Mysterious Quantum Physics
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1 Mysterious Quantum Physics Pavel Cejnar Faculty of Math. & Phys. Charles University Prague
2 Why Quantum? 1) Quantization of the electromagnetic field elmg.waves photons Energy of 1 photon Planck s constant (veeery small!!!) E = ħω Frequency of elmg. wave
3 Why Quantum? 2) Quantization of the electron energies inside atoms Energy of the Neon atom (arbitrary units) C. E. Moore, tomic Energy Levels, Vol. 1 (U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971)
4 Why Quantum? Neon Oxygen Hydrogen Wikipedia.Niece, J.Chem.Educ. 2006, 83, 761
5 Why Quantum? Solar spectrum in the visible domain (source: National Optical stronomy Observatory)
6 ohr s atom Niels ohr ( )
7 ohr s atom Niels ohr ( )
8 Schrödinger s atom Erwin Schrödinger ( )
9 Electron as a wave Wave of what? Wave of probability!* Ψ * Probability = mplitude 2
10 Double slit experiment electrons
11 Interference of waves
12 Interference of waves Thomas Young's sketch of two-slit interference of light presented to the Royal Society in 1803
13 Interference of waves ctual data:. Tonomura et al. m. J. Phys. 57 (1989)
14 Interference of waves Charles ddams, the New Yorker 1940
15 Which-path setup 1) ctual measurement of the electron position behind the slits (problem of an irreducible action of the probe-particles on the electron)
16 Which-path setup 1) ctual measurement of the electron position behind the slits (problem of an irreducible action of the probe-particles on the electron) 2) Marking the electrons that pass through slits and e.g. by opposite spin orientations Spin: intrinsic quantized rotation of the electron. Its projection to any axis can have only two values, which we call up and down spin orientations
17 Which-path setup 1) ctual measurement of the electron position behind the slits (problem of an irreducible action of the probe-particles on the electron) 2) Marking the electrons that pass through slits and e.g. by opposite spin orientations Spin: intrinsic quantized rotation of the electron. Its projection to any axis can have only two values, which we call up and down spin orientations Particle trajectories measured by particle track detectors are classical-like because the surrounding environment repeatedly records information on instantaneous particle positions
18 Hidden classicality? ohm s theory: What about if the interference pattern is due to some exotic but classical-like motions of particles?
19 Delayed Choice & Quantum Eraser 1) Decision about the insertion or non-insertion of spin polarizers is made after the electron has entered the device
20 Delayed Choice & Quantum Eraser 1) Decision about the insertion or non-insertion of spin polarizers is made after the electron has entered the device 2) The information on the slit-dependent polarization is erased by re-polarization of all electrons in a perpendicular direction
21 Delayed Choice & Quantum Eraser 1) Decision about the insertion or non-insertion of spin polarizers is made after the electron has entered the device 2) The information on the slit-dependent polarization is erased by re-polarization of all electrons in a perpendicular direction
22 Wave function for anything Wave of what? Wave of probability!* Ψ 1 Schrödinger cat 0,5 0 dead alive -0,5-1 Dean Tweed * Probability = mplitude 2
23 Wave function for anything Wave of what? Wave of probability!* Ψ 1 Quantum bit Ψ 1 Quantum register (here 3 quantum bits) 0,5 0, ,5-0, * Probability = mplitude 2
24 Quantum computing
25 Quantum entanglement Electron goes to lice Electron goes to ob 1 0,5 Ψ Emission of an electron pair with correlated spins 1 0,5 Ψ , , lice ob Electron has no wave function Electron has no wave function Electrons + have a wave function Electrons + are in an entangled state
26 Quantum entanglement monopartite tripartite multipartite Kanazawa, Japan bipartite The Wrestlers, Uffizi Museum, Firenze The Rape of the Sabine Women, Loggia dei Lanzi, Firenze Vigeland Park, Oslo
27 Quantum entanglement My random number generator generated a sequence: That s amazing, my generator gave exactly the opposite: The precise correlation of lice s and ob s results is not so surprising if one considers that (a) the two particles have a common origin and (b) both lice and ob measure the spin projection to the same axis.
28 Quantum entanglement So let us allow lice and ob to measure the spin projections in random directions. The correlations will no longer be perfect. However, it turns out that they will still be stronger than correlations allowed by any classical-like theory satisfying the conditions of locality (no spooky action at the distance ). In this sense (and only in this sense!) the quantum theory bears traces of nonlocality.
29 Niels ohr & lbert Einstein 1925 quantum theory bears traces of nonlocality
30 Thank you!
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