A Level Physics B (Advancing physics) H557/01 Fundamentals of Physics. Monday 4 June 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 2 hours 15 minutes

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Oxford ambridge and RS Level Physics (dvancing physics) H557/01 Fundamentals of Physics Monday 4 June 2018 fternoon Time allowed: 2

scientific or graphical calculator a ruler (cm/mm) * H 5 5 7 0 1 * First name Last name entre number andidate number INSTRUTIONS Use

omplete the boxes above with your name, centre number and candidate number. nswer all the questions.

If additional space is required, use the lined page(s) at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown.

1 Oxford ambridge and RS Level Physics (dvancing physics) H557/01 Fundamentals of Physics Monday 4 June 2018 fternoon Time allowed: 2 hours 15 minutes * * You must have: The ata, Formulae and Relationships ooklet (sent with general stationery) You may use: a scientific or graphical calculator a ruler (cm/mm) * H * First name Last name entre number andidate number INSTRUTIONS Use black ink. You may use an H pencil for graphs and diagrams. omplete the boxes above with your name, centre number and candidate number. nswer all the questions. Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If additional space is required, use the lined page(s) at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown. o not write in the barcodes. INFORMTION The total mark for this paper is 110. The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ]. Quality of extended responses will be assessed in questions marked with an asterisk (*). This document consists of 36 pages. [601/4745/3] (ST/GW) /4 OR is an exempt harity Turn over

2 2 SETION You should spend a maximum of 40 minutes on this section. Write your answer for each question in the box provided. nswer all the questions. 1 Which expression gives a quantity that can be expressed in joules? F v where F is the force causing a body to move and v is its speed I 2 R where I is the current flowing through a resistance of value R m v where m is the mass of a body moving with velocity v V I t where V is the potential difference across a conductor and I is the current in it for time t. 2 Which of these ages is estimated correctly? The Earth is about 4 billion years old. The Sun is about 14 billion years old. The Milky Way Galaxy is about 20 billion years old. The Universe is about 20 billion years old. 3 How many bits are required to code for 1300 different levels?

3 4 n image sent from Pluto to Earth is 1024 # 1024 pixels. Each pixel is coded by 12 bits. The data is transferred at a rate of 200 bytes per second. How long does it take to transmit the data? 3 11 minutes 87 minutes 131 minutes 1049 minutes 5 boat travels eastwards with a velocity of 12 m s 1. current from the south pushes the boat northwards at a velocity of 5 m s 1. 5 m s 1 12 m s 1 What is the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the boat? 7 m s 1 13 m s 1 17 m s m s 1 Turn over

4 6 weight of 20 N is suspended from a steel wire. What is the extension of the wire? 4 ata: original length of wire = 2.5 m cross-sectional area of wire = 7.0 # 10 8 m 2 Young Modulus of the wire material = 2.1 # Pa m m m m 7 These two circuits use identical components. The cells have zero internal resistance. V V R R circuit 1 R R circuit 2 What is the ratio 1 4 power dissipated in circuit 1 power dissipated in circuit 2?

5 8 Which combination of resistors gives the lowest total resistance? Ω 200 Ω 300 Ω 400 Ω 300 Ω 100 Ω 300 Ω 200 Ω 100 Ω 200 Ω 100 Ω 400 Ω Turn over

6 6 9 The graph shows the displacement of a body which is oscillating periodically with time period T. displacement 0 X T time Which statement is correct? The acceleration is zero at time X. The body is performing simple harmonic motion. In each cycle the velocity is zero three times. The body changes direction at X.

7 10 The spring in this diagram has a spring constant of 20 N m 1. The mass is pulled away from the fixed point. The spring stretches by 2.5 cm. The mass is then released. 7 fixed point spring mass 0.40 kg 5.0 cm 2.5 cm 0.40 kg What is the maximum speed reached by the mass? 0.18 m s m s m s m s 1 11 n electron is travelling at a speed of 3.1 # 10 5 m s 1. What is its kinetic energy in electronvolts? 4.4 # ev 8.8 # 10 7 ev 0.27 ev 500 ev Turn over

8 12 The diagram shows the beta energy spectrum for emissions from a radioactive isotope. 8 relative frequency of beta emission beta energy / MeV Which statement is correct? The maximum energy of beta emissions is about 0.1 MeV. More than half the beta particles are emitted with less than half the maximum energy. The missing energy in beta emissions is taken by the recoiling nucleus. The most frequent energy of beta emission is about 1.16 MeV.

9 9 The following information is for use in questions 13 and 14. n uncharged capacitor and a resistor are connected in this circuit. 12 V 1.6 F 2.0 kω current / m p.d. across the p.d. across the capacitor / V resistor / V Which set of values to above, most closely represents the situation immediately after the switch is closed? 14 Which set of values to above, most closely represents the situation 3 seconds after the switch is closed? Turn over

10 10 15 liquid flows through a tube containing an electrical heater with a constant voltage. t a steady state of flow, the liquid leaves the tube at temperature θ higher than the liquid entering. Which change will increase θ with no other changes? Increasing the flow rate of the liquid. hanging the liquid to one with a higher specific heat capacity. Using a heating element of lower resistance. ecreasing the supply voltage. 16 thermistor is used in a potential divider circuit. 3 V thermistor resistance R T / kω R T R V ircuit temperature / When the circuit temperature is 10 the reading on the voltmeter is 1.0 V. What is the resistance of the resistor R? 6 kω 9 kω 18 kω 36 kω

11 11 The following information is for use in questions 17 and 18. transformer runs a 36.0 W lamp from a 24.0 V a.c. supply. 24 V a.c. 36 W lamp 200 turns primary 100 turns secondary 17 What is the current in the secondary coil? What is the best estimate for the rate of change of flux in the transformer core? 0.12 Wb s T m 2 s 1 12 Wb s 1 12 T m 2 s 1 Turn over

12 19 n α particle approaches an atomic nucleus and is scattered through angle θ. The path of the particle is offset as shown. 12 θ offset distance from head-on nuclear collision nucleus Which change on its own would cause the scattering angle θ to increase? Use an α particle with higher kinetic energy. Have a smaller offset distance for the initial trajectory. Use a target nucleus with a smaller charge. Use a target nucleus with a smaller mass.

13 13 The following information is for use in questions 20 and 21. particle of charge q and mass m travels in a vacuum in a region of constant magnetic flux density. It moves at a constant speed v in a circle of radius r. 20 Which expression gives the time for the particle to complete one circle of its motion? 2rm qr 2rmr q 2rm q q 2rm 21 proton and an α particle, with the same velocity, enter the region of constant magnetic flux density. What is the ratio of the radii of their paths, 1 4 r a? r proton Turn over

14 14 22 This table shows the half-lives of three radioactive isotopes. Isotope 60 cobalt 192 iridium 210 thallium Half-life 5.3 years 74 days 1.8 minutes Which statement can be deduced from the information given? The decay constant of thallium is smaller than that of iridium. ecause of the difference in half-lives, the energy of the particles emitted from cobalt must be less than the energy of the particles emitted by thallium. The most active source will be thallium. If the number of atoms in the cobalt and iridium sources is initially equal, then the iridium source will have the greater initial activity.

15 23 The graph shows neutron number N plotted against proton number Z for stable nuclei. 15 N = neutron number Z = proton number Which statement about stable nuclei is correct? For elements up to about Z = 50 N Z. Elements with Z 80 have more protons than neutrons. N Greater ratio is needed to hold larger nuclei together, because only neutrons take part in Z the strong nuclear force of attraction to balance electrostatic repulsion. N Greater ratio is needed to hold larger nuclei together because only nearest neighbour Z nucleons take part in the strong nuclear force of attraction to balance electrostatic repulsion. Turn over

16 16 24 ball is kicked from horizontal ground at a velocity of 15 m s 1 at an angle of 20 to the horizontal. How long will the ball remain in the air before hitting the ground? Ignore any effects of air resistance. 0.5 s 1.0 s 1.4 s 2.9 s 25 The diagram shows two boats P and Q sailing at constant velocity towards the finish line. P finish line 30 7 m s 1 Q 5 m s m Which statement is correct? oat P wins by 1.4 s. oat Q wins by 29 s. oat P wins by 59 s. oat Q wins by 198 s.

17 17 The following information is for use in questions 26, 27 and 28. Two stars of mass M and 4M are a distance d apart. They orbit around their common centre of mass. M x y 4 M P d The point P, on the line between the centres of the stars, divides the distance d in the ratio x : y as shown. 26 If P is the gravitational neutral point between the stars, which ratio is correct for x : y? 1 : 4 1 : 2 2 : 1 4 : 1 27 If P is the centre of mass of the two stars, which ratio is correct for x : y? 1 : 4 1 : 2 2 : 1 4 : 1 28 If P is the point where the gravitational potentials of the two stars are equal, which ratio is correct for x : y? 1 : 4 1 : 2 2 : 1 4 : 1 Turn over

18 18 29 The electric potential at a distance r from a positive point charge Q is 450 V. The potential increases to 500 V when the distance from the point charge decreases by 1.5 m. What is the value of r? 1.5 m 7.9 m 15 m 29 m 1 30 The relativistic factor c = 2 v 1-2 c Which statement about this factor is correct? t the speed of sound c is close to zero. c 1 as v c. c predicts the time dilation factor so that moving clocks run slower as v c. c 2 is the factor by which the total energy of a moving particle is greater than its rest energy.

19 19 SETION nswer all the questions. 31 The lens in a digital clock projects the time onto a wall 1.5 m away as shown in Fig. 31. The digital display is m from the lens. image of time on wall lens digital display 1.5 m (a) alculate the power of the lens. Fig. 31 (b) State the magnification of the lens in this example. power of the lens =... [3] magnification =... Turn over

20 20 32 video file is downloaded at a rate of 24 Mbit s 1. The video file is 1.2 Gbytes in size. (a) Show that the time taken for the file to download is greater than 6 minutes. (b) The video file contains a soundtrack sampled at 16.0 khz. State and explain the highest frequency of sound that can be recorded on the soundtrack. highest frequency... khz [2]... [2] 33 The radioactive isotope i decays by this beta decay. (a) omplete the decay equation i Po e y [2] (b) State why an antineutrino is emitted during beta decay....

21 34 solar panel is charging a rechargeable battery, with a resistor R in series. 21 The values of the internal resistances r, the external resistance R and the e.m.f.s ε at the start of the charging process are shown in Fig. 34. I R = 4.7Ω solar panel f 1 r 1 = 12 V = 10 Ω f 1 r 1 f 2 r 2 rechargeable battery f 2 r 2 = 9.0 V = 3.0 Ω Fig. 34 (a) Show that the initial current charging the rechargeable battery I is less than 0.2. (b) When fully charged, the rechargeable battery has enough charge to deliver an average current of 500 m for an hour before it is fully discharged. Estimate the time needed to recharge the battery at the mean charging current of [2] time =... hours [2] Turn over

22 22 35 This question is about a model of an atom with one electron. The electron is trapped in a box as shown in Fig. 35. Possible electron kinetic energy levels are plotted as shown. Energy n = 3 levels increase 0 n = 2 n = 1 no levels at all below n = 1 λ 3 = λ 1 /3 λ 2 = λ 1 /2 λ 1 = 2d d E 3 = E 2 = E 1 = h2 2mλ 3 2 h2 2mλ 2 2 h2 2mλ 2 1 Fig. 35 (a) Explain how this model gives rise to discrete quantised energy levels for the atom.... [2] (b) How many different frequencies of photon can be emitted from an atom with 3 energy levels?... (c) The distance d between the walls of the box is about atomic size 0.10 nm. alculate the frequency of the most energetic photon that this model atom could emit. frequency =... Hz [3]

23 23 LNK PGE PLESE O NOT WRITE ON THIS PGE Turn over for Section Turn over

24 24 SETION nswer all the questions. 36 This question considers some of the evidence for a Hot ig ang start to our expanding universe. recession velocity of galaxies / km/s relative intensity osmic background from OE satellite distance to galaxies / M light-year λ / mm Fig Fig (a) Explain how the graph(s) show evidence that the universe started from: (i) a big bang expansion [2] (ii) a hot state [2]

25 25 (b) The intensity spectrum of thermal radiation depends on temperature T. Photons at the peak of intensity have energy ε 5 kt. Use this approximation and data from Fig to estimate the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation (MR). temperature =... K [4] Turn over

26 26 37 This question is about propulsion systems for spacecraft. (a) solar sail uses the momentum of photons in solar radiation for propulsion. (not to scale) spacecraft solar sail Fig Relativity shows that a photon of energy E has momentum p (i) Show that E c has the units of momentum. E =. c (ii) The total photon power of the radiation received from the Sun on a 1.0 m 2 area of solar sail is P. Show that the thrust force T from photon reflection is given by T 2P =. c ssume that the Sun s rays are normal to the sail and all the radiation is reflected. (iii) The total photon power density is 1400 W m 2. The 1.0 tonne spacecraft has a 10 6 m 2 solar sail. alculate the acceleration of the spacecraft. [3] acceleration =... m s 2 [2]

27 27 (b) n ion drive uses the momentum of ions for propulsion. It ionises a gas and uses an accelerating field to accelerate the positive ions to a high velocity. positive ions ion accelerating field ion flow Fig (i) positive ion of charge Q and mass m is accelerated through a p.d. V. Show that the p momentum per unit mass it gains is given by the expression m p m Q = 2Vc m. m [2] (ii) iscuss an advantage of using ions of hydrogen 1 H + as propellant instead of xenon 130 Xe [2] (iii) n ion drive with accelerating p.d. V = 2000 V must produce a thrust of 0.24 N. m Show that the mass flow rate is less than 4 # 10 7 kg s t 1. Q for m 1 H + ions = 9.6 # 10 7 kg 1. [2] Turn over

28 38 student performs Young s double slit experiment as shown in Fig distant filament lamp L = distance from slits to screen y = fringe separation double slits d = 0.50 ± 0.10 mm screen showing interference fringes Fig The student investigates how the fringe spacing y varies with the distance L from slits to screen. The student measures the slit separation d = 0.5 ± 0.1 mm. Fig shows the data obtained with uncertainties. 2.5 y / mm L / m Fig (a) Suggest a reason why only uncertainties in the fringe spacing are shown on the graph....

29 29 (b) raw a line of best fit on the graph and measure its gradient with an uncertainty estimate. gradient =... ±... [3] (c) Use the gradient to estimate an average wavelength for the light together with an uncertainty estimate. Make your method clear. wavelength =... ±... m [3] (d) State one way in which you could refine or develop this practical design or procedure to reduce uncertainty.... Turn over

30 39 (a)* oyle s Law states that at constant temperature, pressure is proportional to Explain how the random motion of particles gives rise to oyle s law volume.... [6]

31 31 (b) Here are some data about trace gases in the atmosphere: H 2 molar mass 2 grams Xe molar mass 132 grams (i) speed of hydrogen molecule with average kinetic energy alculate the ratio:. speed of xenon atom with average kinetic energy Make your reasoning clear. (ii) The escape velocity for planet Earth is 11.2 km s 1. ratio =... [3] Use the oltzmann factor to estimate the number of H 2 molecules per mole with sufficient energy to escape the atmosphere and the Earth s gravitational field at a temperature of 288 K. number =... mole 1 [4] Turn over

32 40 Fig shows a simplified diagram of a d.c. motor with permanent magnets. Fig shows the graph of current in the coil against frequency of rotation for this motor magnets coil I 9 current in coil / 8 7 N F F S Fig frequency / Hz Fig The coil is connected to a 12.0 V supply of negligible internal resistance shown in Fig This produces the force to keep the motor turning against a mechanical load. (a) raw a straight line of best fit on Fig and use it to predict the current in the coil when the motor is not rotating. Use your prediction to calculate the resistance of the coil. resistance =... Ω [3]

33 33 (b)* This type of d.c. motor is described as a self-regulating device. s more mechanical load is put on the motor it slows down and draws more current from the supply to produce the extra force required. Use the laws of electromagnetism to explain how this device can act as a self-regulating motor.... [6] Turn over

34 34 41 This question is about the electric field around protons. (a) Two protons are separated by 1.0 # 10 9 m as shown in Fig Point X is equidistant from each proton as shown m m proton X proton Fig not to scale (i) Explain why the electric field strength at X is zero (ii) alculate the electric potential at X. potential =... V [2] Question 41 continues on page 35

35 35 (b) Imagine a third proton is positioned as shown in Fig F 60 third proton m m m proton proton Fig not to scale (i) Show that the resultant force F on the third proton is about 4 # N in the direction shown. Explain your reasoning. You may include a diagram in your answer [4] (ii) The separation of protons in a lithium 6 3 Li nucleus is of the order of m. Estimate the magnitude of the resultant electric force on a proton in the nucleus if the protons are arranged symmetrically as in Fig force =... N [2] EN OF QUESTION PPER

36 36 ITIONL NSWER SPE If additional space is required, you should use the following lined page(s). The question number(s) must be clearly shown in the margin(s) Oxford ambridge and RS opyright Information OR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OR opyright cknowledgements ooklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website ( after the live examination series. If OR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity. For queries or further information please contact the opyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, ambridge 2 1GE. OR is part of the ambridge ssessment Group; ambridge ssessment is the brand name of University of ambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (ULES), which is itself a department of the University of ambridge.

Date Morning/Afternoon T ime allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Date Morning/Afternoon T ime allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes S Level Phy sics (dvancing Physics) H157/01 Foundations of physics P r a c t i c e Question Paper Date Morning/fternoon T ime allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Y ou must have: the Data, Formulae and Relationships