A Fuzzy Evaluation and AHP based Method for the Energy Efficiency Evaluation of EV Charging Station

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1 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY A Fuzzy Evaluato ad AHP based Method for the Eergy Effcecy Evaluato of EV Chargg Stato Hawu Luo School of Electrcal Egeerg, Wuha Uversty, Wuha, Cha Emal: hawu_luo@yahoo.com Jagju Rua ad Fag L Hea Electrc Power Compay, Sogsha South Road, Zhegzhou, Cha Abstract To promote the developmet of electrc vehcles (EVs), may chargg statos have bee bult. The costructo of chargg statos costs a lot, hece t s ecessary to evaluate ther eergy effcecy due to ther ma ams of eergy coservato. I ths paper, a fuzzy model based o the fuzzy comprehesve evaluato (FCE) ad aalytc herarchy process (AHP) s preseted to evaluate the eergy effcecy of chargg stato. Frstly the evaluato system for the chargg stato s set up accordg to AHP ad expert surveys, ad the evaluato dces are determed by the Argumet Delph method. The the method to establsh the judgmet matrx s descrbed, ad 7 judgmet matrces are establshed. The process to calculate the weghts of all dces the evaluato system s formulated based o AHP, cludg the weghts for the crteros the secod layer ad dces the thrd layer. Fally the eergy effcecy evaluato o the chargg stato s coducted accordg to FCE. The eergy effcecy of a chargg stato Chogqg was evaluated, ad results dcate that the fuzzy model ths paper s effectve for the eergy evaluato of chargg stato. Idex Terms eergy effcecy evaluato, chargg stato, aalytc herarchy process, fuzzy comprehesve evaluato, evaluato dces I. INTRODUCTION As evrometal pressure ad eergy depleto are creasgly severe, more ad more atteto has bee pad to electrc vehcles (EVs) because of ther hgh eergy effcecy ad low off-gas emsso compared to covetoal teral combusto ege based vehcles []. Ultmately, EVs wll shft eergy demads from crude ol to electrcty for the persoal trasportato sector. To promote the developmet of EVs, may chargg statos have bee bult, ad more ad more wll be bult [2-5]. Meawhle may researches regardg EVs are beg coducted, cludg the desg ad optmzato of chargg statos, vestgato o the cotrol of vehcle-to-grd (V2G)[6-3], aalyss o the fluece caused by the chargg maches [4-7], eergy storage of EV, chargg techques[8,9], ad so o. Ad may achevemets have bee obtaed. I Cha the atoal grd has started the costructo of chargg stato sce 2009, whch ams at fastg the promoto of EVs. The am of the promoto of EV ad costructo of chargg statos s eergy coservato ad reducto of off-gas emsso. Eergy effcecy evaluato has bee proved to be a way to evaluate the cotrbuto of a devce or a system to eergy coservato. Therefore, t s ecessary to buld a proper ad comprehesve eergy effcecy evaluato system for chargg stato, whch ca esure that EVs ad chargg statos play a mportat role the worldwde eergy coservato & emsso reducto. Hece ths paper a fuzzy model based o the fuzzy comprehesve evaluato ad aalytc herarchy process s preseted to evaluate the eergy effcecy of chargg stato. Fuzzy comprehesve evaluato method, maly usg of evaluato results of sgle factor related to the evaluato object, s to form the correspodg evaluato matrx, ad to do fuzzy trasformato usg the weghtg factor for determg the mportat degree of each factor, ad the fal evaluato results of the evaluato object wll be obtaed. Fuzzy evaluato set s determed by the use of the factor set, membershp degree, weghtg factor, ad the best evaluato results wll be obtaed from the alteratve set. A AHP herarchy s a structured meas of modelg the decso. It cossts of a overall goal, a group of optos or alteratves for reachg the goal, ad a group of factors or crtera that relate the alteratves to the goal. Frstly the evaluato system for the chargg stato s set up accordg to AHP, whch s dvded to three layers: goal layer, crtero layer ad dces layer. The crteros ad dces the evaluato system are obtaed by expert surveys based o Delph method. The the method to establsh the judgmet matrx s do:0.4304/jcp

2 86 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY 204 descrbed, ad 7 judgmet matrces are establshed whch are basc for the calculato of dces weghts. Ad the process to calculate the weghts of all dces the evaluato dces system based o AHP s formulated, cludg the weghts for the crteros the secod layer ad dces the thrd layer. Fally the eergy effcecy evaluato o the chargg stato s coducted accordg to the process of FCE, ad the assessmet ratg ca be obtaed. The eergy effcecy of a chargg stato Chogqg s evaluated, assessmet ratgs for the total goal ad sx crteros are obtaed, ad accordg to whch correspodg measures ca be take to mprove the eergy effcecy of EV chargg stato. The remag parts of the paper are arraged as follows: The evaluato system of eergy effcecy s set up Secto II, ad the process to evaluate the eergy effcecy based o fuzzy comprehesve method s descrbed Secto III, ad the eergy effcecy evaluato o a chargg stato Chogqg s coducted Secto IV. Fally coclusos ed the paper. II. SETUP OF THE EVALUATION SYSTEM A. Delph Method Delph method s a survey techque for achevg cosesus amog solated aoymous partcpats wth a cotrolled feedback of opos. Ths techque s beg creasgly used may complex areas whch a cosesus s to be reached. Some of these areas cluded the developmet of resdetal areas, theory ad desg applcato, ad brdge codto ratg ad effects of mprovemets. Moreover, the Delph method s a hghly formalzed method of commucato that s desged the maxmum amout of ubased formato from a pael of experts. Therefore, ths method s adopted ad used for obtag a set of selecto crtera for the selecto of the procuremet system. Delph method meas askg a umber of experts for advce o some questos, ad the collectg the opos of each advser ad dstrbutg them to experts as referece materals. It s a method whch the expereces, kowledge, ad presumptos of expert paelsts o a ssue or developmet process uder study are collected a teractve process, ormally by tervew or survey [20, 2]. As a data collecto method, the Delph ca fall the category of both a quattatve ad qualtatve study. It s useful whe the pheomeo uder study s complex or whe the topc s somehow delcate dffcult to defe, awkward to talk about, poltcally delcate, etc or the umber of members the focus group s relatvely small. I ths study the Argumet Delph method s used to set up the evaluato system for the eergy effcecy of chargg stato, cludg the determato of crteros ad evaluato dces. The Delph method process was coducted maly followg the Argumet Delph method, ad the whole process took about four moths, the process s show Table I. TABLE I. PROCESS TO SET UP THE EVALUATION SYSTEM BASED ON ARGUMENT DELPHI METHOD Phase Purpose ad cotet Partcpats Frst roud: - Selecto of the expert pael - Sem-structured tervews Secod roud: - Questoare to the paelsts - 43 future statemets Thrd roud: - Questoare to the paelsts - 29 future statemets - Idetfy the key ssues the evaluato ad assst formulatg the topcs - Fd meagful questos ad future statemets - Evaluate the statemets ad argumetato for the evaluato dces - Determe the evaluato dces 5 -depth tervews 37 paelsts represetg - Specalsts (3/3) - Geeralsts (2/4) - Idustry (7/0) 32 resposes 30 paelsts represetg - Techcal experts (5/5) - Maagemet experts (2/5) -27 resposes B. Eergy Effcecy Evaluato System for Chargg Stato Accordg to the results obtaed by the expert survey based o Argumet Delph method ad the prcple of AHP[2-25], the eergy effcecy evaluato system for the chargg stato s set up as show Fg.. Aalytc herarchy process (AHP) s a systematc aalyss method whch was proposed by a professor the Uversty of Pttsburgh amed Sata the70 years of 20th cetury. It regards the evaluato subjects or problems as a system, ad breaks dow the problems to dfferet elemets accordg to the ature of questo ad the expected overall objectve, ad gathers those elemets at dfferet levels accordace wth the correlato ad subordato amog the elemets, to form a multlevel aalyss system whch makes the problems orgazed ad herarchcal. Ths research adopts AHP ad makes parwse comparso ad forms a matrx to calculate the relatve compared weght, ad makes the cosstecy test of the matrx. The evaluato system for the eergy effcecy of chargg stato s composed of three layers. The top layer s the goal of the system - eergy effcecy of the chargg stato (G0). The secod layer cotas sx crteros as follows: B-Departmets & strateges, s the dvso of the departmet ad strateges for maagemet ad eergy coservato the chargg stato. B cotas 3

3 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY dces C to C3. B2-Maagemet & trag of staff, corporates 2 dces C4 ad C5. B3-Maagemet of equpmet, s related to 3 dces-c6 to C8. B4-Effcecy of power supply system, s related wth the effcecy of power supply equpmet, such as trasformers, swtchgear. Four dces C9 to C2 are cotaed B4. B5-Effcecy of chargg equpmet, s comprsed of three dces C3 to C5. B6-Effcecy of motorg system, s composed of three dces C6 to C8. The thrd layer s composed of 8 dces, cludg: C- Eergy coservato departmet, C2- Eergy coservato strategy, C3- Eergy effcecy maagemet, C4 - Eergy coservato operato trag, C5 - Eergy coservato maagemet trag, C6 - Equpmet deprecato degree, C7- Equpmet techcal ratg, C8 - Equpmet mateace pla, C9 - Dstrbuto trasformers, C0 - Dstrbuto swtchgears, C - Electrcty meters, C2 - Harmoc processg equpmet, C3 Rectfers, C4 - DC chargg maches, C5 - Bllg equpmet, C6 - Securty motorg system, C7 - Chargg motorg system, C8 - Itellget chargg motorg system. III. EVALUATION PROCESS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CHARGING STATION Whe the evaluato system for the eergy effcecy of the chargg stato s establshed, the weghts for the dces C to C8 the thrd layer ad crteros B to B6 should be calculated, ad the evaluato based o fuzzy comprehesve evaluato ca be carred out. I ths part, the establshmet of the judgmet matrx, method to calculate the weghts of dces ad evaluato process based o FCE wll be descrbed. A. Establshmet of Judgmet Matrx for the Evaluato System To calculate the weght of the dces the evaluato system, frstly the judgmet matrx A= ( a j ) for each layer the evaluato system should be set up. I AHP model, judgmet matrx ca be costructed by par-wse comparsos betwee factors at the same level. The judgmet matrx s the aalyss basc of AHP ad the weght of factors to top goal ca be obtaed from t. The value of elemet a j the judgmet matrx s determed by the relatoshp betwee dce ad dce j, the value set of a j s {, 3, 5, 7, 9}, whch represets dfferet relatoshps betwee two compoets the evaluato system, ad the detals for the value of aj s lsted Table II. A matrx of judgmets A= ( a j ) s costructed wth respect to a partcular property the elemets have commo. It s recprocal, that s aj = / aj, ad a =. G0 - Eergy effcecy of chargg stato a j Fgure Structure of evaluato system based o AHP ad Delph method TABLE II. VALUE OF a j FOR DIFFERENT RELATION BETWEEN INDICE AND INDICE j Relato betwee dce ad dce j dce ad dce j are equally mportat for the objectve dce s a lttle mportat tha dce j for the objectve dce s much mportat tha dce j for the objectve dce s much more mportat tha dce j for the objectve dce s extremely mportat tha dce j for the objectve 2,4,6,8 dce value betwee two correspodg status. Aga the expert surveys were carred out for the judgmet matrx, whch 37 questoares were collected. Based o the results obtaed the expert surveys ad rules show Table II, 7 judgmet matrces A 0 to A 6 are establshed as show Table III. Here A 0 s the judgmet matrx for the goal G0 the

4 88 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY 204 evaluato system, A s the judgmet matrx for the crtero B the evaluato system, A 2 s the judgmet matrx for the crtero B2 the evaluato system, A 3 s the judgmet matrx for the crtero B3 the evaluato system, A 4 s the judgmet matrx for the crtero B4 the evaluato system, A 5 s the judgmet matrx for the crtero B5 the evaluato system, A 6 s the judgmet matrx for the crtero B6 the evaluato system. TABLE III. JUDGMENT MATRICES aj aj = (, j =, 2,..., ) a k = kj 2) Calculate the ormalzed weght W accordg to equato (2), whch s the sum of the a j oe row of ormalzed A. j= () W = aj ( j =,2,..., ) (2) A 0 G0 B B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B 3 3 /3 /5 B2 /3 /5 /7 /3 B3 /3 /5 /7 /3 B /3 3 B B6 3 3 /3 /5 A A 3 B C C2 C3 B3 C6 C7 C8 C 5 3 C6 /7 /3 C2 /5 /3 C7 7 3 C3 /3 3 C8 3 /3 A 2 A 4 B2 C4 C5 B4 C9 C0 C C2 C4 /5 C C5 5 C0 /5 3 C /7 /3 /3 C2 /5 3 A 5 A 6 B5 C3 C4 C5 B6 C6 C7 C8 C3 3 9 C6 3 9 C4 /3 7 C7 /3 5 C5 /9 /7 C8 /9 /5 B. Method to Compute the Weghts of Idces Because the evaluato s dvded to three layers, thus the goal layer, crtero layer ad dces layer, hece three weghts of all the dces should be computed. The frst oe s the weghts of the secod layer B - B6 to the top layer G0, the secod oe s the weghts of the thrd layer to the crteros the secod layer, such as weght of C - C3 to B ad weght C4-C5 to B2, ad the last oe s the weghts of dces the thrd layer to the goal G0. The followg s the process to calculate the weghts. ) Normalze the judgmet matrx A= ( a j ) accordg to equato (), 3) Wth the calculated W the dcator weght W ca be computed as show equato (3), ad the the weght vector ca be obtaed. W = W = 4) Compute the maxmum characterstc root λ max for the judgmet matrx accordg to equato (4). λ max = W (3) ( AW ) = (4) W where A s the judgmet matrx, W s the colum vector for the weght, W s the th compoet of the weght vector. 5) Whe the par-wse comparsos are take to costruct judgmet matrx, whose order s larger tha two, there wll be judgmet errors as calculato process develops. Therefore, to esure the accuracy of the method, the cosstecy check should be carred out, for whch the checkg factor CI should be computed as follows: CI λ, CR max = = CI RI where CI s cosstecy checkg factor, RI s average radom cosstecy factor, CR s the cosstecy rato, f CR < 0., the cosstecy of the weghts s acceptable, otherwse correspodg matrx A should be adjusted, ad the followg progresses should be coducted [2]: () Fd the most cosstet judgmet the matrx; (2) Determe the rage whch the judgmet ca be chaged, the mprove the cosstecy judgmet; (3) If the decso maker ca chage the judgmet to a plausble value that rage, chage the judgmet; Otherwse use the secod most cosstet judgmet. If o judgmet s chaged the decso s postpoed utl better crtera s obtaed. C. Prcple of Fuzzy Comprehesve Evaluato Fuzzy comprehesve evaluato s a decso makg process that uder the fuzzy evromet, apply the fuzzy set theory, ad make a comprehesve quatty evaluato o a system restraed from may ucerta factors. (5)

5 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY Whe a subject s dffcult to evaluate, a bg system ca be decomposed to small systems. These small systems are further decomposed to some elemets. Because the mportace of the smallest elemets s easy to percept or to calculate, t s easy ad accurate to evaluate o these elemets. Ad whe the smallest elemets are weghed, the mportace of the overall system s deduced. Thus the whole evaluato o the subject s scetfc correspodgly. For example, someoe s qualty s decomposed to commucato ablty, learg capablty, cultural level, operato ablty, ad so o. The commucato ablty s decomposed to ablty of commucato wth acquatace, ablty of commucato wth stragers, ad so o; learg capablty s decomposed to learg ablty of ew thgs, learg ablty of commo thgs, ad so o. Ad the some experts are ths feld vted to weght the subdvded abltes of ths perso to deduce ths perso s overall qualty. Fuzzy comprehesve evaluato s sutable geerally to evaluate ad choose subjects wth complete formato. That s to say, whe the subject evaluated s ot well-formed, ths method s usually adopted. Its prerequste s that the evaluato dexes of subject vestgated ca be decomposable. Fuzzy comprehesve evaluato has three advatages [27-30]. Frstly, t does ot deped drectly o a certa dex, ether excessvely o the absolute dex. But comparatve method ca prevet from the accuracy of evaluato result resulted from ureasoable stadard. Secodly, the mportat testy of dexes s emboded by the weght, ad the weght allows some certa dscrepacy, but t wll ot chage the fal evaluato result. Techologcally, t avods the fluece of accumulatve error. Thrdly, the establshmet of the membershp fucto ad the selecto of operators establsh coecto amog o-quatzed dexes dex evaluato, whch makes the evaluato result reflect well the whole characterstc ad tred of the subject. D. Process of Fuzzy Method for the Eergy Effcecy Evaluato of Chargg Stato I ths study the evaluato o the eergy effcecy of chargg stato s set up accordg to fuzzy comprehesve evaluato [26-29]. Accordg to the basc prcple of FCE, the ma process s as follows: ) Set up the doma for the factors affectg the evaluato objectve U = ( u, u 2,... u p ), ad for the evaluato system for the eergy effcecy of chargg stato, U s composed of 8 dces the thrd layer[30,3]; 2) Establsh the doma for the evaluato ratg. No matter how may the levels of factors there are, there s oly oe evaluato ratg. Ths evaluato ratg s sutable for all factors, by whch the evaluato stadard s cofrmed. Ths evaluato set s expressed by V = ( v, v2,... v ) ad the correspodg membershp fucto set J = ( J, J2,... J m ). I ths study the membershp fucto set J s set as J= {5 (Excellet), 4 (Good), 3(Average), 2 (Qualfed), (Uqualfed)}; 3) Calculate the weghts vectorw = ( w, w2,... w p ); 4) Set up the fuzzy relato matrx R = ( r j ) m, here r j s the membershp betwee the th elemet U ad jth elemet V; 5) Calculate the composte operator K accordg to W ad R as follows: T 2... w r r r w 2 r2 r22... r 2 K = WR = r... j wm rm rm2... rm 6) Compute the fal evaluato score accordg to the weghts ad correspodg ratg as follows: G = m = m = kj To make the fal evaluato ratg more tutve, the evaluato ratg s quatfed as lsted Table IV. Fg.2 s the flowchart of the fuzzy evaluato method for the eergy effcecy of EVs chargg stato. The evaluato dces lsted Fg. comprse the fluecg factor doma. The membershp fuctos ad evaluato dces weghts calculato are calculated accordg to the results obtaed by expert surveys. Evalua to Ratg TABLE IV. QUANTIFIED EVALUATION RATING k (6) (7) Excellet Good Average Qualfed Uqualfed Score [4.5 5] [ ] [ ] [.5 2.5] [.5]

6 90 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY 204 TABLE V. CALCULATED WEIGHTS OF THE INDICES C TO C8 FOR THE SIX CRITERIONS B TO B6 AND THE EVALUATION GOAL G0 crtero weght to G0 dces weght to crtero weght to G0 C B 0.05 C B C C C B C C C Fgure 2. Flowchart of Fuzzy method for eergy effcecy evaluato of electrc vehcle chargg stato IV. ENERGY EFFICIENCY EVALUATION ON A CHARGING STATION IN CHONGQING To verfy the method preseted the paper, a EV chargg stato Chogqg was take as a example. The ma parameters of ths chargg stato are as follows: Two power supply trasformers: power capacty s 600 kva, voltage ratg s 0/0.4kV; Outlets: two 0kV outlets ad fftee 0.4kV outlets; Reactve power compesato: four 200kVar capactace compesato; Flters: four 300A actve power flters; Chargg maches: sx hgh power DC chargg maches. A. Calculato of Weghts Matrx Accordg to the structure of the chargg stato, evaluato system as show Fg. s establshed, ad accordg to the judgmet matrces show Table III, the weghts of all compoets the evaluato system are calculated. Accordg to the judgmet matrx A 0, the weghts of B to B6 the secod layer to G0 are 0.052, , , , ad respectvely, ad the correspodg λ max accordg to equato (4) s 6.565, hece the cosstecy checkg factor CI=0.033, the CR= , whch s far less tha 0., hece the cosstecy s acceptable. I the same way, accordg to the judgmet matrces A to A6, the weghs of C-C8 to B-B6 ca be calculated respectvely. Fally the weghts of 8 evaluato dces C-C8 to the evaluato goal G0 ca be obtaed ad the results for the weght calculato are lsted Table V. B B B C C C C C C C C C C B. Establshmet of Fuzzy Relato Matrx The fuzzy relato matrx s establshed accordg to the results obtaed the expert surveys, whch 27 related experts partcpated, ad 23 resposes are obtaed. Accordg to the data Table V, the fuzzy relato matrx R for B ca be obtaed as follows: R = Accordg to ts weght vector W =[ ] (9) The composte operator K s K = W R = [ ], The maxmum elemet K s , whch s correspodg to good the membershp fucto set J, hece t s ca be cocluded that B belogs to good accordg to the maxmum membershp degree prcple. I the same way, accordg to the results obtaed the expert survey, the composte operators K 2 to K 6 for B2 to B6 ca be obtaed as follows: (8)

7 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, MAY K 2 = [ ], hece B2 belogs to Qualfed ; K 3 = [ ], hece B3 belogs to Excellet ; K 4 = [ ], hece B4 belogs to Excellet; K 5 = [ ], hece B5 belogs to Average ; K 6 = [ ], hece B6 belogs to Average. Accordg to the composte operator K to K 6, the fuzzy relato matrx R 0 for G0 s R 0 = (0) The the correspodg composte operator K 0 ca be computed. K 0 = W 0 R 0 = [ ] Ad the fal evaluato ratg score G = accordg to equato (7). Hece t ca be cocluded that the eergy effcecy assessmet result s Good accordg to the quatfed evaluato ratg relatoshp Table IV. G = dcates that there should be some measures ca be take to crease the eergy effcecy of the chargg stato, ad the measures should be made accordg to the evaluato results of sx crteros ad weghts of dfferet dces. Accordg to the evaluato results for the chargg stato Chogqg, for the sx crteros the secod layer, B3 ad B4 got the ratg of Excellet, B s Good, B5 ad B6 are Average, B2 s oly Qualfed, ad the evaluato result s Good, therefore the followg suggestos are offered to mprove the eergy effcecy of the chargg stato. Improve the trag ad maagemet of the staff, ad establsh the assessmet mechasms to mprove the effcecy of the staff. Improve the effcecy of chargg devce, ad make a more reasoable chargg prce. Improve the tellgece ad effcecy of the motorg system, whch ca mprove the effcecy of B6. V. CONCLUSIONS A Fuzzy method for the eergy effcecy evaluato of chargg stato s preseted, whch corporates the setup of evaluato system based o AHP ad expert surveys. The evaluato dces the evaluato system are establshed based o Argumet Delph method, whch s comprsed of three layers, 6 crteros ad 8 dces. Seve judgmet matrces are establshed accordg to the results obtaed the expert surveys, the the weghts of dces the evaluato system are calculated. Expert surveys were carred out to obta the fuzzy relato matrces. Eergy effcecy evaluato for a chargg stato Chogqg was coducted, the results dcate that the fuzzy method preseted the paper s effectve to evaluate the eergy effcecy of chargg stato, ad accordg to the assessmet result, measures ca be take to mprove the eergy effcecy. REFERENCES [] M. Etezad-Amol, K. Choma, ad J. Stefa, "Rapd-Charge Electrc-Vehcle Statos," IEEE Tras. o Power Delvery, vol. 25, pp , 200. [2] J. J. Jama, H. Musa, M. W. Mustafa, H. Mokhls, ad S. S. Adamu, "Combed Voltage Stablty Idex for Chargg Stato Effect o Dstrbuto Network," Iteratoal Revew of Electrcal Egeerg-Iree, vol. 6, pp , 20. [3] D. D. Rasolomampooa, F. Maeght, P. Y. Cresso, ad P. Faver, "Expermetal solar-based chargg stato for electrc vehcles," Przeglad Elektrotechczy, vol. 87, pp , 20. [4] P. Mohaty, N. Dasgupta, ad A. Sharma, "Cetralzed solar later chargg stato uder 'lghtg a bllo lves' campag: a techologcal evoluto," Progress Photovoltacs, vol. 8, pp , 200. [5] A. Chaurey ad T. C. Kadpal, "Solar laters for domestc lghtg Ida: Vablty of cetral chargg stato model," Eergy Polcy, vol. 37, pp , [6] Y. Ota, H. Taguch, T. Nakajma, K. M. Lyaage, J. Baba, ad A. Yokoyama, "Autoomous Dstrbuted V2G (Vehcle-to-Grd) Satsfyg Scheduled Chargg," IEEE Tras. o Smart Grd, vol. 3, pp , 202. [7] T. Sousa, H. Moras, Z. Vale, P. Fara, ad J. Soares, "Itellget Eergy Resource Maagemet Cosderg Vehcle-to-Grd: A Smulated Aealg Approach," IEEE Tras. o Smart Grd, vol. 3, pp , 202. [8] E. Sortomme ad M. A. El-Sharkaw, "Optmal Schedulg of Vehcle-to-Grd Eergy ad Acllary Servces," IEEE Tras. o Smart Grd, vol. 3, pp , 202. [9] M. Sgh, P. Kumar, ad I. Kar, "Implemetato of Vehcle to Grd Ifrastructure Usg Fuzzy Logc Cotroller," IEEE Tras. o Smart Grd, vol. 3, pp , 202. [0] W. Cheye, H. Mohsea-Rad, ad H. Jawe, "Vehcle-to-Aggregator Iteracto Game," IEEE Tras. o Smart Grd, vol. 3, pp , 202. [] A. T. Al-Awam ad E. Sortomme, "Coordatg Vehcle-to-Grd Servces Wth Eergy Tradg," Smart Grd, IEEE Trasactos o, vol. 3, pp , 202. [2] [G. Huaqu, W. Yogdog, B. Feg, C. Hogme, ad M. Maode, "UBAPV2G: A Uque Batch Authetcato

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