The long road to understanding LHC data
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1 The long road to understanding LHC data Philip Bechtle January 15th and 22nd 2010 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 1
2 Disclaimer I m by far not an expert on all of what I ll show, so we ll have lots of fun in the discussions P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 2
3 Disclaimer I m by far not an expert on all of what I ll show, so we ll have lots of fun in the discussions These are very interesting times, so if you look at this in a few months, probably a lot will be different Further Reading: ATLAS public results: CMS public results: Physics Result Interesting reading: Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics arxiv: The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider JINST 3:S08003,2008 CMS physics: Technical design report CERN-LHCC Experimental prospects at the Large Hadron Collider arxiv: P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 2
4 Outline 1 Why are the Detectors built as they are? 2 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 3
5 Outline 1 Why are the Detectors built as they are? 2 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 4
6 Der Large Hadron Collider Proton-Proton Kollisionen bei höchster Energie und Luminosität Umfang 27 km Schwerpunktsenergie TeV Design-Luminosität cm 2 s 1 Zahl der Protonpakete 2808 Abstand zwischen Kollisionen 25 ns Zahl der Wechselwirkungen pro Kollision bis zu 25 Protonen pro Paket Zahl der Dipolmagnete 1232 Gespeicherte Energie 362MJ P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 5
7 The Fundamental Challenge P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 6
8 ... at hadron machines, in contrast to others: P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 7
9 ATLAS P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 8
10 ATLAS Multi-purpose detector, largest collider detector built to date (height 25m, length 45m) Small (in spatial size) 2T solenoidal field (superconducting coil inside calorimeter) Large but only 0.5T toroidal magnetic field in the muon system Aim for high spacial granularity P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/2010 9
11 CMS P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
12 CMS Multi purpose detector, very heavy (12500 tons), height 15m, length 22m Very large (6m diameter) solenoidal coil (4T inside, 2T outside): Constraint on calorimeter depth, but less material in front All tracking made of silicon detectors, aim for higher point resolution, lower granularity Overall expected performance of CMS and ATLAS trackers comparable: p T /p T < 2% for the central parts P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
13 Different Particles in CMS P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
14 ATLAS Inner Detector P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
15 ATLAS Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
16 Electromagnetic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
17 Pileup P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
18 Pileup P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
19 Pileup P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
20 Material Budget ««θ η = ln tan 2 Why did it get so much worse? Number of channels, readout speed up Power up Cooling up 70kW in through power lines and out through cooling! P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
21 Generic Requirements Radiation damage to materials and electronics in the whole experimental area > particles (E > 1MeV)/cm 2 /year Need very precise timing and be as fast as possible: 25 ns bunch spacing, several interactions in the detector at the same time Need excellent spatial granularity to minimise pileup effects Need to identify extremely rare events: Lepton identification above huge QCD background e.g. e/jet ratio 10 5, i.e. O(100) worse than Tevatron Signal σ as low as of σ tot Trigger rejection 10 7 Store huge data on disk ( events of 1.5 MB size per year) P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
22 Main specific design choices of ATLAS/CMS Size of ATLAS/CMS energies of particles produced: 1 TeV electrons (30 X 0 or 18 cm of Pb), 1 TeV pions (11 λ or 2 m Fe), 1 TeV muons outside calorimeters (optimize BL 2 ) Choice of magnet system has shaped the experiments ATLAS: separate magnet systems (small 2 T solenoid for tracker and huge toroids with large BL 2 for muon spectrometer) Pros: large acceptance in polar angle for muons and excellent muon momentum resolution without using inner tracker Cons: very expensive and largescale toroid magnet system CMS: one large 4 T solenoid with instrumented return yoke Pros: excellent momentum resolution using inner tracker and more compact experiment Cons: limited performance for standalone muon measurements (and trigger) and limited space for calorimeter inside coil P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
23 Main specific design choices of ATLAS/CMS electrons are relatively easy to measure precisely in EM calorimeters but very hard to identify (e/jet 10 5 ) muons are relatively easy to identify behind calorimeters but very hard to measure accurately at high energies ATLAS uses LAr sampling calorimeter with good energy resolution and excellent lateral and longitudinal segmentation (e/γ identification) CMS use PbWO 4 scintillating crystals with excellent energy resolution and lateral segmentation but no longitudinal segmentation signals from H γγ or H ZZ 4e should appear as narrow peaks (intrinsically much narrower in CMS) above essentially pure background from same final state (intrinsically background from fakes smaller in ATLAS) P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
24 Examples for the most important processes: Higgs P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
25 Examples for the most important processes: Higgs P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
26 Examples for the most important processes: Higgs P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
27 Examples for the most important processes: Higgs P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
28 Examples for the most important processes: SUSY For fastest possible discovery: Use inclusive spectra Very challenging because detector needs to be understood very well with little data (ca. L 1fb 1 ) M eff = i p T,i + E Tmiss P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
29 Examples for the most important processes: SUSY For fastest possible discovery: Use inclusive spectra Very challenging because detector needs to be understood very well with little data (ca. L 1fb 1 ) Is it really SUSY? Which particles, which masses, which couplings, which quantum numbers? kinematic edges mass information P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
30 Expectations: Tracking P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
31 Expectations: Muons P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
32 Expectations: Hadronic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
33 Expectations: EM Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
34 Outline 1 Why are the Detectors built as they are? 2 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
35 Check the operational status of all channels P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
36 First: We ve got data now! P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
37 Not so unimportant: Inspect the data! P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
38 Not so unimportant: Inspect the data! P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
39 Triggers µ P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
40 Triggers P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
41 Triggers P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
42 Triggers: What to do and to measure Timing Efficiencies Resolutions in comparison with offline Deadtime Configuration correct?... P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
43 Number of recorded events P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
44 Luminosity P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
45 Luminosity Measurement P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
46 What s a collision, anyway? P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
47 What s a collision, anyway? P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
48 So what s the event rate? P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
49 Silicon System P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
50 Silicon Sensors P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
51 Silicon Sensors P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
52 Silicon Sensors P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
53 Silicon Sensors P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
54 Silicon Sensors: What to do and to measure Incredibly complex: e.g. ATLAS Pixel system: within r < 20 cm: 80M channels in 1744 modules Dead and hot channels Noise Alignment! Timing Lorentz Angle Spacial resolutions of single hits Track resolutions & vertex resolution Hit & track efficiencies P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
55 Why are the Detectors built as they are? Inner Detector Performance Y [mm] Scatter Plot of Hits on Tracks ATLAS preliminary 1000 real data run P. Bechtle: -500 The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/ X [mm] 53
56 Pixel Detector Timing and Clusters Fraction of clusters ATLAS Preliminary Pixel timing Minimum Bias Stream Solenoid on runs to Clusters off track Clusters on track Bunch crossing Mean cluster width (number of pixels) simulation run (solenoid on) ATLAS Preliminary run (solenoid off) track incidence angle (rad) Number of Pixel clusters 0.16 de/dx Pixel 0.14 Data 900 GeV 0.12 MC 900 GeV ATLAS Preliminary de/dx [ke] P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
57 TRT Timing and Resolutions Track to wire distance (mm) ATLAS preliminary TRT barrel RT 2000 Cosmic TRT barrel RT TRT drift time (ns) Number of hits (run ) Number of hits on tracks µ=0 µm, σ=165 µm ATLAS preliminary TRT Barrel Combined ID Tracks Residual [mm] P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
58 TRT Timing Average trailing edge time [ns] 70 Run , event ATLAS preliminary z [mm] Average trailing edge time [ns] 70 Run , event ATLAS preliminary z [mm] P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
59 TRT PID High threshold probability ATLAS preliminary Electron candidates Electron candidates Generic tracks tracks Fit Electrons to data (MC) Generic tracks (MC) Pion momentum (GeV) γ factor 3 10 TRT end cap Electron momentum (GeV) P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
60 Check Resolutions and Alignment number of hits on tracks MC perfect alignment µ=0µm, σ=46µm Collision alignment µ=0µm, σ=86µm Cosmics alignment µ=-5µm, σ=122µm ATLAS Preliminary SCT ECC Run x residual [mm] P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
61 Once the Inner Detector is working... Number of offline tracks ATLAS Preliminary Candidate Collision Events Run LBN < 140 LBN > 145 N TRT track hits > 10 N SCT track hits 6 d < 10 mm Offline track Z 0 [mm] P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
62 Performance Goals at the beginning and at the end P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
63 Measure tracking resolutions already with cosmics ) [mm] 0 σ(d ATLAS Preliminary Cosmic Split tracks Data, full ID Data, Si only Simulation, full ID 2 10 p [GeV] T p x σ(q/p) ATLAS Preliminary Cosmic Split tracks Data, full ID Data, Si only Simulation, full ID 2 10 p [GeV] T P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
64 Validate tracking resolutions with first collisions P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
65 Similar for CMS... P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
66 Electromagnetic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
67 Electromagnetic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
68 Electromagnetic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
69 Hadronic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
70 Hadronic Calorimeters P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
71 Calorimeters: What to do and to measure Spacial resolution obviously not so important... Timing Noise Dead and noisy channels Calibration! Energy Resolution Response to individual particles: each object has to be calibrated separately, e.g. electrons leave a different fraction of energy in the absorber than hadrons, strongly different spatial distributions of energy deposits etc. P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
72 π 0 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
73 Again similar for CMS... P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
74 Map the detector material using conversions P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
75 Map the detector material using conversions P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
76 Muon System P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
77 Muon System P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
78 Muon System: What to do and to measure Alignment magnetic Field Noise Dead and Noisy Channels Timing Resolutions Efficiencies P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
79 Not too many muons yet... P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
80 Jets test E Tmiss, noise P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
81 Probably no τ yet, but many candidates (from jets) Entries 220 ATLAS Preliminary GeV collisions 180 Data 160 Minimum bias MC EM radius Entries ATLAS Preliminary 900GeV collisions Data Minimum bias MC Centrality fraction Entries/0.2GeV ATLAS Preliminary 900GeV collisions Data Minimum bias MC Entries ATLAS Preliminary 900GeV collisions Data Minimum bias MC Cluster energy (GeV) Isolation fraction P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
82 Outlook for 2010 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
83 Outlook for 2010 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
84 Outlook for your favourite physics (GeV) m 1/ τ 1 LSP ~ g (2.0 TeV) ~ g (1.5 TeV) ~ g (1.0 TeV) ATLAS 5 σ discovery MSUGRA tan β = 10 ~ q (1.5 TeV) 4 jets 0 lepton 4 jets 1 lepton 4 jets 2 leptons OS 1 jet 3 leptons ~ q (2.0 TeV) LLL ~ q (2.5 TeV) FITTINO SUSY SUSY SUSY 200 ~ g (0.5 TeV) ~ q (1.0 TeV) ~ q (0.5 TeV) + χ 1 (103 GeV) NO EWSB m 0 (GeV) msugra Entdeckungspotential mit 1fb 1 P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
85 Outlook for your favourite physics (GeV) m 1/ τ 1 LSP ~ g (2.0 TeV) ~ g (1.5 TeV) ~ g (1.0 TeV) ATLAS 5 σ discovery MSUGRA tan β = 10 ~ q (1.5 TeV) 4 jets 0 lepton 4 jets 1 lepton 4 jets 2 leptons OS 1 jet 3 leptons ~ q (2.0 TeV) LLL ~ q (2.5 TeV) FITTINO SUSY SUSY SUSY 200 ~ g (0.5 TeV) ~ q (1.0 TeV) ~ q (0.5 TeV) + χ 1 (103 GeV) NO EWSB m 0 (GeV) msugra Entdeckungspotential mit 1fb 1 Vgl. SM-Higgs mit msugra erlaubt weil leichtestes msugra-higgs extrem SM-Higgs-ähnlich Entdeckung neuer Physik wahrscheinlich lange vor Higgs-Entdeckung Brauchen Information der Higgs-Suchen bei der Interpretation neuer Physik P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
86 Outlook A lot has been achieved thanks to the incredible efforts of the machine group and the collaborations But so much remains to be done... calibrate jets, E Tmis, and so on Accumulate lots of luminosity! Find surprising and unexpected new physics! P. Bechtle: The long road to understanding LHC data SFB Lecture 01/
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