 3(52) - 2010 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 33-40 SOME PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX ERWALD SPACES Cristian IDA 1 Abstract The notions of complex
More information1. Geometry of the unit tangent bundle
1 1. Geometry of the unit tangent bundle The main reference for this section is [8]. In the following, we consider (M, g) an n-dimensional smooth manifold endowed with a Riemannian metric g. 1.1. Notations
More informationBulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 8(57), No Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 43-56
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 857, No. 1-2015 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 43-56 FIRST ORDER JETS OF BUNDLES OVER A MANIFOLD ENDOWED WITH A SUBFOLIATION Adelina
More informationCOHOMOLOGY OF FOLIATED FINSLER MANIFOLDS. Adelina MANEA 1
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 4(53), No. 2-2011 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 23-30 COHOMOLOGY OF FOLIATED FINSLER MANIFOLDS Adelina MANEA 1 Communicated to: Finsler
More informationCALCULUS ON MANIFOLDS. 1. Riemannian manifolds Recall that for any smooth manifold M, dim M = n, the union T M =
CALCULUS ON MANIFOLDS 1. Riemannian manifolds Recall that for any smooth manifold M, dim M = n, the union T M = a M T am, called the tangent bundle, is itself a smooth manifold, dim T M = 2n. Example 1.
More informationOn Berwald Spaces which Satisfy the Relation Γ k ij = p k g ij for Some Functions p k on TM
International Mathematical Forum, 2, 2007, no. 67, 3331-3338 On Berwald Spaces which Satisfy the Relation Γ k ij = p k g ij for Some Functions p k on TM Dariush Latifi and Asadollah Razavi Faculty of Mathematics
More informationON THE GEOMETRY OF TANGENT BUNDLE OF A (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD
ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII AL.I.CUZA IAŞI Tomul XLIV, s.i.a, Matematică, 1998, f1 ON THE GEOMETRY OF TANGENT BUNDLE OF A (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD BY V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 0. Introduction.
More information1 Introduction and preliminaries notions
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 2(51) - 2009 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 193-198 A NOTE ON LOCALLY CONFORMAL COMPLEX LAGRANGE SPACES Cristian IDA 1 Abstract In
More informationarxiv: v1 [math-ph] 2 Aug 2010
arxiv:1008.0363v1 [math-ph] 2 Aug 2010 Fractional Analogous Models in Mechanics and Gravity Theories Dumitru Baleanu Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Çankaya University, 06530, Ankara,
More informationElements of differential geometry
Elements of differential geometry R.Beig (Univ. Vienna) ESI-EMS-IAMP School on Mathematical GR, 28.7. - 1.8. 2014 1. tensor algebra 2. manifolds, vector and covector fields 3. actions under diffeos and
More informationNon-Classical Lagrangian Dynamics and Potential Maps
Non-Classical Lagrangian Dynamics and Potential Maps CONSTANTIN UDRISTE University Politehnica of Bucharest Faculty of Applied Sciences Department of Mathematics Splaiul Independentei 313 060042 BUCHAREST,
More informationChapter 3. Riemannian Manifolds - I. The subject of this thesis is to extend the combinatorial curve reconstruction approach to curves
Chapter 3 Riemannian Manifolds - I The subject of this thesis is to extend the combinatorial curve reconstruction approach to curves embedded in Riemannian manifolds. A Riemannian manifold is an abstraction
More informationBACKGROUND IN SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY
BACKGROUND IN SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY NILAY KUMAR Today I want to introduce some of the symplectic structure underlying classical mechanics. The key idea is actually quite old and in its various formulations
More information4.7 The Levi-Civita connection and parallel transport
Classnotes: Geometry & Control of Dynamical Systems, M. Kawski. April 21, 2009 138 4.7 The Levi-Civita connection and parallel transport In the earlier investigation, characterizing the shortest curves
More informationON SOME INVARIANT SUBMANIFOLDS IN A RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD WITH GOLDEN STRUCTURE
ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII AL.I. CUZA DIN IAŞI (S.N.) MATEMATICĂ, Tomul LIII, 2007, Supliment ON SOME INVARIANT SUBMANIFOLDS IN A RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD WITH GOLDEN STRUCTURE BY C.-E. HREŢCANU
More informationAffine Connections: Part 2
Affine Connections: Part 2 Manuscript for Machine Learning Reading Group Talk R. Simon Fong Abstract Note for online manuscript: This is the manuscript of a one hour introductory talk on (affine) connections.
More informationInvariant Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups
Invariant Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups Dennis Barrett Geometry and Geometric Control (GGC) Research Group Department of Mathematics (Pure and Applied) Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape
More informationOn the geometry of higher order Lagrange spaces.
On the geometry of hgher order Lagrange spaces. By Radu Mron, Mha Anastase and Ioan Bucataru Abstract A Lagrange space of order k 1 s the space of acceleratons of order k endowed wth a regular Lagrangan.
More informationTHEODORE VORONOV DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY. Spring 2009
[under construction] 8 Parallel transport 8.1 Equation of parallel transport Consider a vector bundle E B. We would like to compare vectors belonging to fibers over different points. Recall that this was
More informationSUBTANGENT-LIKE STATISTICAL MANIFOLDS. 1. Introduction
SUBTANGENT-LIKE STATISTICAL MANIFOLDS A. M. BLAGA Abstract. Subtangent-like statistical manifolds are introduced and characterization theorems for them are given. The special case when the conjugate connections
More informationIsometries, Local Isometries, Riemannian Coverings and Submersions, Killing Vector Fields
Chapter 16 Isometries, Local Isometries, Riemannian Coverings and Submersions, Killing Vector Fields 16.1 Isometries and Local Isometries Recall that a local isometry between two Riemannian manifolds M
More informationGENERALIZED ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS OF POLY NUMBER VARIABLE. G. I. Garas ko
7 Garas ko G. I. Generalized analytical functions of poly number variable GENERALIZED ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS OF POLY NUMBER VARIABLE G. I. Garas ko Electrotechnical institute of Russia gri9z@mail.ru We introduce
More informationFisica Matematica. Stefano Ansoldi. Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica. Università degli Studi di Udine. Corso di Laurea in Matematica
Fisica Matematica Stefano Ansoldi Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica Università degli Studi di Udine Corso di Laurea in Matematica Anno Accademico 2003/2004 c 2004 Copyright by Stefano Ansoldi and
More information5 Constructions of connections
[under construction] 5 Constructions of connections 5.1 Connections on manifolds and the Levi-Civita theorem We start with a bit of terminology. A connection on the tangent bundle T M M of a manifold M
More informationJet geometrical extension of the KCC-invariants arxiv: v3 [math.dg] 1 Dec 2009
Jet geometrical extension of te KCC-invariants arxiv:0906.2903v3 [mat.dg] 1 Dec 2009 Vladimir Balan and Mircea Neagu June 2009; Last revised December 2009 (an added bibliograpical item) Abstract In tis
More informationDirac Structures on Banach Lie Algebroids
DOI: 10.2478/auom-2014-0060 An. Şt. Univ. Ovidius Constanţa Vol. 22(3),2014, 219 228 Dirac Structures on Banach Lie Algebroids Vlad-Augustin VULCU Abstract In the original definition due to A. Weinstein
More informationEquivalence, Invariants, and Symmetry
Equivalence, Invariants, and Symmetry PETER J. OLVER University of Minnesota CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1. Geometric Foundations 7 Manifolds 7 Functions
More informationComparison for infinitesimal automorphisms. of parabolic geometries
Comparison techniques for infinitesimal automorphisms of parabolic geometries University of Vienna Faculty of Mathematics Srni, January 2012 This talk reports on joint work in progress with Karin Melnick
More informationRANDERS METRICS WITH SPECIAL CURVATURE PROPERTIES
Chen, X. and Shen, Z. Osaka J. Math. 40 (003), 87 101 RANDERS METRICS WITH SPECIAL CURVATURE PROPERTIES XINYUE CHEN* and ZHONGMIN SHEN (Received July 19, 001) 1. Introduction A Finsler metric on a manifold
More informationMaster of Science in Advanced Mathematics and Mathematical Engineering
Master of Science in Advanced Mathematics and Mathematical Engineering Title: Constraint algorithm for singular k-cosymplectic field theories Author: Xavier Rivas Guijarro Advisor: Francesc Xavier Gràcia
More informationOn some special vector fields
On some special vector fields Iulia Hirică Abstract We introduce the notion of F -distinguished vector fields in a deformation algebra, where F is a (1, 1)-tensor field. The aim of this paper is to study
More informationA brief introduction to Semi-Riemannian geometry and general relativity. Hans Ringström
A brief introduction to Semi-Riemannian geometry and general relativity Hans Ringström May 5, 2015 2 Contents 1 Scalar product spaces 1 1.1 Scalar products...................................... 1 1.2 Orthonormal
More informationLECTURE 9: MOVING FRAMES IN THE NONHOMOGENOUS CASE: FRAME BUNDLES. 1. Introduction
LECTURE 9: MOVING FRAMES IN THE NONHOMOGENOUS CASE: FRAME BUNDLES 1. Introduction Until now we have been considering homogenous spaces G/H where G is a Lie group and H is a closed subgroup. The natural
More informationWARPED PRODUCTS PETER PETERSEN
WARPED PRODUCTS PETER PETERSEN. Definitions We shall define as few concepts as possible. A tangent vector always has the local coordinate expansion v dx i (v) and a function the differential df f dxi We
More informationUNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN
UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN TRINITY COLLEGE JS & SS Mathematics SS Theoretical Physics SS TSM Mathematics Faculty of Engineering, Mathematics and Science school of mathematics Trinity Term 2015 Module MA3429
More information+ dxk. dt 2. dt Γi km dxm. . Its equations of motion are second order differential equations. with intitial conditions
Homework 7. Solutions 1 Show that great circles are geodesics on sphere. Do it a) using the fact that for geodesic, acceleration is orthogonal to the surface. b ) using straightforwardl equations for geodesics
More informationTensor Analysis in Euclidean Space
Tensor Analysis in Euclidean Space James Emery Edited: 8/5/2016 Contents 1 Classical Tensor Notation 2 2 Multilinear Functionals 4 3 Operations With Tensors 5 4 The Directional Derivative 5 5 Curvilinear
More informationIsometries, Local Isometries, Riemannian Coverings and Submersions, Killing Vector Fields
Chapter 15 Isometries, Local Isometries, Riemannian Coverings and Submersions, Killing Vector Fields The goal of this chapter is to understand the behavior of isometries and local isometries, in particular
More informationarxiv: v1 [math-ph] 2 Aug 2010
arxiv:1008.0360v1 [math-ph] 2 Aug 2010 Fractional Exact Solutions and Solitons in Gravity Dumitru Baleanu Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Çankaya University, 06530, Ankara, Turkey Sergiu
More informationLECTURE 5: COMPLEX AND KÄHLER MANIFOLDS
LECTURE 5: COMPLEX AND KÄHLER MANIFOLDS Contents 1. Almost complex manifolds 1. Complex manifolds 5 3. Kähler manifolds 9 4. Dolbeault cohomology 11 1. Almost complex manifolds Almost complex structures.
More informationAbstract. Jacobi curves are far going generalizations of the spaces of \Jacobi
Principal Invariants of Jacobi Curves Andrei Agrachev 1 and Igor Zelenko 2 1 S.I.S.S.A., Via Beirut 2-4, 34013 Trieste, Italy and Steklov Mathematical Institute, ul. Gubkina 8, 117966 Moscow, Russia; email:
More informationBulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 7(56), No Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 1-12
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 7(56), No. 1-2014 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 1-12 EQUATION GEODESIC IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINSLER SPACE WITH SPECIAL (α, β)-metric
More informationFaculty of Engineering, Mathematics and Science School of Mathematics
Faculty of Engineering, Mathematics and Science School of Mathematics JS & SS Mathematics SS Theoretical Physics SS TSM Mathematics Module MA3429: Differential Geometry I Trinity Term 2018???, May??? SPORTS
More informationMATH DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY. Contents
MATH 3968 - DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY ANDREW TULLOCH Contents 1. Curves in R N 2 2. General Analysis 2 3. Surfaces in R 3 3 3.1. The Gauss Bonnet Theorem 8 4. Abstract Manifolds 9 1 MATH 3968 - DIFFERENTIAL
More informationGENERALIZED QUATERNIONIC STRUCTURES ON THE TOTAL SPACE OF A COMPLEX FINSLER SPACE
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol 554, No. 1-2012 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 85-96 GENERALIZED QUATERNIONIC STRUCTURES ON THE TOTAL SPACE OF A COMPLEX FINSLER SPACE
More informationSymplectic and Kähler Structures on Statistical Manifolds Induced from Divergence Functions
Symplectic and Kähler Structures on Statistical Manifolds Induced from Divergence Functions Jun Zhang 1, and Fubo Li 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
More informationAn brief introduction to Finsler geometry
An brief introduction to Finsler geometry Matias Dahl July 12, 2006 Abstract This work contains a short introduction to Finsler geometry. Special emphasis is put on the Legendre transformation that connects
More informationThe geometry of a positively curved Zoll surface of revolution
The geometry of a positively curved Zoll surface of revolution By K. Kiyohara, S. V. Sabau, K. Shibuya arxiv:1809.03138v [math.dg] 18 Sep 018 Abstract In this paper we study the geometry of the manifolds
More informationLECTURE 2. (TEXED): IN CLASS: PROBABLY LECTURE 3. MANIFOLDS 1. FALL TANGENT VECTORS.
LECTURE 2. (TEXED): IN CLASS: PROBABLY LECTURE 3. MANIFOLDS 1. FALL 2006. TANGENT VECTORS. Overview: Tangent vectors, spaces and bundles. First: to an embedded manifold of Euclidean space. Then to one
More informationRiemann-Lagrange geometric dynamics for the multi-time magnetized non-viscous plasma
Riemann-Lagrange geometric dynamics for the multi-time magnetized non-viscous plasma Mircea Neagu Abstract. In this paper, using Riemann-Lagrange geometrical methods, we construct a geometrical model on
More informationBERGMAN KERNEL ON COMPACT KÄHLER MANIFOLDS
BERGMAN KERNEL ON COMPACT KÄHLER MANIFOLDS SHOO SETO Abstract. These are the notes to an expository talk I plan to give at MGSC on Kähler Geometry aimed for beginning graduate students in hopes to motivate
More informationTwo simple ideas from calculus applied to Riemannian geometry
Calibrated Geometries and Special Holonomy p. 1/29 Two simple ideas from calculus applied to Riemannian geometry Spiro Karigiannis karigiannis@math.uwaterloo.ca Department of Pure Mathematics, University
More informationGEOMETRIC QUANTIZATION
GEOMETRIC QUANTIZATION 1. The basic idea The setting of the Hamiltonian version of classical (Newtonian) mechanics is the phase space (position and momentum), which is a symplectic manifold. The typical
More informationInvariant Nonholonomic Riemannian Structures on Three-Dimensional Lie Groups
Invariant Nonholonomic Riemannian Structures on Three-Dimensional Lie Groups Dennis I. Barrett Geometry, Graphs and Control (GGC) Research Group Department of Mathematics, Rhodes University Grahamstown,
More informationHow to recognise a conformally Einstein metric?
How to recognise a conformally Einstein metric? Maciej Dunajski Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge MD, Paul Tod arxiv:1304.7772., Comm. Math. Phys. (2014).
More informationDierential geometry for Physicists
Dierential geometry for Physicists (What we discussed in the course of lectures) Marián Fecko Comenius University, Bratislava Syllabus of lectures delivered at University of Regensburg in June and July
More informationThe dynamical rigid body with memory
The dynamical rigid body with memory Ion Doru Albu, Mihaela Neamţu and Dumitru Opriş Abstract. In the present paper we describe the dynamics of the revised rigid body, the dynamics of the rigid body with
More informationCHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARIES
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARIES 1.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter is to give basic concepts, preliminary notions and some results which we shall use in the subsequent chapters of the thesis. 1.2 Differentiable
More informationOn homogeneous Randers spaces with Douglas or naturally reductive metrics
On homogeneous Randers spaces with Douglas or naturally reductive metrics Mansour Aghasi and Mehri Nasehi Abstract. In [4] Božek has introduced a class of solvable Lie groups with arbitrary odd dimension.
More informationManifolds in Fluid Dynamics
Manifolds in Fluid Dynamics Justin Ryan 25 April 2011 1 Preliminary Remarks In studying fluid dynamics it is useful to employ two different perspectives of a fluid flowing through a domain D. The Eulerian
More informationLECTURE 10: THE PARALLEL TRANSPORT
LECTURE 10: THE PARALLEL TRANSPORT 1. The parallel transport We shall start with the geometric meaning of linear connections. Suppose M is a smooth manifold with a linear connection. Let γ : [a, b] M be
More informationHomogeneous Lorentzian structures on the generalized Heisenberg group
Homogeneous Lorentzian structures on the generalized Heisenberg group W. Batat and S. Rahmani Abstract. In [8], all the homogeneous Riemannian structures corresponding to the left-invariant Riemannian
More informationA Tour of Subriemannian Geometries,Their Geodesies and Applications
Mathematical Surveys and Monographs Volume 91 A Tour of Subriemannian Geometries,Their Geodesies and Applications Richard Montgomery American Mathematical Society Contents Introduction Acknowledgments
More informationReminder on basic differential geometry
Reminder on basic differential geometry for the mastermath course of 2013 Charts Manifolds will be denoted by M, N etc. One should think of a manifold as made out of points (while the elements of a vector
More informationOn Einstein Kropina change of m-th root Finsler metrics
On Einstein Kropina change of m-th root insler metrics Bankteshwar Tiwari, Ghanashyam Kr. Prajapati Abstract. In the present paper, we consider Kropina change of m-th root metric and prove that if it is
More informationIn this lecture we define tensors on a manifold, and the associated bundles, and operations on tensors.
Lecture 12. Tensors In this lecture we define tensors on a manifold, and the associated bundles, and operations on tensors. 12.1 Basic definitions We have already seen several examples of the idea we are
More informationConification of Kähler and hyper-kähler manifolds and supergr
Conification of Kähler and hyper-kähler manifolds and supergravity c-map Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic and Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia Villasimius, September
More information1.13 The Levi-Civita Tensor and Hodge Dualisation
ν + + ν ν + + ν H + H S ( S ) dφ + ( dφ) 2π + 2π 4π. (.225) S ( S ) Here, we have split the volume integral over S 2 into the sum over the two hemispheres, and in each case we have replaced the volume-form
More informationfy (X(g)) Y (f)x(g) gy (X(f)) Y (g)x(f)) = fx(y (g)) + gx(y (f)) fy (X(g)) gy (X(f))
1. Basic algebra of vector fields Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over R. Recall that V = {L : V R} is defined to be the set of all linear maps to R. V is isomorphic to V, but there is no canonical
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.dg] 27 Nov 2007
Finsleroid-regular space developed. Berwald case G.S. Asanov arxiv:0711.4180v1 math.dg] 27 Nov 2007 Division of Theoretical Physics, Moscow State University 119992 Moscow, Russia (e-mail: asanov@newmail.ru)
More informationarxiv:math/ v1 [math.dg] 29 Sep 1998
Unknown Book Proceedings Series Volume 00, XXXX arxiv:math/9809167v1 [math.dg] 29 Sep 1998 A sequence of connections and a characterization of Kähler manifolds Mikhail Shubin Dedicated to Mel Rothenberg
More informationNotes on the Riemannian Geometry of Lie Groups
Rose- Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal Notes on the Riemannian Geometry of Lie Groups Michael L. Geis a Volume, Sponsored by Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Department of Mathematics Terre
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.dg] 12 Feb 2013
On Cartan Spaces with m-th Root Metrics arxiv:1302.3272v1 [math.dg] 12 Feb 2013 A. Tayebi, A. Nankali and E. Peyghan June 19, 2018 Abstract In this paper, we define some non-riemannian curvature properties
More informationclass # MATH 7711, AUTUMN 2017 M-W-F 3:00 p.m., BE 128 A DAY-BY-DAY LIST OF TOPICS
class # 34477 MATH 7711, AUTUMN 2017 M-W-F 3:00 p.m., BE 128 A DAY-BY-DAY LIST OF TOPICS [DG] stands for Differential Geometry at https://people.math.osu.edu/derdzinski.1/courses/851-852-notes.pdf [DFT]
More informationLECTURE 28: VECTOR BUNDLES AND FIBER BUNDLES
LECTURE 28: VECTOR BUNDLES AND FIBER BUNDLES 1. Vector Bundles In general, smooth manifolds are very non-linear. However, there exist many smooth manifolds which admit very nice partial linear structures.
More informationLECTURE 1: LINEAR SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY
LECTURE 1: LINEAR SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY Contents 1. Linear symplectic structure 3 2. Distinguished subspaces 5 3. Linear complex structure 7 4. The symplectic group 10 *********************************************************************************
More informationStochastic Mechanics of Particles and Fields
Stochastic Mechanics of Particles and Fields Edward Nelson Department of Mathematics, Princeton University These slides are posted at http://math.princeton.edu/ nelson/papers/xsmpf.pdf A preliminary draft
More informationSolutions to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation as Lagrangian submanifolds
Solutions to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation as Lagrangian submanifolds Matias Dahl January 2004 1 Introduction In this essay we shall study the following problem: Suppose is a smooth -manifold, is a function,
More informationGENERALIZED NULL SCROLLS IN THE n-dimensional LORENTZIAN SPACE. 1. Introduction
ACTA MATHEMATICA VIETNAMICA 205 Volume 29, Number 2, 2004, pp. 205-216 GENERALIZED NULL SCROLLS IN THE n-dimensional LORENTZIAN SPACE HANDAN BALGETIR AND MAHMUT ERGÜT Abstract. In this paper, we define
More informationTwo dimensional manifolds
Two dimensional manifolds We are given a real two-dimensional manifold, M. A point of M is denoted X and local coordinates are X (x, y) R 2. If we use different local coordinates, (x, y ), we have x f(x,
More informationLecture 8. Connections
Lecture 8. Connections This lecture introduces connections, which are the machinery required to allow differentiation of vector fields. 8.1 Differentiating vector fields. The idea of differentiating vector
More informationSelf-dual conformal gravity
Self-dual conformal gravity Maciej Dunajski Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge MD, Paul Tod arxiv:1304.7772., Comm. Math. Phys. (2014). Dunajski (DAMTP, Cambridge)
More informationComplex Hamiltonian Equations and Hamiltonian Energy
Rend. Istit. Mat. Univ. Trieste Vol. XXXVIII, 53 64 (2006) Complex Hamiltonian Equations and Hamiltonian Energy M. Tekkoyun and G. Cabar ( ) Summary. - In the framework of Kaehlerian manifolds, we obtain
More informationChoice of Riemannian Metrics for Rigid Body Kinematics
Choice of Riemannian Metrics for Rigid Body Kinematics Miloš Žefran1, Vijay Kumar 1 and Christopher Croke 2 1 General Robotics and Active Sensory Perception (GRASP) Laboratory 2 Department of Mathematics
More informationVectors. January 13, 2013
Vectors January 13, 2013 The simplest tensors are scalars, which are the measurable quantities of a theory, left invariant by symmetry transformations. By far the most common non-scalars are the vectors,
More informationSecond-order dynamical systems of Lagrangian type with dissipation
Second-order dynamical systems of Lagrangian type with dissipation T. Mestdag a, W. Sarlet a,b and M. Crampin a a Department of Mathematics, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium b Department
More informationDivergence Theorems in Path Space. Denis Bell University of North Florida
Divergence Theorems in Path Space Denis Bell University of North Florida Motivation Divergence theorem in Riemannian geometry Theorem. Let M be a closed d-dimensional Riemannian manifold. Then for any
More informationSome topics in sub-riemannian geometry
Some topics in sub-riemannian geometry Luca Rizzi CNRS, Institut Fourier Mathematical Colloquium Universität Bern - December 19 2016 Sub-Riemannian geometry Known under many names: Carnot-Carathéodory
More informationObserver dependent background geometries arxiv:
Observer dependent background geometries arxiv:1403.4005 Manuel Hohmann Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Physics Institute University of Tartu DPG-Tagung Berlin Session MP 4 18. März 2014 Manuel Hohmann
More information56 4 Integration against rough paths
56 4 Integration against rough paths comes to the definition of a rough integral we typically take W = LV, W ; although other choices can be useful see e.g. remark 4.11. In the context of rough differential
More informationGravitation: Tensor Calculus
An Introduction to General Relativity Center for Relativistic Astrophysics School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Notes based on textbook: Spacetime and Geometry by S.M. Carroll Spring 2013
More information