As-few-as-possible-body physics (laser-induced nonsequential multiple ionization)

Transcription

1 As-few-as-possible-body physics (laser-induced nonsequential multiple ionization) Wilhelm Becker Max Born-Institut, Berlin 614th Wilhelm und Else Heraeus Seminar, Bad Honnef, April 2016

2 Collaborators X. J. Liu, Wuhan, P. R. China J. Chen, Beijing, P. R. China C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, University College, London S. P. Goreslavski, P. A. Korneev, S. V. Popruzhenko, and N. I. Shvetsov-Shilovski, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute P. J. Ho, Univ. of Rochester H. Schomerus, Univ. of Lancaster P. B. Corkum, Ottawa

3 What? Double and multiple ionization of rare-gas atoms by a short (2 30 cycles) low-frequency (near-infrared, Ti:Sa) intense (I > 1014 Wcm-2) laser pulse Why? Electron-electron correlation in a few-particle system subject to an intense laser field Extract dynamic information on the attosecond time scale Meet the theoretical challenge Plasma diagnostics via multiple-ion appearance intensities

4 Maximal laser intensities as a function of time

5 The amazing precision of the Single-Active-Electron Approximation Comparison of data with one-particle 3D TDSE simulations argon, 800 nm, 120 fs, intensity in TW/cm2 as given Nandor, Walker, Van Woerkom, Muller, PRA 60, R1771 (1999)

6 Double ionization of an atom by an intense laser pulse Does it require electron-electron correlation or does it not? What are the footprints of correlation? -- Laser-intensity dependence of the total yields of ionized species with various charge states -- Ion-momentum distribution -- Correlation of electron momenta

7 Sequential vs. nonsequential ionization: the total rate the knee nonsequential = not sequential (requiring correlation) first observation and identification of a nonsequential channel: A. L Huillier, L.A. Lompre, G. Mainfray, C. Manus, PRA 27, 2503 (1983) SAEA The mechanism is, essentially, rescattering, like for high-order ATI and HHG B. Walker, B. Sheehy, L.F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, K.J. Schafer, K.C. Kulander, PRL 73, 1227 (1994) NB: the effect disappears for circular polarization

8 Nonsequential double ionization: the ion momentum photon momentum is negligible ion-momentum distribution is double-peaked neon laser field polarization R. Moshammer, B. Feuerstein, W. Schmitt, A. Dorn, C..D. Schröter, J. Ullrich, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn, K. Hoffmann, W. Sandner, PRL 84, 447 (2000)

9 Nonsequential double ionization: the electron-electron correlation distribution electrons go side by side neon: Heidelberg MBI collaboration J. Phys. B 36, L113 (2003) argon: Th. Weber, H. Giessen, M. Weckenbrock, G. Urbasch, A. Staudte, L. Spielberger, O. Jagutzki, V. Mergel, M. Vollmer, R. Dörner, Nature 405, 658 (2000) Unambiguous evidence of electron-electron correlation

10 In all laser-atom processes at near-infrared frequencies, a very large number of laser photons has to be absorbed Lowest-order perturbation theory (LOPT), let alone higher orders, is impossible What to do? The new paradigm: Tunneling followed by classical propagation in the laser field also known as the simple-man model

11 An aside: the simple-man model (Just one electron in the laser field no correlation)

12 Tunneling ionization v(t) = p - ea(t) r 0) p = ea(t atomic<a(t)> binding potential V(r) =0 p = drift momentum -er.e(t) with the laser field =interaction momentum at the detector ground-state energy combined effective potential V-er.E(t) classically: v(t0)=0 at the exit of the tunnel

13 The streaking condition p = ea(t) is at the heart of attosecond physics p = electron momentum at the detector (outside the field) A = vector potential of the streaking laser field t = time of ionization

14 Recollision establishes correlation Corkum, 1993; Kulander, 1993 Corkum & Krausz, Nature Phys. 3, 382 (2007) The recolliding electron may recombine (HHG), elastically rescatter (HATI), inelastically rescatter (NSDI),...

15 Integrating Newton s equation m x (t ) ee (t ) t m[ x(t ) x(t0 )] [ x (t0 ) ea(t0 )](t t0 ) e d A( ) t =0 (position of the atom) =0 (initial velocity after tunneling) condition of recollision: 0 = F(t) - F(t0) x(t ) 0 F (t ) F (t0 ) (t t0 ) F (t0 )

16 Graphical discussion of the return condition F (t ) F (t ' ) (t t ' )df / dt t t ' works for any field F(t) orbit with max return energy = 3.17 Up t F (t ) d A( ) (Up = ponderomotive energy) (this yields the the maximal frequency of HHG)

17 Mechanism of nonsequential double ionization: Recollision of a first-ionized electron with the ion time position in the laser-field direction On a revisit (the first or a later one), the first-ionized electron can free another bound electron (or several electrons) in an inelastic collision

18 The ponderomotive energy Up 2 p m v(t ) T [p ea(t )] T U p 2 2m 2m e2 Up A(t )2 = cycle-averaged wiggling energy 2m of a free electron in a laser field NB: Up I 2

19 Recall classical cutoffs (in energy) 2 Up for the drift energy of a direct electron 10.0 Up for the drift energy of a backscattered electron 3.17 Up for the energy of the returning electron 2 Up½ for the drift momentum of a direct electron 4.47 Up1/2 for the drift momentum of a backscattered electron (0.1 Up for the drift energy of a forwardscattered electron (LES))

20 end of aside

21 Electron-electron correlation diagram p2,parallel emission back to back emission side by side emission at different times p1,parallel emission side by side p1 p emission back to back emission at different times p2 symmetry about the diagonal -p (parity), symmetry about the off-diagonal (long pulses only)

22 Typical electron-electron-momentum correlation diagrams for double ionization pparallel 2 pparallel 1 no obvious correlation

23 Typical electron-electron-momentum correlation diagrams for double ionization pparallel 2 p ea(tret ) 2e U p Dp2 = 2(Eret - Eret min) pparallel 1 Rescattering impact ionization (RII)

24 Typical electron-electron-momentum correlation diagrams for double ionization pparallel 2 pparallel 1 Rescattering-excitation with subsequent ionization (RESI) first-liberated electron returns near a zero of the field (max vector potential) and moves the bound electron to an excited state from where it tunnels out at a later time (max field, zero vector potential)

25 Typical electron-electron-momentum correlation diagrams for double ionization pparallel 2 pparallel 1 RII + some delayed second ionization

26 Theoretical approaches All at once : numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) (limited to helium) (K. Taylor et al., S. X. Hu, A. Scrinzi, full dimensionality) (A. Becker et al., center of mass one-dim.) numerical solution of the completely classical laser-induced escape from a two-electron bound state (time-dependent Newton equations (TDNE) (J. Eberly et al.) density-functional methods (D. Bauer) Step by step : evaluation of the Feyman diagrams considered to be most important classical-trajectory methods (with quantum-tunneling injection: L.-B. Fu, J. Liu, J. Chen, S.G. Chen, Nam et al.) escape from a classical excited complex (Sacha, Eckhardt)

27 Solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation 800 nm laser wavelength, 2 electrons in 3 dimensions 800 nm few-cycle laser pulse (5 fs) plus an attosecond XUV pulse (41 ev) delayed by the time td (10,000 CPUs for 1000 hours) S. X. Hu, PRL 111, (2013)

28 Solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation helium, 800 nm 3 x 1014 W/cm2 (Up = 19.2 ev) A. Zielinski, V. P. Majety, A. Scrinzi, Phys. Rev. A 93, (2016)

29 Theoretical approaches All at once : numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) (limited to helium) (K. Taylor et al., S. X. Hu, A. Scrinzi, full dimensionality) (A. Becker et al., center of mass one-dim.) numerical solution of the completely classical laser-induced escape from a two-electron bound state (time-dependent Newton equations (TDNE) (J. Eberly et al.) density-functional methods (D. Bauer) Step by step : evaluation of the Feyman diagrams considered to be most important classical-trajectory methods (with quantum-tunneling injection: L.-B. Fu, J. Liu, J. Chen, S.G. Chen, Nam et al.) escape from a classical excited complex (Sacha, Eckhardt)

30 S-matrix element for nonsequential double ionization (rescattering scenario) V(r,r ) = V12 = electron-electron interaction V12 = Volkov state time V(r ) = binding potential of the first electron A. Becker, F.H.M. Faisal, PRL 84, 3546 (2000); R. Kopold, W. Becker, H. Rottke, W. Sandner, PRL 85, 3781 (2000); S.V. Popruzhenko, S. P Goreslavski, JPB 34, L230 (2001); C. Faria, H. Schomerus, X. Liu, W. Becker, PRA 69, (2004)

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32 Evaluation of the double-ionization amplitude Volkov propagator form factors The integrands are strongly oscillating, hence the integrals get their most important contributions from the stationary points of the phase

33 Stationary-phase saddle-point equations: retrieving the simple-man model with rescattering ionization of the first electron at time t the returning first electron kicks out the second electron electron freed at time t returns at time t solutions (ts,ts ) = (rescattering time, ionization time) (s = 1,2,...) are complex

34 (Effective) electron-electron interactions r1 r2-1 e-e Coulomb d(r1 r2) d(r2) three-body contact V(r1,r2) = r1 r2-1 d(r2) Coulomb with nuclear recoil d(r1 r2) e-e contact In principle, the total effective interaction could be the sum of several of the above

35 e-e correlation distributions generated by different effective interactions d(r1 - r2)d(r2) d(r1 r2) plots of p2 vs. p1 scaled by Up1/2 r1 r2-1 Ti:Sa, neon, 8 x 1014 Wcm-2 r1 r2-1 d(r2) red lines: p = 2 Up1/2

36 Comparison with neon data 1015 Wcm-2 Rottke, Moshammer et al. (2003) S-matrix theory: V12 = 3-body contact V12 = Coulomb Coulomb interaction does not reproduce the data

37 Introducing the Coulomb repulsion between the two electrons in the final state... V12 = contact V12 = Coulomb... does not improve the agreement with the data

38 Restricting the transverse momenta p1t, p2t integrated pit < 0.1 Up1/2 3-body contact Coulomb neon = a.u. Up = 1.2 a.u.

39 Evidence of Coulomb repulsion of the liberated electrons p = 2 sqrt(up) helium, 40 fs, 800 nm 4.5 x 1014 W/cm2 (Up = 27 ev) A. Staudte et al., PRL 99, (2007) helium, 25 fs, 800 nm 1.5 x1015 W/cm2 (Up = 89 ev) A. Rudenko et al., PRL 99, (2007)

40 A classical model Injection of the electron into the continuum at time t at the rate R(t ) The rest is classical: The electron returns at time t=t(t ) with energy Eret(t) Energy conservation in the ensuing recollision All phase space, no specific dynamics Cf. statistical models in chemistry, nuclear, and particle physics

41 Comparison: quantum vs classical model quantum classical sufficiently high above threshold, the classical model works as well as the full quantum model

42 Nonsequential triple ionization time NB: one internal propagator 4 additional integrations Assume it takes a time Dt for the electrons to thermalize

43 Nonsequential N-fold ionization via a thermalized N-electron ensemble fully differential N-electron distribution: Ion-momentum distribution: = mv(t+dt) integrate over unobserved momentum components

44 Delay between recollision and final ionization t Dtion delay by Dt Dtret so that Eret>Ebind Higher sensitivity to the value of Dt by reducing Dtret

45 Nonsequential quadruple ionization of argon I = 1.2 x 1015 W/cm2 Up = 76.3 ev S Ip = 128 ev I = 1.5 x 1015 W/cm2 Up = 95.3 ev S Ip = 128 ev Data: K. Zrost, A. Rudenko, Th. Ergler, B. Feuerstein, V. L. B. de Jesus, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, J. Phys. B 39, S371 (2007) Theory: X. Liu, C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, W. Becker, New J. Phys. 10, (2008)

46 Theoretical approaches All at once : numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) (limited to helium) (K. Taylor et al., S. X. Hu, A. Scrinzi, full dimensionality) (A. Becker et al., center of mass one-dim.) numerical solution of the completely classical laser-induced escape from a two-electron bound state (time-dependent Newton equations (TDNE) (J. Eberly et al.) density-functional methods (D. Bauer) Step by step : evaluation of the Feyman diagrams considered to be most important classical-trajectory methods (with quantum-tunneling injection: L.-B. Fu, J. Liu, J. Chen, S.G. Chen, Nam et al.) escape from a classical excited complex (Sacha, Eckhardt)

47 Completely classical double-ionization trajectories NSDI NSTI thermalization time? can identify single-ionization time, recollision time, and double ionization time P.J. Ho, X. Liu, WB (submitted); P.J. Ho, J.H. Eberly, Opt. Express 15, 1845 (2007)

48 How real is the travel time? V12 = Coulomb travel time = tsi - trecol tsi = time when Ekin > interaction energies V12 = Yukawa trecol = time of closest approach between the two electrons travel-time distribution peaks agree with the simple-man model Phay J. Ho, X. Liu, WB (unpublished)

49 Feynman diagrams of Rescattering-impact ionization (RII) vs Recollision-excitation with subsequent ionization (RESI) RESI RII from X. Liu and C. Faria, J. Mod. Opt. 58, 1076 (2011)

50 Going below the threshold: correlated --> anticorrelated 9 x 1013 (Up = 5.7 ev) 4 x 1013 W/cm2 (Up = 2.5 ev) 7 x 1013 (Up = 4.4 ev) argon, 800 nm Ip(Ar+) = 27.6 ev Y. Liu, S. Tschuch, A. Rudenko, M. Dürr, M. Siegel, U. Morgner, Q. Gong, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, PRL 101, (2008)

51 Interference of paths via different excited states of argon + Configs 3s3p6 (Ip = 14.1 ev), 3s23p4(3P)3d (Ip = 11.2 ev), 3s23p4(3P)4d (Ip = 4.9 ev) without interference with interference I = 4 x 1013 W/cm I = 7 x 1013 W/cm2 I = 9 x 10 W/cm With increasing intensity, the distribution moves from the 2/4 (back to back) to the 1/3 (side by side) quadrants XL. Hao, J. Chen, WD. Li, B. Wang, X. Wang, W. Becker, PRL 112, (2014)

52 More results (same theory, more channels, more phases) 0.8 x 1014 W/cm2 1.2 x 1014 W/cm2 1.4 x 1014W/cm2 A. S. Maxwell and C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, PRL 116, (2016); PRA 92, (2015) Essentially, the first quantum effect in NSDI

53 Cleanest realization of the RESI mechanism argon, 800 nm 3 x 1014 W/cm2 near-single-cycle 4 fs laser pulse carrier-envelope phase averaged The pulse is so short as to allow for just one recollision B. Bergues et al., Nat. Commun. 3, 813 (2012)

54 RESI-mechanism S-matrix calculation helium, 800 nm, Ip(He+) = 54.4 ev, Ip(He+*) = 13.6 ev I = 2.2 x 1014 W/cm2 I = 2.5 x 1014 W/cm2 I = 3.0 x 1014 W/cm2 (Up = 14 ev) (Up = 16 ev) (Up = 19 ev) Just above or above the RESI threshold Just above the RII threshold T. Sharaan, M. T. Nygren, C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, PRA 81, (2010)

55 Theoretical approaches All at once : numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) (limited to helium) (K. Taylor et al., S. X. Hu, A. Scrinzi, full dimensionality) (A. Becker et al., center of mass one-dim.) numerical solution of the completely classical laser-induced escape from a two-electron bound state (time-dependent Newton equations (TDNE) (J. Eberly et al.) density-functional methods (D. Bauer) Step by step : evaluation of the Feyman diagrams considered to be most important classical-trajectory methods (with quantum-tunneling injection: L.-B. Fu, J. Liu, J. Chen, S.G. Chen, C. H. Nam et al.) escape from a classical excited complex (Sacha, Eckhardt)

56 Conclusions and outlook High enough above threshold, NSDI and NSMI appear to be largely classical Many details are poorly understood Are there qualitative quantum effects? Methods for nonsequential multiple ionization?

57 Some reviews A. Becker, R. Dörner, and R. Moshammer, J. Phys. B 38, S753 (2005) W. Becker and H. Rottke, Contemp. Phys. 49, 199 (2008) C. Figueira de Morisson Faria and X. Liu J. Mod. Opt. 58, 1076 (2011) W. Becker, X. Liu, P. J. Ho, and J. H. Eberly Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 1011 (2012) B. Bergues, M. Kübel, N. G. Kling, C. Burger, and M. F. Kling IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electronics 21, (2015)