Electrons in a spin Gareth Conduit
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1 Electrons in a spin Gareth Conduit University of Cambridge
2 Pt IA: Single-body physics Question B8, Part IA Physics, 2010
3 Pt IB: Two-body physics Question D14, Part IB Physics, 2007
4 Pt III physics Study many-body phenomena driven by firmly established equations of motion Search for new fundamental equations of motion Advanced Quantum Condensed Matter Physics Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change Atmospheric Physics Atomic and Optical Physics Biological Physics Climate Change Frontiers of Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Materials, Electronics & Renewable Energy Medical Physics Non-linear Optics and Quantum States of Light Nuclear Materials Origin and Evolution of Galaxies Phase Transitions and Collective Phenomena Physics of Nanoelectronic Systems Quantum Condensed Matter Field Theory Quantum Field Theory Superconductivity and Quantum Coherence Advanced Quantum Field Theory Formation of Structure in the Universe Frontiers of Observational Astrophysics Gauge Field Theory Particle Astrophysics Particle Physics Physics of Nanoelectronic Systems Quantum Field Theory Quantum Information Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology
5 body physics Stars all interact and obey classical laws of motion
6 body physics
7 Classical vs. quantum orbitals 1011 bodies all interact Follow circular orbits 1024 electrons in solids all interact and are quantum degenerate Follow complicated orbits
8 body physics Why is gold shiny, does not tarnish, gold-colored, a good conductor, and so malleable? Why does a superconductor expel magnetic fields and conduct electricity perfectly?
9 body physics How is the magnetic field generated? How does a hard disk drive store so much data?
10 Elastic bands Elastic bands consist of long polymer chains that interact strongly, but obey classical laws of motion Natural state Stretched
11 Energy stored Potential energy stored in elastic band E = kx = Fx= =0.5 J 2 2 2
12 Energy stored Potential energy stored in elastic band E = kx = Fx= =0.5 J Kinetic energy in handgun bullet E = mv = =400 J 2 2
13 Energy stored Potential energy stored in elastic band E = kx = Fx= =0.5 J Kinetic energy in handgun bullet E = mv = =400 J 2 2 Potential energy in enormous elastic band E = kx = Fx= =500 J 2 2 2
14 Effect of material thickness Thin band: <10ms-1 Cylindrical: >100ms-1
15 Wave velocity gh c= 2 h c ( tanh kh kh + kh tanh kh ) 2 k=
16 How does an aircraft generate lift? Bernoulli's principle:
17 How does an aircraft generate lift? Bernoulli's principle: Air is not incompressible Violation of Newton's 3rd law
18 Coandă effect
19 Coandă effect
20 Coandă effect
21 Coandă effect
22 How does an aircraft generate lift? Expels mass downwards so Newton's Law pushed plane upwards
23 Upper surface of a wing generates lift
24 Quantum mechanics: electrons in solids Atoms:
25 Quantum mechanics: electrons in solids Atoms: Orbitals:
26 Quantum mechanics: electrons in solids Atoms: Orbitals:
27 Quantum mechanics: electrons in solids Atoms: Orbitals: Ferro:
28 Quantum mechanics: electrons in solids Atoms: Orbitals: Ferro: Antiferro:
29 Antiferromagnetic mechanism Heisenberg uncertainty principle p x=ℏ p=ℏ/ x x Spreading lowers energy x p2 ℏ2 KE = = 2 m 2 m x2
30 Antiferromagnetic mechanism Pauli blocked
31 Antiferromagnetic mechanism Pauli blocked Opposite spins repel Exchange lowers energy
32 Antiferromagnetic mechanism Pauli blocked Opposite spins repel Exchange lowers energy Antiferro
33 Ferromagnetism Ferro spins
34 Ferromagnetism Ferro spins Antiferro spins Opposite spins repel
35 Ferromagnetism Ferro spins Antiferro spins Ferro Opposite spins repel
36 Magnetic data storage 10½-inch tape (1953) 5 MB
37 Magnetic data storage 10½-inch tape (1953) 5 MB 8-inch Floppy disk (1973) 250¼ kb
38 Magnetic data storage Cassette (1979) 660 KB
39 Magnetic data storage Cassette (1979) 660 KB 5¼-inch Floppy disk (1983) 1200 KB
40 Magnetic data storage 3½-inch Floppy disk (1989) 1.44 MB Hard disk drive (2010) 2 TB
41 Storage over the years
42 Giant-magnetoresistance (1988) Albert Fert Peter Grünberg
43 Magnetic data storage Ω
44 Magnetoresistance Carrier velocity due to fields v= M E v B M v= E E B 2 1 M B which is reduced by 5% in typical metals so need large magnetic domains low data density
45 Giant & colossal magnetoresistance Change in resistance is up to % so can have very small magnetic domains and high data storage density Ω Ω 1 0
46 Summary: more is different Particles obeying well understood microscopic physics display important collective motion more is different Many-body interactions coupled with quantum mechanics leads to new counterintuitive phenomena Real-life applications: Electronics Material science Chemistry
Contents. Acknowledgments
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