LHC Physics : Part 1. Sergio Bertolucci. CERN Varenna, July 2009
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1 LHC Physics : Part 1 Sergio Bertolucci CERN Varenna, July 2009 July 09 S. Bertolucci 1
2 First a General Introduction July 09 S.Bertolucci 2
3 Describing the Universe J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
4 Describing the Universe m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
5 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
6 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
7 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) m m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
8 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) m m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
9 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Standard Cosmology Model m m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 3
10 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Standard Cosmology Model m m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 4
11 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m J. Wormersley, HCP05 July 09 S. Bertolucci 4
12 Standard Model of Particle Physics Building blocks Leptons Quarks Carrier of force Three Families July 09 S. Bertolucci 5
13 Standard Model of Particle Physics Building blocks e + Z e + Quarks Leptons Carrier of force e LEP: SM tested at level All particles discovered, except Higgs Boson e Three Families July 09 S. Bertolucci 5
14 Its successes Precision measurements at the LEP collider at CERN in operation : July 09 S. Bertolucci 6
15 Its successes Fit for the Higgs mass Precision measurements at the LEP collider at CERN in operation : < M H < 182 GeV/c 95% CL July 09 S. Bertolucci 6
16 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 7
17 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Higgs Field Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 7
18 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Higgs Field Dark Energy Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 7
19 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Higgs Field Dark Energy Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? NO! m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 7
20 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Higgs Field Dark Energy LHC Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? NO! m m Goals for future colliders (LHC / ILC) - discover the Higgs! What can we learn about the Higgs field? July 09 S. Bertolucci 7
21 The Higgs sector From theoretical analyses of the Higgs sector: If m Higgs GeV: SM works up to scale Λ~ GeV July 09 S. Bertolucci 8
22 The Higgs sector From theoretical analyses of the Higgs sector: If m Higgs GeV: SM works up to scale Λ~ GeV Problem: 1 Electroweak scale 10 2 GeV GUT - Planck scale GeV July 09 S. Bertolucci 8
23 The Higgs sector From theoretical analyses of the Higgs sector: If m Higgs GeV: SM works up to scale Λ~ GeV Problem: 1 2 Electroweak scale 10 2 GeV GUT - Planck scale GeV Radiative corrections: m 2 Higgs Λ 2 Hierarchy problem/fine tuning Higgs is scalar! July 09 S. Bertolucci 8
24 Solutions? Standard Model Reines Politzer Wilczek Gross Salam Glashow Weinberg Veltman t Hooft Perl Friedman Schwartz Steinberger Lederman Ting Rubbia Higgs van der Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Schwinger Feynman Tomonaga Richter Gell-Mann Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee Kendall Selection of Nobel Prizes since 1957 Except P. Higgs successful for ever? July 09 S. Bertolucci F. Pauss 9
25 Solutions? Standard Model Reines Politzer Wilczek Gross Salam Glashow Weinberg Veltman t Hooft Perl Friedman Schwartz Steinberger Lederman Ting Rubbia Higgs van der Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Schwinger Feynman Tomonaga Richter Gell-Mann Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee Kendall Selection of Nobel Prizes since 1957 Except P. Higgs Supersymmetry New particles at TeV scale Unification of forces successful for ever? July 09 S. Bertolucci F. Pauss 9
26 Solutions? Standard Model Reines Politzer Wilczek Gross Salam Glashow Weinberg Veltman t Hooft Perl Friedman Schwartz Steinberger Lederman Ting Rubbia Higgs van der Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Schwinger Feynman Tomonaga Richter Gell-Mann Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee Kendall Selection of Nobel Prizes since 1957 Except P. Higgs Supersymmetry New particles at TeV scale Unification of forces successful for ever? Extra Dimensions New dimensions introduced m Gravity m elw Hierarchy problem solved New particles at TeV scale July 09 S. Bertolucci F. Pauss 9
27 Solutions? Standard Model Technicolor New (strong) interactions produce EWSB Reines Politzer Wilczek Gross Salam Glashow Weinberg Veltman t Hooft Extensions of the SM gauge group : Little Higgs / GUTs / Perl Friedman Schwartz Steinberger Lederman Ting Rubbia Higgs van der Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Schwinger Feynman Tomonaga Richter Gell-Mann Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee Kendall Selection of Nobel Prizes since 1957 Except P. Higgs Supersymmetry New particles at TeV scale Unification of forces successful for ever? Extra Dimensions New dimensions introduced m Gravity m elw Hierarchy problem solved New particles at TeV scale July 09 S. Bertolucci F. Pauss 9
28 Solutions? Standard Model Technicolor New (strong) interactions produce EWSB Reines Politzer Wilczek Gross Salam Glashow Weinberg Veltman t Hooft Extensions of the SM gauge group : Little Higgs / GUTs / Perl Friedman Schwartz Steinberger Lederman Ting Rubbia Higgs van der Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Schwinger Feynman Tomonaga Richter Gell-Mann Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee Kendall Selection of Nobel Prizes since 1957 Except P. Higgs Supersymmetry New particles at TeV scale Unification of forces successful for ever? Extra Dimensions New dimensions introduced m Gravity m elw Hierarchy problem solved New particles at TeV scale July 09 S. Bertolucci F. Pauss 9
29 Solutions? Standard Model Technicolor New (strong) interactions produce EWSB Reines Politzer Wilczek Gross Salam Glashow Weinberg Veltman t Hooft Extensions of the SM gauge group : Little Higgs / GUTs / Perl Friedman Schwartz Steinberger Lederman Ting Rubbia Higgs van der Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Schwinger Feynman Tomonaga Richter Gell-Mann Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee Kendall Selection of Nobel Prizes since 1957 Except P. Higgs Supersymmetry New particles at TeV scale Unification of forces successful for ever? Extra Dimensions New dimensions introduced m Gravity m elw Hierarchy problem solved New particles at TeV scale For all proposed solutions: new particles should appear at TeV scale or below July 09 S. Bertolucci F. Pauss 9
30 Supersymmetry fermion boson Superparticle Supersymmetry Thus, establishes connection between matter constituents and particles which mediate forces! July 09 S. Bertolucci 10
31 Supersymmetry fermion boson Superparticle Supersymmetry Thus, establishes connection between matter constituents and particles which mediate forces! Example : Electron Spin 1/2 Selectron Spin 0 July 09 S. Bertolucci 10
32 Supersymmetry Motivation: Connection to string theory Include gravity Finite radiative corrections to m Higgs fermion Superparticle Supersymmetry boson Consistent with electroweak data Has good candidate for dark matter Gauge coupling unification at GUT scale Thus, establishes connection between matter constituents and particles which mediate forces! Example : Electron Spin 1/2 Selectron Spin 0 July 09 S. Bertolucci 10
33 Supersymmetry Motivation: Connection to string theory Include gravity Finite radiative corrections to m Higgs fermion Superparticle Supersymmetry boson Consistent with electroweak data Has good candidate for dark matter Gauge coupling unification at GUT scale Thus, establishes connection between matter constituents and particles which mediate forces! Example : Electron Spin 1/2 (coupling strength) - 1 No unification Unification Selectron Spin 0 scale (GeV) scale (GeV) July 09 S. Bertolucci 10
34 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
35 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Supersymmetry Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
36 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Supersymmetry Dark Matter Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
37 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Supersymmetry Dark Matter Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding???? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
38 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Supersymmetry Dark Matter Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? Goals for future experiments??? - can we discover supersymmetry? At LHC/ILC? Something else? - is 10 it 18 consistent m with cosmic dark matter? m - Dark Matter Searches : Astro (Particle) Physics! - what about low energy precision experiments? Eg. Neutron ED moment July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
39 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground direct DM searches Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Supersymmetry Dark Matter telescopes eg. High energy gamma rays Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? Goals for future experiments??? - can we discover supersymmetry? At LHC/ILC? Something else? - is 10 it 18 consistent m with cosmic dark matter? m - Dark Matter Searches : Astro (Particle) Physics! - what about low energy precision experiments? Eg. Neutron ED moment July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
40 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground direct DM searches Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Supersymmetry Dark Matter telescopes eg. High energy gamma rays Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? Goals for future experiments??? - can we discover supersymmetry? At LHC/ILC? Something else? - is 10 it 18 consistent m with cosmic dark matter? m - Dark Matter Searches : Astro (Particle) Physics! - what about low energy precision experiments? Eg. Neutron ED moment July 09 S. Bertolucci 11
41 Extra Dimensions Idea : size of extra dimensions >> L P = cm Fundamental scale of gravity << M P = GeV July 09 S. Bertolucci 12
42 Extra Dimensions Idea : size of extra dimensions >> L P = cm Fundamental scale of gravity << M P = GeV Graviton escapes from our 4-dimensional world into extra dimensions Apparent energy non-conservation in our 4-dimensional world + further signatures at the LHC July 09 S. Bertolucci 12
43 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 13
44 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Extra Dimensions (+Supersymmetry) Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 13
45 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites WMAP Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Extra Dimensions (+Supersymmetry) Quantum Gravity Inflation Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 13
46 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites WMAP Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Extra Dimensions (+Supersymmetry) Quantum Gravity Inflation Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? Superstrings? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 13
47 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites WMAP Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Extra Dimensions (+Supersymmetry) Quantum Gravity Inflation Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? Goals for future experiments Superstrings? - can we see evidence for extra dimensions at LHC? m m - how to disentangle the various models, and build connection to cosmology? July 09 S. Bertolucci 13
48 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 14
49 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Small CP Violation Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 14
50 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Small CP Violation Matter dominates Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 14
51 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Small CP Violation Matter dominates Consistent understanding? Not really m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 14
52 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground LHCb Astronomy BaBar Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Small CP Violation Matter dominates Standard Cosmology AMS Model Neutrino oscillations Consistent understanding? Goals for future experiments Not really - LHC can complement the B-Factories in exploring CP-violation - 10 search 18 m for new sources and use B as probe for new physics m - Antimatter search : Astro (Particle) Physics Experiments (AMS, Pamela, ) - Will neutrino oscillations show CP violation in the lepton sector? July 09 S. Bertolucci 14
53 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 15
54 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Indications of quark/gluon plasma Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 15
55 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Indications of quark/gluon plasma Very early universe Consistent understanding? m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 15
56 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Indications of quark/gluon plasma Very early universe Consistent understanding? Not yet m m July 09 S. Bertolucci 15
57 Describing the Universe Particle Physics Experiments Accelerators Underground Astronomy Experiments Telescopes Satellites Quantum Field Theory (Standard Model) Indications of quark/gluon plasma Very early universe Standard Cosmology Model Consistent understanding? Goals for future experiments Not yet - understand better this new form of matter (RHIC, LHC) m m - study the phase transition and the properties of the Q/G plasma - can theory describe this extreme phase of QCD? July 09 S. Bertolucci 15
58 Our play ground July 09 S. Bertolucci 16
59 Our play ground LHC : 27 km long 100m underground July 09 S. Bertolucci 16
60 Our play ground LHC : 27 km long 100m underground ATLAS General Purpose, pp, heavy ions CMS +TOTEM July 09 S. Bertolucci 16
61 Our play ground pp, B-Physics, CP Violation LHC : 27 km long 100m underground ATLAS General Purpose, pp, heavy ions CMS +TOTEM July 09 S. Bertolucci 16
62 Our play ground pp, B-Physics, CP Violation LHC : 27 km long 100m underground ATLAS General Purpose, pp, heavy ions Heavy ions, pp CMS ALICE +TOTEM July 09 S. Bertolucci 16
63 The LHC July 09 S.Bertolucci 17
64 The LHC : Basic parameters July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
65 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
66 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
67 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) Luminosity cm -2 s -1 (>100x TEVATRON) July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
68 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) Luminosity cm -2 s -1 (>100x TEVATRON) Bunch spacing ns Particles/bunch July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
69 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) Luminosity cm -2 s -1 (>100x TEVATRON) Bunch spacing ns Particles/bunch Stored E/beam 350 MJ July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
70 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) Luminosity cm -2 s -1 (>100x TEVATRON) Bunch spacing ns Particles/bunch Stored E/beam 350 MJ Also : Lead Ions operation Energy/nucleon 2.76 TeV / u Total initial lumi cm -2 s -1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
71 The LHC : Basic parameters 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm x 200 beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) Luminosity cm -2 s -1 (>100x TEVATRON) Bunch spacing ns Particles/bunch Stored E/beam 350 MJ Also : Lead Ions operation Energy/nucleon 2.76 TeV / u Total initial lumi cm -2 s -1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
72 The LHC : Basic parameters +TOTEM 1232 superconducting dipoles 15m long at 1.9 K, B=8.33 T Inner coil diameter = 56 mm beam-energy 7 TeV ( 7x TEVATRON) Luminosity cm -2 s -1 (>100x TEVATRON) Bunch spacing ns Particles/bunch Stored E/beam 350 MJ 10 GJ stored in magnets Also : Lead Ions operation Energy/nucleon 2.76 TeV / u Total initial lumi cm -2 s -1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 18
73 The LHC : Status report Not only dipoles... F. Gianotti, ICHEP06 July 09 S. Bertolucci 19
74 LHC : Performance Limitations Parameter/Effects Beam energy limited by maximum dipole field. Industrially available technology. Bunch and total beam intensity beam-beam effect (tune spread), small allowed space in Q-space, collimators (impedance, collective instabilities), electron cloud, radiation Normalized emittance Limited by injectors and main dipole aperture Beam size at IP ( β * ) Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Crossing angle Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Number of bunches Limited by stored beam energy, electron cloud eff. Operation efficiency and L int minimize quenches and beam aborts, collimators and cleaning important: N lost < /m = N Limitations 7 TeV N < N nom = I < 0.85 A ε n <3.75 µm 0.55 m < β * < 1 m σ ~ 16 µm 300 µrad 2808 Total beam intensity Legend: N : particles/bunch n : nr. of bunches I : current / beam ε n =εγ, ε : emittance β* : β at IP Beam size σ 2 =βε Q : tune (number of trans. oscil./turn) Luminosity L N 1 N 2 σ x σ y July 09 S. Bertolucci 20
75 LHC : Performance Limitations Parameter/Effects Beam energy limited by maximum dipole field. Industrially available technology. Bunch and total beam intensity beam-beam effect (tune spread), small allowed space in Q-space, collimators (impedance, collective instabilities), electron cloud, radiation Normalized emittance Limited by injectors and main dipole aperture Beam size at IP ( β * ) Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Crossing angle Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Number of bunches Limited by stored beam energy, electron cloud eff. Operation efficiency and L int minimize quenches and beam aborts, collimators and cleaning important: N lost < /m = N Limitations 7 TeV N < N nom = I < 0.85 A ε n <3.75 µm 0.55 m < β * < 1 m σ ~ 16 µm 300 µrad 2808 Total beam intensity Legend: N : particles/bunch n : nr. of bunches I : current / beam ε n =εγ, ε : emittance β* : β at IP Beam size σ 2 =βε Q : tune (number of trans. oscil./turn) Luminosity L N 1 N 2 σ x σ y July 09 S. Bertolucci 20
76 LHC : Performance Limitations Parameter/Effects Beam energy limited by maximum dipole field. Industrially available technology. Bunch and total beam intensity beam-beam effect (tune spread), small allowed space in Q-space, collimators (impedance, collective instabilities), electron cloud, radiation Normalized emittance Limited by injectors and main dipole aperture Beam size at IP ( β * ) Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Crossing angle Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Number of bunches Limited by stored beam energy, electron cloud eff. Operation efficiency and L int minimize quenches and beam aborts, collimators and cleaning important: N lost < /m = N Limitations 7 TeV N < N nom = I < 0.85 A ε n <3.75 µm 0.55 m < β * < 1 m σ ~ 16 µm 300 µrad 2808 Total beam intensity Legend: N : particles/bunch n : nr. of bunches I : current / beam ε n =εγ, ε : emittance β* : β at IP Beam size σ 2 =βε Q : tune (number of trans. oscil./turn) Luminosity L N 1 N 2 σ x σ y July 09 S. Bertolucci 20
77 LHC : Performance Limitations Parameter/Effects Beam energy limited by maximum dipole field. Industrially available technology. Bunch and total beam intensity beam-beam effect (tune spread), small allowed space in Q-space, collimators (impedance, collective instabilities), electron cloud, radiation Normalized emittance Limited by injectors and main dipole aperture Beam size at IP ( β * ) Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Crossing angle Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Number of bunches Limited by stored beam energy, electron cloud eff. Operation efficiency and L int minimize quenches and beam aborts, collimators and cleaning important: N lost < /m = N Limitations 7 TeV N < N nom = I < 0.85 A ε n <3.75 µm 0.55 m < β * < 1 m σ ~ 16 µm 300 µrad 2808 Total beam intensity Legend: N : particles/bunch n : nr. of bunches I : current / beam ε n =εγ, ε : emittance β* : β at IP Beam size σ 2 =βε Q : tune (number of trans. oscil./turn) Luminosity L N 1 N 2 σ x σ y July 09 S. Bertolucci 20
78 LHC : Performance Limitations Parameter/Effects Beam energy limited by maximum dipole field. Industrially available technology. Bunch and total beam intensity beam-beam effect (tune spread), small allowed space in Q-space, collimators (impedance, collective instabilities), electron cloud, radiation Normalized emittance Limited by injectors and main dipole aperture Beam size at IP ( β * ) Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Crossing angle Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Number of bunches Limited by stored beam energy, electron cloud eff. Operation efficiency and L int minimize quenches and beam aborts, collimators and cleaning important: N lost < /m = N Limitations 7 TeV N < N nom = I < 0.85 A ε n <3.75 µm 0.55 m < β * < 1 m σ ~ 16 µm 300 µrad 2808 Total beam intensity Legend: N : particles/bunch n : nr. of bunches I : current / beam ε n =εγ, ε : emittance β* : β at IP Beam size σ 2 =βε Q : tune (number of trans. oscil./turn) Luminosity L N 1 N 2 σ x σ y July 09 S. Bertolucci 20
79 LHC : Performance Limitations Parameter/Effects Beam energy limited by maximum dipole field. Industrially available technology. Bunch and total beam intensity beam-beam effect (tune spread), small allowed space in Q-space, collimators (impedance, collective instabilities), electron cloud, radiation Normalized emittance Limited by injectors and main dipole aperture Beam size at IP ( β * ) Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Crossing angle Limited by (triplet) quadrupole aperture Number of bunches Limited by stored beam energy, electron cloud eff. Operation efficiency and L int minimize quenches and beam aborts, collimators and cleaning important: N lost < /m = N Limitations 7 TeV N < N nom = I < 0.85 A ε n <3.75 µm 0.55 m < β * < 1 m σ ~ 16 µm 300 µrad 2808 Total beam intensity Legend: N : particles/bunch n : nr. of bunches I : current / beam ε n =εγ, ε : emittance β* : β at IP Beam size σ 2 =βε Q : tune (number of trans. oscil./turn) Luminosity L N 1 N 2 σ x σ y July 09 S. Bertolucci 20
80 LHC : Performance Limitations Electron cloud : heat load on the beam screen, larger for smaller bunch spacing Magnet aperture, beam-beam, collimators July 09 S. Bertolucci 21
81 LHC : Performance Limitations Electron cloud : heat load on the beam screen, larger for smaller bunch spacing 25 ns ok for well conditioned surfaces ( 2808 bunches) 12.5 ns : at the limit! Final conclusion only after LHC startup Magnet aperture, beam-beam, collimators July 09 S. Bertolucci 21
82 LHC : Performance Limitations Electron cloud : heat load on the beam screen, larger for smaller bunch spacing 25 ns ok for well conditioned surfaces ( 2808 bunches) 12.5 ns : at the limit! Final conclusion only after LHC startup Magnet aperture, beam-beam, collimators σ*=16.6µm ~23m σ(triplet)=1.54 mm s Badly conducting collimators : large wake fields : instability Phase 1 : graphite (robust), I < 0.3 A Phase 2 : Cu (good conduct.) I < 0.85 A July 09 S. Bertolucci 21
83 LHC : Start-up scenario Stage 1 Initial commissioning 43x43 to 156x156, N=3x10 10 Zero to partial squeeze L=3x x10 31 Stage 2 75 ns operation 936x936, N=3-4x10 10 partial squeeze L= x10 32 Stage 3 25 ns operation 2808x2808, N=3-5x10 10 partial to near full squeeze L=7x x10 33 Long Shutdown Stage 4 25 ns operation Push to nominal per bunch partial to full squeeze L=10 34 July 09 S. Bertolucci 22
84 LHC : Start-up scenario Stage 1 Initial commissioning 43x43 to 156x156, N=3x10 10 Zero to partial squeeze L=3x x10 31 Stage 2 75 ns operation 936x936, N=3-4x10 10 partial squeeze L= x10 32 Objective : establish colliding beams as quickly as possible safely without compromising further progress Default scenario for next running Stage 3 25 ns operation 2808x2808, N=3-5x10 10 partial to near full squeeze L=7x x10 33 Long Shutdown Stage 4 25 ns operation Push to nominal per bunch partial to full squeeze L=10 34 July 09 S. Bertolucci 22
85 LHC : Start-up scenario Stage 1 Initial commissioning 43x43 to 156x156, N=3x10 10 Zero to partial squeeze L=3x x10 31 Stage 2 75 ns operation 936x936, N=3-4x10 10 partial squeeze L= x10 32 Stage 3 25 ns operation 2808x2808, N=3-5x10 10 partial to near full squeeze L=7x x10 33 Long Shutdown Stage 4 25 ns operation Push to nominal per bunch partial to full squeeze Objective : establish colliding beams as quickly as possible safely without compromising further progress Default scenario for next running Achieved by: Take two moderate intensity multi-bunch beams to high energy and collide them : minimize problems due to electron cloud, event pile-up, equipment restrictions, use phase 1 collimators. L=10 34 July 09 S. Bertolucci 22
86 The experiments: What is measured, why and how? proton - proton collisions are complex... July 09 S.Bertolucci 23
87 Collisions at the LHC Centre-of-Mass Energy = 14 TeV Bunch separation : 7.5 m (25 ns) Beam crossings : 40 Million / sec p p - Collisions : ~1 Billion / sec Events to tape : ~100 / sec, each 1-2 MByte Protons, E beam =7 TeV July 09 S. Bertolucci 24
88 Collisions at the LHC Centre-of-Mass Energy = 14 TeV Bunch separation : 7.5 m (25 ns) Beam crossings : 40 Million / sec p p - Collisions : ~1 Billion / sec Events to tape : ~100 / sec, each 1-2 MByte Protons, E beam =7 TeV July 09 S. Bertolucci 24
89 Collisions at the LHC Centre-of-Mass Energy = 14 TeV Bunch separation : 7.5 m (25 ns) Beam crossings : 40 Million / sec p p - Collisions : ~1 Billion / sec Events to tape : ~100 / sec, each 1-2 MByte Protons, E beam =7 TeV July 09 S. Bertolucci 24
90 Collisions at the LHC Centre-of-Mass Energy = 14 TeV Bunch separation : 7.5 m (25 ns) Beam crossings : 40 Million / sec p p - Collisions : ~1 Billion / sec Events to tape : ~100 / sec, each 1-2 MByte Protons, E beam =7 TeV GRID computing to solve problem of data storage and analysis Data pro year: ~ Petabytes July 09 S. Bertolucci 24
91 Variables used in pp collisions Transverse momentum (in the plane perpendicular to the beam) July 09 S. Bertolucci 25
92 Variables used in pp collisions Transverse momentum (in the plane perpendicular to the beam) (Pseudo)-Rapidity η = ln tan θ 2 July 09 S. Bertolucci 25
93 Physics Phases : 1 Inelastic low-pt pp collisions Most interactions are due to interactions at large distance between incoming protons ~10 6 /s cm -2 s -1 small momentum transfer, particles in the final state have large longitudinal, but small transverse momentum p T 500 MeV dn dη 7 July 09 S. Bertolucci 26
94 Physics Phases : 1 Inelastic low-pt pp collisions Most interactions are due to interactions at large distance between incoming protons ~10 6 /s cm -2 s -1 small momentum transfer, particles in the final state have large longitudinal, but small transverse momentum p T 500 MeV dn dη 7 ~7 charged particles per unit of pseudorapidity in the central detector region uniformly distributed in φ July 09 S. Bertolucci 26
95 Physics Phases : 1 Inelastic low-pt pp collisions Most interactions are due to interactions at large distance between incoming protons ~10 6 /s cm -2 s -1 small momentum transfer, particles in the final state have large longitudinal, but small transverse momentum p T 500 MeV dn dη 7 ~7 charged particles per unit of pseudorapidity in the central detector region uniformly distributed in φ This events are called Minimum Bias events Parameters (multiplicity etc) poorly known (~50% or worse) Important for tuning MC simulations July 09 S. Bertolucci 26
96 July 09 S.Bertolucci 27
97 Physics Phases : 2 Measure Jet cross sections ET Jet > 500 GeV after a few weeks at startup Going fast beyond the TEVATRON reach early sensitivity to compositiness July 09 S. Bertolucci 28
98 Physics Phases : 2 Measure Jet cross sections ET Jet > 500 GeV after a few weeks at startup Going fast beyond the TEVATRON reach early sensitivity to compositiness July 09 S. Bertolucci 28
99 Physics Phases : 2 Measure Jet cross sections ET Jet > 500 GeV after a few weeks at startup Going fast beyond the TEVATRON reach early sensitivity to compositiness requires good understanding of jets (algorithms, production, jet energy scale), PDFs, pile-up, underlying event,... July 09 S. Bertolucci 28
100 Physics Phases : 3 Re-Discover the SM test (re-establish the SM) and then go beyond most SM cross sections are significantly higher than at the TEVATRON eg. 100x larger top-pair production cross section the LHC is a top, b, W, Z,..., Higgs,... factory July 09 S. Bertolucci 29
101 Physics Phases : 3 Re-Discover the SM test (re-establish the SM) and then go beyond most SM cross sections are significantly higher than at the TEVATRON eg. 100x larger top-pair production cross section the LHC is a top, b, W, Z,..., Higgs,... factory July 09 S. Bertolucci 29
102 Physics Phases : 3 Re-Discover the SM test (re-establish the SM) and then go beyond most SM cross sections are significantly higher than at the TEVATRON eg. 100x larger top-pair production cross section the LHC is a top, b, W, Z,..., Higgs,... factory Important to note: Concentrate on final states with high-pt and isolated leptons and photons (+ jets) Otherwise overwhelmed by QCD jet background!! July 09 S. Bertolucci 29
103 Basic processes x 2 p h2 ŝ = x 1 x 2 s x 1 p h1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
104 Basic processes q q jet x 2 p h2 ŝ = x 1 x 2 s x 1 p h1 q q jet July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
105 Basic processes x 2 p h2 ŝ = x 1 x 2 s x 1 p h1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
106 Basic processes q e - x 2 p h2 x 1 p h1 Z ŝ = x 1 x 2 s q e + July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
107 Basic processes x 2 p h2 ŝ = x 1 x 2 s x 1 p h1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
108 Basic processes g γ/z x 2 p h2 x 1 p h1 H ŝ = x 1 x 2 s g γ/z July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
109 Basic processes g γ/z x 2 p h2 x 1 p h1 H ŝ = x 1 x 2 s g γ/z July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
110 Basic processes g γ/z x 2 p h2 x 1 p h1 H ŝ = x 1 x 2 s g γ/z July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
111 Basic processes x 2 p h2 ŝ = x 1 x 2 s x 1 p h1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
112 Basic processes Jets, leptons q x 2 p h2 x 1 p h1 g ŝ = x 1 x 2 s E Tmiss Jets, leptons E Tmiss July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
113 Basic processes Jets, leptons q x 2 p h2 x 1 p h1 g ŝ = x 1 x 2 s E Tmiss Jets, leptons E Tmiss July 09 S. Bertolucci 30
114 Detector requirements High granularity (NEW!), fast readout (NEW!), radiation hardness (NEW!) S.Bertolucci 31
115 Detector requirements High granularity (NEW!), fast readout (NEW!), radiation hardness (NEW!) minimize pile-up particles in same detector element S.Bertolucci 31
116 Detector requirements High granularity (NEW!), fast readout (NEW!), radiation hardness (NEW!) minimize pile-up particles in same detector element many channels eg. 100 million pixels, cells in electromagnetic calorimeter S.Bertolucci 31
117 Detector requirements High granularity (NEW!), fast readout (NEW!), radiation hardness (NEW!) minimize pile-up particles in same detector element many channels eg. 100 million pixels, cells in electromagnetic calorimeter cost! S.Bertolucci 31
118 Detector requirements High granularity (NEW!), fast readout (NEW!), radiation hardness (NEW!) minimize pile-up particles in same detector element many channels eg. 100 million pixels, cells in electromagnetic calorimeter cost! ns response time for electronics! S.Bertolucci 31
119 Detector requirements High granularity (NEW!), fast readout (NEW!), radiation hardness (NEW!) minimize pile-up particles in same detector element many channels eg. 100 million pixels, cells in electromagnetic calorimeter cost! ns response time for electronics! in forward calorimeters : up to n/cm 2 over 10 years of LHC operations S.Bertolucci 31
120 Detector requirements Detectors must identify extremely rare events, mostly in real time S.Bertolucci 32
121 Detector requirements Detectors must identify extremely rare events, mostly in real time lepton identification above huge QCD background S.Bertolucci 32
122 Detector requirements Detectors must identify extremely rare events, mostly in real time lepton identification above huge QCD background e/jet ratio ~ 10 5, ~100x worse than at Tevatron S.Bertolucci 32
123 Detector requirements Detectors must identify extremely rare events, mostly in real time lepton identification above huge QCD background e/jet ratio ~ 10 5, ~100x worse than at Tevatron signal cross section as low as of total cross section : NEW! S.Bertolucci 32
124 Detector requirements Detectors must identify extremely rare events, mostly in real time lepton identification above huge QCD background e/jet ratio ~ 10 5, ~100x worse than at Tevatron signal cross section as low as of total cross section : NEW! Online rejection to be achieved : ~ 10 7 NEW! S.Bertolucci 32
125 Detector requirements Detectors must identify extremely rare events, mostly in real time lepton identification above huge QCD background e/jet ratio ~ 10 5, ~100x worse than at Tevatron signal cross section as low as of total cross section : NEW! Online rejection to be achieved : ~ 10 7 NEW! Store huge data volumes to disk/tape : ~10 9 events of ~1 Mbyte / year NEW! S.Bertolucci 32
126 Detector requirements Good measurement of leptons (e, µ) and photons with large transverse momentum pt elmg. calorimetry, muon systems S.Bertolucci 33
127 Detector requirements Good measurement of leptons (e, µ) and photons with large transverse momentum pt elmg. calorimetry, muon systems Good jet reconstruction good resolution, absolute energy measurement, low fake-rate S.Bertolucci 33
128 Detector requirements Good measurement of leptons (e, µ) and photons with large transverse momentum pt elmg. calorimetry, muon systems Good jet reconstruction good resolution, absolute energy measurement, low fake-rate Good measurement of missing transverse energy (ET miss) and S.Bertolucci 33
129 Detector requirements Good measurement of leptons (e, µ) and photons with large transverse momentum pt elmg. calorimetry, muon systems Good jet reconstruction good resolution, absolute energy measurement, low fake-rate Good measurement of missing transverse energy (ET miss) and energy measurements in the forward regions thus, hermetic detector and calorimeter coverage down to rapidity ~ 5 S.Bertolucci 33
130 Detector requirements Good measurement of leptons (e, µ) and photons with large transverse momentum pt elmg. calorimetry, muon systems Good jet reconstruction good resolution, absolute energy measurement, low fake-rate Good measurement of missing transverse energy (ET miss) and energy measurements in the forward regions thus, hermetic detector and calorimeter coverage down to rapidity ~ 5 Efficient b-tagging and tau identification (silicon strip and pixel detectors) top physics, Higgs couplings to b and tau enhanced in certain models (eg. MSSM) S.Bertolucci 33
131 Challenge : Pile-up events at high lumi: up to 20 additional min bias events ~1600 charged particles in the detector Example of golden Higgs channel H ZZ 2e2µ Large magnetic field and high granularity helps S. Tapprogge, Nov06 Need to understand detector first before able to exploit full lumi S.Bertolucci 34
132 The LHC environment : Pretty tough Still much more complex than a still much more complex than a LEP event LEP event... S.Bertolucci D. Froidevaux, CSS 07 35
133 The LHC environment... Neutron fluences in ATLAS S.Bertolucci 36
134 LHC Detector : Main principle July 09 S. Bertolucci 37 25
135 General Detector Layout July 09 S. Bertolucci 38
136 Calorimeters : Subdivision into cells S.Bertolucci 39
137 Finally, need massive (distributed) computing resources (CPU, storage) The LHC experiments will produce PB of data per year: corresponds to ~ 20 million CD (a 20 km stack ) Data analysis requires computing power equivalent to ~10 5 today s fastest PC processors The experiment Collaborations are spread all over the world Computing resources must be distributed. The Grid provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe. A map of the worldwide LHC Computing Grid infrastructure provided by EGEE and OSG ~120 computing centers ~ 40 countries S.Bertolucci 40
138 The Detectors ATLAS and CMS July 09 S.Bertolucci 41
139 ATLAS Muon Spectrometer ( η <2.7 ) air-core toroids with muon chambers Calorimetry ( η <5 ) EM : Pb-LAr HAD : Fe/scintillator (central), Cu/W-Lar (fwd) Tracking ( η <2.5, B=2T ) Si pixels and strips TRD (e/π separation) Diameter Barrel toroid length End-cap end-wall chamber span Overall weight 25 m 26 m 46 m 7000 tons July 09 S. Bertolucci 42
140 Dimensions Bld. 40 ATLAS CMS July 09 S. Bertolucci 43
141 ATLAS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 44
142 ATLAS : Preparations Barrel calorimeter (EM liquid-argon + HAD FE/scintillator Tilecal) in final position at Z=0. Barrel cryostat cold and filled with Ar. July 09 S. Bertolucci 45
143 ATLAS : Preparations Barrel calorimeter (EM liquid-argon + HAD FE/scintillator Tilecal) in final position at Z=0. Barrel cryostat cold and filled with Ar. July 09 S. Bertolucci 45
144 ATLAS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 46
145 ATLAS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 46
146 ATLAS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 47
147 ATLAS : Preparations K. Jakobs, CSS07 July 09 Similar huge effort in CMS... S. Bertolucci 48
148 CMS Superconducting Coil, 4 Tesla CALORIMETERS ECAL 76k scintillating PbWO4 crystals HCAL Plastic scintillator/brass sandwich IRON YOKE TRACKER Pixels Silicon Microstrips 210 m 2 of silicon sensors 9.6M channels Total weight t Overall diameter 15 m Overall length 21.6 m MUON BARREL Drift Tube Chambers (DT) Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) MUON ENDCAPS Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) July 09 S. Bertolucci 49
149 CMS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 50
150 CMS : Preparations Cosmic muon Comissioning of the muon system... July 09 S. Bertolucci 50
151 CMS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 51
152 CMS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 51
153 CMS : Preparations July 09 S. Bertolucci 51
154 CMS : Magnet test Muon chambers July 09 S. Bertolucci 52
155 CMS : Magnet test Muon chambers July 09 S. Bertolucci 52
156 CMS : Magnet test Muon chambers July 09 S. Bertolucci 52
157 Heavy Lowering... Introduction Status of Machine Detectors Processes Jets W/Z Dibosons Top Remarks July 09 S. Bertolucci 53
158 Heavy Lowering... Introduction Status of Machine Detectors Processes Jets W/Z Dibosons Top Remarks July 09 S. Bertolucci 53
159 Heavy Lowering... Introduction Status of Machine Detectors Processes Jets W/Z Dibosons Top Remarks July 09 S. Bertolucci 53
160 Heavy Lowering... Introduction Status of Machine Detectors Processes Jets W/Z Dibosons Top Remarks July 09 S. Bertolucci 54
161 Heavy Lowering... Introduction Status of Machine Detectors Processes Jets W/Z Dibosons Top Remarks July 09 S. Bertolucci 54
162 Heavy Lowering... Introduction Status of Machine Detectors Processes Jets W/Z Dibosons Top Remarks July 09 S. Bertolucci 54
163 Heavy Lowering... YB0 (~2000 t) Feb 2007 July 09 S. Bertolucci 55
164 Heavy Lowering... YB0 (~2000 t) Feb 2007 July 09 S. Bertolucci 55
165 Heavy Lowering... YB0 (~2000 t) Feb 2007 July 09 S. Bertolucci 55
166 CMS : underground installations July 09 S. Bertolucci Installation of ECAL Barrel completed very recently! 56
167 Detectors : Commissioning No Beam : Cosmic Muons Initial alignment/detector calibration (barrel) Debugging, dead-channels mapping Simulation: Cosmics in ATLAS (0.01s) July 09 S. Bertolucci 57
168 Detectors : Commissioning No Beam : Cosmic Muons Initial alignment/detector calibration (barrel) Debugging, dead-channels mapping Simulation: Cosmics in ATLAS (0.01s) One Beam : Beam-Halo Muons Alignment/calibration in end-caps Beam-Gas events resemble pp, with soft spectrum (p T < 2 GeV) eg. first alignment of inner trackers to about 100 µm or better July 09 S. Bertolucci 57
169 Detectors : Commissioning No Beam : Cosmic Muons Initial alignment/detector calibration (barrel) Debugging, dead-channels mapping Simulation: Cosmics in ATLAS (0.01s) One Beam : Beam-Halo Muons Alignment/calibration in end-caps Beam-Gas events resemble pp, with soft spectrum (p T < 2 GeV) eg. first alignment of inner trackers to about 100 µm or better Two Beams : very early low lumi : Min Bias interactions, QCD di-jet events then : get quickly access to SM processes as standard calibration candles: W, Z, top production July 09 S. Bertolucci 57
170 Expected Detector Performances Construction quality checks and beam tests of series detector modules show that the detectors as built should give a good starting-point performance ECAL uniformity e/γ scale Expected performance day 1 ~ 1% (ATLAS), 4% (CMS) 1-2 %? Physics samples to improve (examples) Minimum-bias, Z ee, W eν Z ee HCAL uniformity Jet scale 2-3 % < 10% Single pions, QCD jets Z ( ll) +1j, W jj in tt events Tracking alignment µm in Rφ? Generic tracks, isolated µ, Z µµ However, a lot of data (and time ) will be needed at the beginning to F. Gianotti Commission the detector and trigger in situ Reach the performance needed to optimize the physics potential Understand basic physics at 14 TeV and normalize (tune) the MC generators Measure backgrounds to new physics and extract early convincing signals July 09 S. Bertolucci 58
171 Expected Detector Performances Construction quality checks and beam tests of series detector modules show that the detectors as built should give a good starting-point performance ECAL uniformity e/γ scale Expected performance day 1 ~ 1% (ATLAS), 4% (CMS) 1-2 %? Physics samples to improve (examples) Minimum-bias, Z ee, W eν Z ee HCAL uniformity Jet scale 2-3 % < 10% Single pions, QCD jets Z ( ll) +1j, W jj in tt events Tracking alignment µm in Rφ? Generic tracks, isolated µ, Z µµ However, a lot of data (and time ) will be needed at the beginning to F. Gianotti Commission the detector and trigger in situ Reach the performance needed to optimize the physics potential Understand basic physics at 14 TeV and normalize (tune) the MC generators Measure backgrounds to new physics and extract early convincing signals July 09 S. Bertolucci 58
172 Expected Detector Performances Construction quality checks and beam tests of series detector modules show that the detectors as built should give a good starting-point performance ECAL uniformity e/γ scale Expected performance day 1 ~ 1% (ATLAS), 4% (CMS) 1-2 %? Physics samples to improve (examples) Minimum-bias, Z ee, W eν Z ee HCAL uniformity Jet scale 2-3 % < 10% Single pions, QCD jets Z ( ll) +1j, W jj in tt events Tracking alignment µm in Rφ? Generic tracks, isolated µ, Z µµ However, a lot of data (and time ) will be needed at the beginning to F. Gianotti Commission the detector and trigger in situ Reach the performance needed to optimize the physics potential Understand basic physics at 14 TeV and normalize (tune) the MC generators Measure backgrounds to new physics and extract early convincing signals Using in-situ calibration, control samples, and based on experience from previous exps: an educated guess : July 09 S. Bertolucci 58
173 Expected Detector Performances δɛ 1% δɛ 1% July 09 S. Bertolucci 59
174 Expected Detector Performances δɛ 1% δɛ 1% July 09 S. Bertolucci 59
175 Expected Detector Performances δɛ 1% δɛ 1% July 09 S. Bertolucci 59
176 Expected Detector Performances δɛ 1% δɛ 1% July 09 S. Bertolucci 59
177 Summary of Part 1 Doing something ordinary is a waste of time (Madonna) July 09 S.Bertolucci 60
178 Summary Part 1 July 09 S. Bertolucci 61
179 Summary Part 1 We have many strong indications that new physics should to show up at the TeV scale July 09 S. Bertolucci 61
180 Summary Part 1 We have many strong indications that new physics should to show up at the TeV scale The LHC is designed to explore this new energy regime a machine of unprecedented complexity the start-up will go in several steps July 09 S. Bertolucci 61
181 Summary Part 1 We have many strong indications that new physics should to show up at the TeV scale The LHC is designed to explore this new energy regime a machine of unprecedented complexity the start-up will go in several steps The Detectors are designed to optimally exploit the physics offered by the LHC and cope with the harsh conditions at the same time July 09 S. Bertolucci 61
182 Summary Part 1 We have many strong indications that new physics should to show up at the TeV scale The LHC is designed to explore this new energy regime a machine of unprecedented complexity the start-up will go in several steps The Detectors are designed to optimally exploit the physics offered by the LHC and cope with the harsh conditions at the same time Preparations: We see the light at the end of the tunnel July 09 S. Bertolucci 61
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