Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Fuzzy Sets
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1 Institut für Politikwissenschaft Schwerpunkt qualitative empirische Sozialforschung Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Fachereich 3 Prof. Dr. Claudius Wagemann Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and 3 May 23: Parameters of Fit
2 Potential Prolems in Constructing Truth Tales A truth tale row is not fully sufficient No case can e attriuted to a certain truth tale row 27 May 23 2
3 Example for Crisp Sets Conditions Outcome Cases A B C Y ARG PER BOL CHI ECU BRZ Last week s example: Ecuador is no stale democracy URU PAR COL VEN 3
4 Example for Crisp Sets Conditions Outcome Cases A B C Y ARG PER BOL CHI ECU Ecuador is now a stale democracy BRZ URU PAR COL VEN 4
5 Contradictory Truth Tale Conditions Outcome Row A B C Y COL 2 PAR 3 CHI 4 BRZ 5?? PER, EC 6 URU 7 BOL 8 AR, VEN 5
6 Example for I,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,,2,4,6,8 6
7 Example for II: True logical contradiction,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,,2,4,6,8 7
8 Contradictory Rows One More Example Conditions Numer of cases with outcome Row A B C Y = Y = Y = stale democracy A = violent reakdown B = ethnic homogeneity C = fragmented party system 8
9 Consistency Sufficient Condition a Y Y Y a a X X 2 d X 3 d c c c 9
10 Consistency Sufficient Condition X No Yes Outcome Yes 8 a No 5 c d
11 Consistency Sufficient Condition X 2 No Yes Outcome Yes 8 a No 5 c 9 d
12 Consistency Sufficient Condition X 3 No Yes Outcome Yes 8 a No 5 c 8 92 d 2
13 Formula Consistency Sufficient Condition Consistency sufficient condition X # cases with X and Y # cases with X Consistency sufficient condition X d 3
14 Formula Consistency Sufficient Condition Consistency Sufficienc y I i min[ x I i x i i, yi] 4
15 Application of the Formula,5,;,9,;,3,4;,6,8;,9,6;,8,8;,7,7;,4,2;,,9;,,5 5
16 Coverage Sufficient Condition a Y Y Y a a X X d d 3 X 2 d c c c 6
17 Coverage Sufficient Condition Condition X No Outcome Yes a No 2 c Yes 2 8 d 7
18 Coverage Sufficient Condition Condition X 2 No Outcome Yes 5 a No 23 c Yes 6 5 d 8
19 Coverage Sufficient Condition Condition X 3 No Outcome Yes 86 a No 27 c Yes 24 d 9
20 Coverage Sufficient Condition Coverage sufficient condition X # cases with X and Y # cases with Y Coverage sufficient condition X a 2
21 Coverage in Consistency:.9 Coverage:.8 2
22 Coverage in Consistency:.9 Coverage:.6 22
23 Coverage in Consistency:.9 Coverage:.9 23
24 Coverage Sufficient Condition CoverageSufficienc y I i min[ x I i y i i, yi] 24
25 Application of the Formula,5,;,9,;,3,4;,6,8;,9,6;,8,8;,7,7;,4,2;,,9;,,5 25
26 Outcome Y Consistency and Coverage coverage of sufficient condition decreases... increases...increases... decreases.3 consistency of sufficient condition sufficient condition X 26
27 Consistency Necessary Condition Condition No Outcome Yes a No c Yes d 27
28 Consistency Necessary Condition Condition No Outcome Yes a No c Yes 9 d 28
29 Consistency Necessary Condition Condition No Outcome Yes 5 a No c Yes 5 d 29
30 Consistency Necessary Condition Consistency necessary condition X # cases with X and Y # cases with Y Consistency necessary condition X a 3
31 Consistency Necessary Condition Consistency Necessity I i min[ x I i y i i, yi] 3
32 Coverage Necessary Condition B 32
33 Coverage Necessary Condition No Yes Outcome Yes a No c A 4 2 d 33
34 Coverage Necessary Condition No Yes Outcome Yes a No 3 c B 4 9 d 34 34
35 Coverage Necessary Condition Coverage necessary condition X # cases with X and Y # cases with X Coverage necessary condition X d 35
36 Coverage Necessary Condition Coverage Necessity I i min[ x I i x i i, yi] 36
37 Summary Consistency and Coverage Consistency and coverage sometimes work against each other First assess consistency, then coverage ecause (a) no sense to calculate coverage of inconsistent condition () rules out confusion aout same formula that carry different meanings Thresholds for consistency depend on research characteristics Numer of cases, quality of data, aims, taste, etc. Coefficients should not mask cases Always check who is ehind a lower consistency value and low coverage values Empirical importance is not the same as theoretical importance 37
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Fuzzy Sets
Institut für Politikwissenschaft Schwerpunkt qualitative empirische Sozialforschung Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Fachbereich 3 Prof. Dr. Claudius Wagemann Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and 29
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