Flexible Pavement Design
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1 Flexible Pavement Design The Mechanistic-Empirical Way Presented by: Keith D. Herbold, P.E. 1
2 Presentation Outline What s new in flexible design Example of new design Differences Capabilities Tests and equipment 2
3 What s New in Flexible Pavement Design? Analysis model layered elastic Distress is based on material performance Fatigue - top down and bottom up Rutting Thermal cracking 3
4 Capabilities Provides link between Asphalt mixture design Performance prediction Structural design AC Overlays AC over flexible pavements AC over fractured rigid pavements AC over rigid pavements 4
5 Capabilities Integrated with Superpave system Models calibrated using LTPP data Plug and Play prediction models Includes method for local calibration 5
6 Example Simulation New flexible pavement Conventional design (AC over aggregate base) 6
7 Program Layout Screen General Inputs Click on each item to create inputs Outputs Inputs Run Analysis 7
8 Analysis Parameters 8
9 Traffic 9
10 Climate 10
11 Structure Inputs User needs to choose layers and the trial design Example - Conventional AC: 4.0-inch Asphalt Concrete layer 6.0-inch Granular Base layer (A-1-a) 9.0-inch Granular Base layer (A-2-5) Natural subgrade (A-7-6) 11
12 Add Layers and Edit Layer Properties 12
13 Asphalt Mix Properties 13
14 Asphalt Binder Properties 14
15 Asphalt General Properties 15
16 Granular Base Layer Strength Properties 16
17 Compacted Subgrade Strength Properties 17
18 Natural Subgrade Layer Strength Properties 18
19 Drainage and Surface Properties 19
20 Save Project File and Run Program 20
21 Analysis Process INPUTS Design Guide Software Performance prediction IRI Surface-Down Cracking Bottom-Up Cracking Thermal Fracture Permanent Deformation Traffic, Materials and Climatic Models Thermal cracking model Structural response model: Linear Elastic Analysis Damage prediction Reliability Distress prediction models 21
22 Hourly Temperature Profile for AC Layers /15/94 6/15/95 6/14/96 6/14/97 6/14/98 6/14/99 TIME Depth = 0 in. Depth = 3 in. Depth = 6 in. 22
23 Predicted Distresses Fatigue Cracking IRI Thermal Cracking Longitudinal Cracking Rutting 23
24 Results Input Summary Microsoft Excel Worksheet 24
25 Results Output Summary 25
26 Results- Bottom Up Cracking Bottom Up Cracking (ft^2/500ft), Alligator Cracking Maximum Cracking (ft^2/500ft) Maximum Cracking Pavement age, month Maximum Cracking Limit 26
27 Results- Thermal Cracking Thermal Cracking: Crack Length Vs Time Crack Length (ft/500ft) Crack Length AC Thermal Fracture Pavement age, month 27
28 Results- Permanent Deformation Permanent Deformation: Total Rutting in Pavement Layers (inch) 3.00 Maximum Rutting (inch) AC Rutting Design Value = 0.25" AC Rutting SubTotalAC SubTotalGB SubTotalSG Total Rutting Pavement age, month 28
29 Results- Predicted IRI IRI IRI, in/mile IRI IRI Limit Pavement age, month 29
30 Sensitivity Examples For illustration purposes only
31 Total Rutting (in) Effect of Traffic Wander = 0" Wander, Wander = 12" Wander = 24" inches Lateral Distance from Center Line (in) 31
32 Effect of HMA Thickness Total Rutting (in) Time (Month) 18 32
33 AC Rutting versus Depth 0 Ac Rutting (in) Depth (in)
34 Effect of HMA Mixtures Low Ac Rutting (in) Intermediate High Time (Month) 34
35 Effect of Truck Speed Ac Rutting (in) Time (Month) 35
36 Effect of Climate on Cracking Distress, ft2/500 ft Damage (%) Time (Month) Phoenix Tennessee Minnesota 36
37 Distress, ft2/500 ft Damage (%) Effect of Ground Water Table on Cracking Time (Month) 60 37
38 Effect of Bedrock Elevation Ac Rutting (in) Time (Month) 38
39 Effect of Traffic 0.3 Total Rutting (in) High Low Time (Month) 39
40 Overview of Tests & Equipment AC LAB TESTS 40
41 HMA Materials Data Material Parameter Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Mix Master Curve Mix Specific Not Required Not Required IDT- Creep/Strength Mix Specific Reduced Testing Reduced Testing Air Voids Not Required Mix Design Specification Asphalt G*/Phase Angle AASHTO MP1 AASHTO MP1 Not Required Binder Test Binder Test Pen./Vis./PG Not Required Mix Design Not Required Type (PG, Vis.) Not Required Not Required Specification Agg. Effective SG. Not Required Mix Design Quarry Specific Gradation Not Required Mix Design Specification 41
42 AC Binder Characterization Penetration ASTM D5 and AASHTO T49 Viscosity at 60 o C ASTM D2171 and AASHTO T202 Viscosity at 135 o C ASTM D2170 and AASHTO T201 Brookfield Viscosity AASHTO TP 48 Softening Point Shear Modulus AASHTO TP 5 42
43 Consistency Behavior Indicator of Viscous and Elastic Characteristics of the Material Factors Affecting AC Behavior Temperature Rate of loading Aging elastic Stiffness (Response to Load) viscous elastic solid viscous fluid Temperature, C
44 Temperature-Rate of Loading Relationship 60 C 1 hour 1 hour 10 hours 25 C 44
45 Mixture Characterization 45
46 Materials Characterization HMA Modulus of Elasticity HMA Asphalt Mixtures Dynamic Modulus AASHTO TP62 aggregate base subgrade Unbound Materials Resilient Modulus NCHRP 1-28A AASHTO T307 46
47 HMA Mixture: Dynamic (Complex) Modulus E * E* σ o ε o = σ ε 0 0 = Dynamic modulus = Maximum (peak) dynamic stress = Peak recoverable axial strain Adjusted for temperature and rate of loading. Phase lag Stress Strain Time 47
48 Dynamic Modulus Master Curve TIME-TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION 1.0E+07 DYNAMIC MODULUS 1.0E E F 40 F 70 F 100 F 130 F 1.0E+04 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05 TIME 48
49 Dynamic Modulus Master Curve 1.0E+07 DYNAMIC MODULUS 1.0E E+05 α log( E*) = δ + + β + γ (log t ) 1 e r 12 F 40 F 70 F 100 F 130 F 1.0E+04 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05 TIME 49
50 Unbound Materials and Subgrades Parameter Input Level 1 Input Level 2 Input Level 3 Resilient Modulus Site/Material Specific Not Required Not Required Gradation Not Required Material Specific Not Required Hydrometer Analysis Not Required Material Specific Not Required Atterberg Limits Not Required Material Specific Not Required M-D Relations Not Required Material Specific Not Required DCP Base CBR, R-Value - Soil Not Required Material Specific Not Required Classification Not Required Not Required Default, Material 50 Specific
51 Presentation Review What s new in flexible design Example of new design Differences Capabilities Tests and equipment 51
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