Strategy for Nuclear Physics

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1 Strategy for Nuclear Physics Scope and Range of Physics Current Projects Future Projects Other issues Balance of Programme, Theory

2 Context: Nuclear Structure Advisory Committee (NSAC) Dec [US] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) May 2008 [World] NuPECC 2004 [EU]

3 Nuclear Structure Advisory Committee (NSAC) Dec [US] Quantum Chromodynamics What are the phases of strongly interacting matter, and what roles do they play in the cosmos? What is the internal landscape of the nucleons? What does QCD predict for the properties of strongly interacting matter? What governs the transition of quarks and gluons into pions and nucleons? What is the role of gluons and gluon self-interactions in nucleons and nuclei? What determines the key features of QCD, and what is their relation to the nature of gravity and spacetime? Nuclei and Nuclear Astrophysics What is the nature of the nuclear force that binds protons and neutrons into stable nuclei and rare isotopes? What is the origin of simple patterns in complex nuclei? What is the nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter? What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos? What are the nuclear reactions that drive stars and stellar explosions? Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) May 2008 [World] Is QCD the complete theory of the strong interaction? What are the phases of nuclear matter? What is the structure of nuclear matter? What is the role of nuclei in shaping the evolution of the universe? What physics is there beyond the Standard Model? Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos What is the nature of the neutrinos, what are their masses, and how have they shaped the evolution of the universe? Why is there now more visible matter than antimatter in the universe? What are the unseen forces that were present at the dawn of the universe but disappeared from view as the universe evolved?

4 Nuclear Physics Forum: How do the properties of atomic nuclei emerge from the forces between the nucleons? What is the origin of the chemical elements? What is the nature of strongly interacting matter?

5 What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter? What are the limits of nuclear existence? How does the ordering of quantum states change in dilute or neutron-rich matter? Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely bound systems and beyond the limits of stability? How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei? Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from stability? Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of the strong interaction? What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter? Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction? What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction? What is the structure of the proton and neutron? How do the neutron and proton get their spin? What are the phases of strongly interacting matter? What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big Bang? How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons? What is the Origin of the Elements? How are the elements and isotopes found in the Universe formed? Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis? What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron stars?

6 PPAN Perception Issues: 1) Nuclear (not nucleon) Physics is seen as incremental, study of trends, building up systematics evolving theory. Not answering big questions. Not really understood the questions we are asking. 2) Nucleon (not nuclear) Physics is seen as picking up old particle physics, tackling issues which particle physics left behind as too complex or less interesting. 3) Link between Facilities, Projects and Physics: Not easy for them to say at FAIR we will discover X as at ATLAS we will discover the Higgs 4) Impact of a small group of scientists (~60) / criticality of field.

7 A Possible Strategy. A Physics Programme Based on developing areas of present expertise Not: Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos What is the nature of the neutrinos, what are their masses, and how have they shaped the evolution of the universe? Why is there now more visible matter than antimatter in the universe? What are the unseen forces that were present at the dawn of the universe but disappeared from view as the universe evolved? Rationale: In UK particle physics community have already stolen a march, NP community limited numbers not realistic to lead such endeavours.

8 A Possible Strategy. Building an understanding of the nucleon: QCD o nucleon spin and moments o meson and baryon resonances o Quark Gluon Plasma o Temperature density phase diagram o Freeze out of the QGP: from plasma to baryons Effective Field Theory A. Richter INPC 2004

9 A Possible Strategy.

10 A Possible Strategy.

11 A Possible Strategy: Nuclear Astrophysics

12 A Possible Strategy. What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter? Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction? What is the Origin of the Elements?

13 What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter? What are the limits of nuclear existence? How does the ordering of quantum states change in dilute or neutron-rich matter? Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely bound systems and beyond the limits of stability? How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei? Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from stability? Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of the strong interaction? What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter? Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction? What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction? What is the structure of the proton and neutron? How do the neutron and proton get their spin? What are the phases of strongly interacting matter? What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big Bang? How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons? What is the Origin of the Elements? How are the elements and isotopes found in the Universe formed? Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis? What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron stars?

14 Connecting Physics, Facility and Projects Theory Key Questions Current Facilities Legnaro (Italy) Current STFC Projects What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter? What are the limits of nuclear existence? How does the ordering of quantum states change in dilute or neutron-rich matter? Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely bound systems and beyond the limits of stability? How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei? Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from stability? Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of the strong interaction? What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter? GSI (Germany) ANL (US) GANIL (France) ISOLDE (CERN) ANU (Australia) AGATA NUSTAR Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction? What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction? What is the structure of the proton and neutron? How do the neutron and proton get their spin? What are the phases of strongly interacting matter? What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big Bang? How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons? JYFL (Finland) Mainz (Germany) JLAB (US) PANDA ALICE (CERN) What is the Origin of the Elements? How are the elements and isotopes found in the Universe formed? Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis? What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron stars? ORNL (US) TRIUMF (Canada)

15 Connecting Physics, Facility and Projects Theory Key Questions Current Facilities Stable beam Facilities Current STFC Projects Future Projects What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter? What are the limits of nuclear existence? How does the ordering of quantum states change in dilute or neutron-rich matter? Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely bound systems and beyond the limits of stability? How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei? Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from stability? Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of the strong interaction? What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter? GSI (Germany) GANIL (France) ISOLDE (CERN) AGATA NUSTAR SPIRAL2 HIE-ISOLDE Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction? What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction? What is the structure of the proton and neutron? How do the neutron and proton get their spin? What are the phases of strongly interacting matter? What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big Bang? How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons? JLAB (US) PANDA JLAB Upgrade What is the Origin of the Elements? How are the elements and isotopes found in the Universe formed? Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis? What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron stars? ELENA (Boulby)

16 Projects Timelines ~1/3 of Nuclear Physics funding is project based (NUSTAR, AGATA, PANDA) k NUSTAR PANDA AGATA Financial Yaer Year Is profile right? Is balance of programme right? Are travel grants a good thing?

17 Other Strategic Issues What can we do to support theory? How to include Applied Nuclear Science in the Strategy? What to input into the Review? Student Destinations (124) PDRA Destinations (58) Percent Percent Academic 2 4 Civil Service Education Nuclear Ind. 3 Computing 10 Finance 4 Industrial Research 9 Medical 4 Other 0 PDRA Permanent Perminant 0 0 Civil Service Education 7 5 Nuclear Ind. Computing 0 Finance Industrial Research Medical Other

18 Birmingham Masters (PTNR) (2 years) [62 students] Nuclear Ind. Overseas Nuclear Technologies AWE Frazer-Nash Serco PhD British Energy/EON/UKAEA AMEC Magnox North BAE systems/rolls Royce Atkins Other Unknown

19 1956 R S Hall CEGB, Fast Reactors and then Health and Safety. Member of ACSNI and MoD Reactor Safety Committee 1957 Jim Hannaford HM Deputy Chief Inspector, NII, HSE 1958 Karannagoda Perera Sri Lanka, Senior Perm Sec in Energy Ministry, previously a V-C in a university 1959 Ken Serdula Chalk River 1961 Granville Camsey CEGB SE Region Director 1961 John Hewitt Professor University of Toronto and several advisory roles for Canadian Government 1962 John Rogers Rolls Royce 1963 Mohammed Chairman Bangladesh At En Commission Quaiyum 1964 Roger Clarke Director NRPB 1964 Ed Lorch USA Manager for Amersham International 1966 Rick Jones Reactor Physics Chalk River National Lab Canada 1967 John Birchall British Energy - Reactor Physics Heysham II power station, latterly various senior roles in developing Safety Cases 1967 Colin Carlile Director ILL Grenoble. Now at ESS project Sweden 1969 Jim Rippon President of AMEC NCL, Canada 1970 Peter Heffer CEGB Berkeley Labs and also Secondment to the Department of Energy 1973 A J Mitchell NII, HSE 1974 Ian Anderson Director, Neutron Scattering Science Division, SNS ORNL 1974 L John Perkins Livermore National Lab, USA 1974 Neill Taylor ITER team Cadarache, France 1976 Martyn Swinhoe Safeguards, Los Alamos National Lab, USA 1980 John Patten European Commission, Luxembourg 1989 Robert Beadnell Royal Navy, including the Nuclear Department, HMS Sultan 1990 Mark Kellett IAEA Nuclear Data Section 1992 Andrew Worrall Technical Authority, Reactors and Fuels, Reactor and Fuel Technology, National Nuclear Laboratory, 2003 Mike O Brien Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, UK Parliament